FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE Mostafa Abd-El-Barr King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) Hesham El-Rewini Southern Methodist University A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC PUBLICATION FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE WILEY SERIES ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SERIES EDITOR: Albert Y. Zomaya Parallel & Distributed Simulation Systems / Richard Fujimoto Surviving the Design of Microprocessor and Multimicroprocessor Systems: Lessons Learned / Veljko Milutinovic Mobile Processing in Distributed and Open Environments / Peter Sapaty Introduction to Parallel Algorithms / C. Xavier and S.S. Iyengar Solutions to Parallel and Distributed Computing Problems: Lessons from Biological Sciences / Albert Y. Zomaya, Fikret Ercal, and Stephan Olariu (Editors) New Parallel Algorithms for Direct Solution of Linear Equations / C. Siva Ram Murthy, K.N. Balasubramanya Murthy, and Srinivas Aluru Practical PRAM Programming / Joerg Keller, Christoph Kessler, and Jesper Larsson Traeff Computational Collective Intelligence / Tadeusz M. Szuba Parallel & Distributed Computing: A Survey of Models, Paradigms, and Approaches / Claudia Leopold Fundamentals of Distributed Object Systems: A CORBA Perspective / Zahir Tari and Omran Bukhres Pipelined Processor Farms: Structured Design for Embedded Parallel Systems / Martin Fleury and Andrew Downton Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing / Ivan Stojmenoviic (Editor) Internet-Based Workflow Management: Toward a Semantic Web / Dan C. Marinescu Parallel Computing on Heterogeneous Networks / Alexey L. Lastovetsky Tools and Environments for Parallel and Distributed Computing Tools / Salim Hariri and Manish Parashar Distributed Computing: Fundamentals, Simulations and Advanced Topics, Second Edition / Hagit Attiya and Jennifer Welch Smart Environments: Technology, Protocols and Applications / Diane J. Cook and Sajal K. Das (Editors) Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture / M. Abd-El-Barr and H. El-Rewini FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE Mostafa Abd-El-Barr King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) Hesham El-Rewini Southern Methodist University A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC PUBLICATION This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 Copyright # 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030; (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Abd-El-Barr, Mostafa. Fundamentals of computer organization and architecture / Mostafa Abd-El-Barr, Hesham El-Rewini p. cm. — (Wiley series on parallel and distributed computing) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-46741-3 (cloth volume 1) — ISBN 0-471-46740-5 (cloth volume 2) 1. Computer architecture. 2. Parallel processing (Electronic computers) I. Abd-El-Barr, Mostafa, 1950– II. Title. III. Series. QA76.9.A73E47 2004 004.202—dc22 2004014372 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 To my family members (Ebtesam, Muhammad, Abd-El-Rahman, Ibrahim, and Mai) for their support and love —Mostafa Abd-El-Barr To my students, for a better tomorrow —Hesham El-Rewini &CONTENTS Preface xi 1. Introduction to Computer Systems 1 1.1. Historical Background 2 1.2. Architectural Development and Styles 4 1.3. Technological Development 5 1.4. Performance Measures 6 1.5. Summary 11 Exercises 12 References and Further Reading 14 2. Instruction Set Architecture and Design 15 2.1. Memory Locations and Operations 15 2.2. Addressing Modes 18 2.3. Instruction Types 26 2.4. Programming Examples 31 2.5. Summary 33 Exercises 34 References and Further Reading 35 3. Assembly Language Programming 37 3.1. A Simple Machine 38 3.2. Instructions Mnemonics and Syntax 40 3.3. Assembler Directives and Commands 43 3.4. Assembly and Execution of Programs 44 3.5. Example: The X86 Family 47 3.6. Summary 55 Exercises 56 References and Further Reading 57 4. Computer Arithmetic 59 4.1. Number Systems 59 4.2. Integer Arithmetic 63 vii viii CONTENTS 4.3 Floating-Point Arithmetic 74 4.4 Summary 79 Exercises 79 References and Further Reading 81 5. Processing Unit Design 83 5.1. CPU Basics 83 5.2. Register Set 85 5.3. Datapath 89 5.4. CPU Instruction Cycle 91 5.5. Control Unit 95 5.6. Summary 104 Exercises 104 References 106 6. Memory System Design I 107 6.1. Basic Concepts 107 6.2. Cache Memory 109 6.3. Summary 130 Exercises 131 References and Further Reading 133 7. Memory System Design II 135 7.1. Main Memory 135 7.2. Virtual Memory 142 7.3. Read-Only Memory 156 7.4. Summary 158 Exercises 158 References and Further Reading 160 8. Input–Output Design and Organization 161 8.1. Basic Concepts 162 8.2. Programmed I/O 164 8.3. Interrupt-Driven I/O 167 8.4. Direct Memory Access (DMA) 175 8.5. Buses 177 8.6. Input–Output Interfaces 181 8.7. Summary 182 Exercises 183 References and Further Reading 183 CONTENTS ix 9 Pipelining Design Techniques 185 9.1. General Concepts 185 9.2. Instruction Pipeline 187 9.3. Example Pipeline Processors 201 9.4. Instruction-Level Parallelism 207 9.5. Arithmetic Pipeline 209 9.6. Summary 213 Exercises 213 References and Further Reading 215 10 Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISCs) 215 10.1. RISC/CISC Evolution Cycle 217 10.2. RISCs Design Principles 218 10.3. Overlapped Register Windows 220 10.4. RISCs Versus CISCs 221 10.5. Pioneer (University) RISC Machines 223 10.6. Example of Advanced RISC Machines 227 10.7. Summary 232 Exercises 233 References and Further Reading 233 11 Introduction to Multiprocessors 235 11.1. Introduction 235 11.2. Classification of Computer Architectures 236 11.3. SIMD Schemes 244 11.4. MIMD Schemes 246 11.5. Interconnection Networks 252 11.6. Analysis and Performance Metrics 254 11.7. Summary 254 Exercises 255 References and Further Reading 256 Index 259 &PREFACE This book is intended for students in computer engineering, computer science, and electrical engineering. The material covered in the book is suitable for a one- semester course on “Computer Organization & Assembly Language” and a one- semester course on “Computer Architecture.” The book assumes that students studying computer organization and/or computer architecture must have had exposure to a basic course on digital logic design and an introductory course on high-level computer language. This book reflects the authors’ experience in teaching courses on computer organ- ization and computer architecture for more than fifteen years. Most of the material used in the book has been used in our undergraduate classes. The coverage in the book takes basically two viewpoints of computers. The first is the programmer’s viewpoint and the second is the overall structure and function of a computer. The first viewpoint covers what is normally taught in a junior level course on Computer Organization and Assembly Language while the second viewpoint covers what is normally taught in a senior level course on Computer Architecture. In what follows, we provide a chapter-by-chapter review of the material covered in the book. In doing so, we aim at providing course instructors, students, and practicing engineers/scien- tists with enough information that can help them select the appropriate chapter or sequences of chapters to cover/review. Chapter 1 sets the stage for the material presented in the remaining chapters. Our coverage in this chapter starts with a brief historical review of the development of computer systems. The objective is to understand the factors affecting computing as we know it today and hopefully to forecast the future of computation. We also introduce the general issues related to general-purpose and special-purpose machines. Computer systems can be defined through