www.pwc.in Deployment of Electric Road Mass Transportation in South Asia SAARC Energy Centre December 2017 Private and confidential Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 4 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 8 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 9 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.1.1. Overview of Mass Transit in South Asia .......................................................................................... 15 1.1.2. Overview of Electric Road Mass Transportation in South Asia .................................................... 27 1.1.3. Benefits of Electric Road Mass Transportation ............................................................................. 35 1.2. Objective of Study ..................................................................................................................................... 37 1.3. Scope of the Study ..................................................................................................................................... 37 1.4. Methodology of Study ............................................................................................................................... 38 1.5. Limitations of Study .................................................................................................................................. 38 2. Literature Review on Electric Road Mass Transport ........................................................... 40 2.1. Global Demand ......................................................................................................................................... 40 2.2. SAARC Predictions ................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3. Technology Overview ............................................................................................................................... 40 2.4. Electric Storage Systems ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.5. Operational Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 42 2.6. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment ......................................................................................................... 42 2.7. Environmental Effects .............................................................................................................................. 42 2.8. Safety Issues with Electric Buses ............................................................................................................. 43 3. Electric Road Mass Transport Technologies ....................................................................... 44 3.1. Overview of Different Technologies ......................................................................................................... 44 3.2. Technical Features of Different Technologies ........................................................................................ 45 3.2.1. Hybrid Electric Bus or Plug-in Hybrid Electric Bus ..................................................................... 45 3.2.2. Battery Electric Vehicle .................................................................................................................. 48 3.2.3. Trolley Buses ................................................................................................................................... 49 3.3. Operational Features of Different Technologies ..................................................................................... 50 3.3.1. Technology Efficiency ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2. Fuel Cost Efficiency ........................................................................................................................ 52 3.3.3. Range ............................................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.4. Charging Time ................................................................................................................................ 55 3.3.5. Safety Issues .................................................................................................................................... 57 3.4. Environmental Properties of Different Technologies ............................................................................ 58 3.4.1. Air Quality Aspects .......................................................................................................................... 58 3.4.2. Noise Pollution ............................................................................................................................... 60 3.4.3. Other health issues due to vehicle emissions ................................................................................. 61 3.5. Total Cost of Ownership of Different Technologies ................................................................................ 62 3.6. Market Overview of Different Technologies ........................................................................................... 65 Private and confidential 3.6.1. Hybrid Buses ................................................................................................................................... 65 3.6.2. Battery Electric Buses ..................................................................................................................... 66 3.6.3. Trolley Buses ................................................................................................................................... 68 4. Deployment Requirements of ERMT .................................................................................. 70 4.1. Electricity Requirement ............................................................................................................................ 70 4.1.1. Sourcing the energy requirements .................................................................................................. 71 4.2. Infrastructure Requirement..................................................................................................................... 72 4.2.1. Fast Charging .................................................................................................................................. 73 4.2.2. Battery Swapping ............................................................................................................................ 75 4.2.3. Overhead Lines ............................................................................................................................... 76 4.3. Investment Requirement ......................................................................................................................... 76 4.3.1. Capital Costs Required ................................................................................................................... 76 4.3.2. Operational and Maintenance Costs ............................................................................................. 78 4.4. Technical Capacity Requirement ............................................................................................................. 78 4.5. End User Acceptability ............................................................................................................................. 80 4.6. Market Potential ....................................................................................................................................... 81 5. Lessons learnt from the Success Stories ............................................................................. 83 5.1. China .......................................................................................................................................................... 83 5.2. San Francisco ............................................................................................................................................ 89 5.3. Key Policy Initiatives across Europe......................................................................................................... 91 5.4. Key Learnings ........................................................................................................................................... 92 6. Challenges and Opportunities ............................................................................................. 94 6.1. Challenges in deploying ERMT in the SAARC Region ........................................................................... 94 6.1.1. Electricity Needs .............................................................................................................................