Adama Science and Technology University
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ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION IN NEJO WOREDA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA BY: GIRMA SHUMETA MA THESIS SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY AUGUST, 2017 ADAMA, ETHIOPIA ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES As Thesis advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this Thesis prepared, under my guidance, by Girma Shumeta Abdeta entitled “Determinants of Deforestation in Nejo Wereda, Western Ethiopia” I recommend that it be submitted as fulfillment of the Thesis requirement. MR.GEZMU HUNDE ___________________ ______________ Advisor Signature Date BY GIRMA SHUMETA ABDETA APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS As member of the Board of Examiners of the MA Thesis Open Defense Examination, we certify that we have read, evaluated the Thesis prepared by Girma Shumeta Abdeta and examined the candidate. We recommended that the Thesis be accepted, as fulfilling the Thesis requirement for the Degree of Master of Art in Geography and Environmental Studies. Name ____________________ _____________________ ______________ Chairman Signature Date ______________________ _____________________ ______________ Advisor Signature Date ______________________ _____________________ ______________ External Examiner Signature Date ______________________ _____________________ ______________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ____________________ _________________ _______________ DGC Chairman Signature Date DECLARATION First, I declare that this thesis is my original work and that the sources of all the material used in thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for MA degree at Adama Science and Technology University. It has also been deposited at the University Library to be made available for borrowers in accordance with the rules of the library. I solemnly declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are not allowable without special permission provided that accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. Name: _________________________ Signature:____________________ Place: Adama Science and Technology University, Adama Date of Submission:________________ BIOGRAPHY The author was born inWestWellega, Nejo Wereda in May10, 1978 from his father Shumeta Abdeta and his Mother Tabote Ganfure. He completed his primary and junior secondary school education at Gori Elementary School and his secondary education at Nejo Secondary and preparatory school. After successfully passing the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Certificate Examination (EHECE), he joined Mada Walabu University and graduated on July 26, 2001 with B.A degree in Geography and Environmental Studies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank God for helping me to successfully completion of this work. I convey my deepest thanks to my major advisor Mr.Gezmu Hunde for giving me constructive advice and guidance starting from the proposal writing to the completion of the research work. I thank him since without his encouragement, suggestion; insight, guidance and professional expertise, the completion of this work would not have been possible. My heart-felt also goes to my instructor Mr.Urgessa Hundara(PHD fellow) for his valuable professional advice. I would like to thank Nejo Wereda Agriculture and Rural Development office for their valuable assistance during the fieldwork. My special and particular thanks to Ato Dula Tamesgen for his providing me necessary facilities during fieldwork.I am highly indebted to my motherTabote Ganfure and my brother Merga Shumeta and all others who are the source of special strength towards the successful completion of this study. Finally, my gratitude goes to all my family and relatives who gave me courage to conduct the thesis. i TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………..…. i Tables of Contents………………………………………………………………………........ ii List of Tables………………………………………………………………………..………. iii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………..… iv List of Acronyms……………………………………………………………………............ v Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..…... Vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….……. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ………………………………………………………….……. 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………….…….. 2 1.3. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………………….…...... 3 1.3.1General Objective ………………………………………………………….……... 3 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ……………………………………………………….……… 3 1.4. Research Questions ……………………………………………………………….……. 4 1.5. Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………..…… 4 1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………………………….……... 5 1.7. Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………………….………... 5 CHAPTERTWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………….……… 6 2.1 Concepts of Deforestation ……………………………………………………….……... 6 2.2. The Root Problems of Deforestation …………………………………………….……. 7 2.2.1 Agriculture as a Cause of Deforestation ………………………………….…..... 9 2.2.2 Energy Sources Causing Deforestation………………………………….……… 10 2. 2.3 Population Pressure as a Cause of Deforestation……………………….……… 10 2.2.4 Poverty -Deforestation Nexus…………………………………………….…..… 11 2.3 Socio economic and Environmental Impacts of Deforestation………………….………. 12 2.4 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………………..… 13 2.5 Empirical Literature…………………………………………………………………..… 14 ii 2.6. Literature Gap………………………………………………………………………..….. 15 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCHH METHODS AND MATERIALS…………………………………………………………. 16 3.1 Description of the Study Area…………………………………………………….……... 16 3.1.1 Location and Physical Background……………………………………….…….... 16 3.1.2 Demographic and Socio economic Activities …………………………….……... 19 3.2 Research Methods and Materials………………………………………………….……. 21 3.2.1 Research Design and Approaches ……………………………………….……… 21 3.2.2 Sources and Types of Data ……………………………………………….……... 21 3.2.3 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination …………………….…… 22 3.2.4 Data Collection Methods ………………………………………………….…….. 24 3.2.5 Data Analysis Techniques ………………………….………………………..…. 25 3.2.6 Data Reliability and Validity …………………………….................................... 25 3.2.7 Ethical Consideration of the Study……………………………………………… 26 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………… 28 4.1. General characteristics of sample respondents………………………………………… 28 4.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Sample Respondents…………………………. 28 4.1.2 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Sample Respondents……………………….. 32 4.2. Deforestation and Related Issues……………………………………………………… 36 4.3 Impacts of Deforestation…………………………………………………………….... 40 4.4 Causes of Deforestation………………………………………………………………… 41 4.5. Population Pressure Causing Deforestation……………………………….……………. 43 4.6. Agriculture as a Cause of Deforestation……………………………………………… 48 4.7. Energy Consumption as Determinants of Deforestation ……………………….………. 52 4.7.1 Sources of Energy in Rural areas………………………………………….……….. 52 4.8. Degree of Association Between Demographic Factors and Deforestation…….……….. 56 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………….………. 64 5.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….……… 64 5.2 Recommendations ……………………………………………………………….……… 66 iii References……………………………………………………………………………… 68 Annex I …………………………………………………………………………………. 75 Annex II ……………………………………………………………………………….. 83 Annex III………………………………………………………………………………... 84 iv List of Tables Page Table 3.1: Population Statics of Nejo Wereda………………………………………….......... 19 Table 3.2: Proportionate Sizes of Sample Households………………………………….. 23 Table 3.3: Relationship Between Independent and Dependent Variables………………. 27 Table 4.1: Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Age…………………………….. 29 Table 4.2: Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Sex…………………………….. 30 Table 4.3: Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Marital Status………………….. 30 Table 4.4: Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Family Size……………………. 31 Table 4.5: Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Education Level……………….. 32 Table 4.6: Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Occupation…………………….. 33 Table 4.7: Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Income Level………………….. 34 Table 4.8: Existence of Deforestation…………………………………………………... 36 Table 4.9: Cutting Living Forest………………………………………………………... 37 Table4.10: Current Trend of Deforestation……………………………………………… 38 Table4.11: Forest Conservation Strategy………………………………………………... 39 Table4.12: Causes of Deforestation…………………………………………………….... 42 Table4.13: Settlement expansion, Degree of Population Growth, Family Preference and Seasonal Movement of People………………………………………………. 44 Table4.14: Agricultural Practices, Techniques, System, Land acquisition, Types of Crops and Forest Clearing…………………………………………………… 48 Table4.15: Energy Consumption and its Shortage………………………………………. 54 Table4.16: Cross Tabulation of Education level vs Family size………………………… 56 Table4.17: Cross Tabulation of Family size vs Marital Status………………………….. 57 Table4.18: