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Distribution, Diversity and Biology of Deep-Sea Fishes in the Indian Eez

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Distribution, Diversity and Biology of Deep-Sea Fishes in the Indian Eez DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY AND BIOLOGY OF DEEP-SEA FISHES IN THE INDIAN EEZ Thesis submitted to the Certificate Cochin University of Science and Technology This is to certify that the thesis entitled “DDistribution, diversity and in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of biology of deep-sea fishes in the Indian EEZ” is an authentic record of research work carried out by Mr. HASHIM M., Full-time Research Doctor of Philosophy Scholar of this Institute and registered student for Ph.D. degree in Faculty of Marine Sciences, CUSAT (Reg. No. 3402) under my guidance Under and supervision and no part thereof previously presented for the award of Faculty of Marine Sciences any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles or recognition. HASHIM. M (Reg. No. 3402) Dr. N.G.K. Pillai (Supervising Guide), ICAR,Emeritus Scientist, CMFRI, Kochi – 682 018 May 2012 Kochi –682 018 Date: Declaration I Hashim. M., hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Distribution, diversity and biology of deep-sea fishes in the Indian EEZ” is an authentic record of research work carried out by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. N.G.K. Pillai, ICAR Emeritus Scientist,CMFRI, Kochi 682 018., in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Ph.D. degree of Cochin University of Science and Technology in the Faculty of Marine Sciences and no part of this work has previously formed the award of any degree, associateship, fellowship or any other title or recognition. Kochi – 682 018 Hashim M. Date: DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY AND BIOLOGY OF DEEP-SEA FISHES IN THE INDIAN EEZ Thesis submitted to the Certificate Cochin University of Science and Technology This is to certify that the thesis entitled “DDistribution, diversity and in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of biology of deep-sea fishes in the Indian EEZ” is an authentic record of research work carried out by Mr. HASHIM M., Full-time Research Doctor of Philosophy Scholar of this Institute and registered student for Ph.D. degree in Faculty of Marine Sciences, CUSAT (Reg. No. 3402) under my guidance Under and supervision and no part thereof previously presented for the award of Faculty of Marine Sciences any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles or recognition. HASHIM. M (Reg. No. 3402) Dr. N.G.K. Pillai (Supervising Guide), ICAR,Emeritus Scientist, CMFRI, Kochi – 682 018 May 2012 Kochi –682 018 Date: Dedicated to my Parents... Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to Dr. N.G.K. Pillai (Supervising guide), ICAR Emeritus Scientist, CMFRI, Kochi for the guidance, valuable suggestions, constant encouragement, constructive criticism and support during the course of my investigation and documentation. I owe my thanks to Dr. G. Syda Rao, Director, CMFRI, Kochi for extending all facilities for successful completion of this research work. I owe my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. U. Ganga and Dr. E.M. Abdussamad (Co-guide), Sr. Scientists, Pelagic Fisheries Division, CMFRI, Cochin for their constant help, guidance, subjective criticism and encouragement during the course of my study. It is my pleasure to acknowledge Dr. A. A. Jayaprakash former Principal scientist Pelagic Fisheries Division, CMFRI, Kochi for helping me to carry out my work. I sincerely acknowledge my deepest sense of gratitude to Dr. V. Kripa (Head, FEMD), Dr. K. Sunilkumar Mohamed (Head, MFD), Dr. T.V. Sathianandan (Head, FRAD) of CMFRI, Kochi for their constant help, guidance, subjective criticism and encouragement in preparing the theses. I gratefully acknowledge to Dr. E. Vivekanandan (Former Head, DFD,CMFRI), Dr. Shyam S. Salim, Dr. J. Jayasankar, Dr. Somy Kuriakose, Dr. P. Vijayagopal, Dr. V.P Vipinkumar (Sr. Scientists of CMFRI), Dr.V.S. Basheer (Sr. Scientist NBFGR) for their help and encouragement during the course of my research. I am gratefully acknowledge Dr. John C. Mathew, Faculty-in-charge, Centre for Remote Sensing & GIS School of Environmental Sciences, M. G. University, Kottayam for helping me in the preparation of Arc GIS maps. I owe my sincere thanks to Dr. Bijoy Nandan, Associate Professor, CUAST for guiding me as expert member of my doctoral committee. I am highly indebted to Dr. P.C. Thomas (SIC, HRD Cell, CMFRI, Kochi) for the timely help in all maters concerned with my Ph.D. programme. The help and support extended by the HRD cell Staff is greatly acknowledged. I wish to express my sincere thanks to OIC, CMFRI library and the other staff members for the help and cooperation extended. I wish to express my sincere thanks to CMLRE (MoES, Govt. of India) for giving me an opportunity to work as a Senior Research Fellow in the project entitled “Assessment and biology of deep-sea fishes in the continental slope and Central Indian Ocean” and their funding support. I am especially thankful to Dr. V.N. Sanjeevan (Director, CMLRE, Kochi) for supporting me during the tenure of my research. I gratefully acknowledged Dr. Mohan Joseph Modayil (Former Director CMFRI) for facilities provided and constant encouragement during his period. My Special thanks to Dr. M. P. Prabakaran (Research Associate, CUSAT), Dr. S. Venu (Assistant Professor, Pondicherry University, Port Blair, Andamans), Dr. Sreedhar Utravalli (Sr. Scientist, CIFT) for the timely help and encouragement during this period. I thank Shri. C.N. Chandrasekharan, Shri. C.D. Manoharan, Shri. P.R. Abhilash, Shri. D. Prakasan, Shri. M.N. Kesavan Elayathu, Smt. K.V. Rema (Staff of CMFRI, Kochi) for their great help and constant encouragement to carry out my work. I thank Sri. P.R Leopold, Fishing Master (CMFRI), Shri. Ranjan K. A, Fishing Master (CMLRE), Shri. Xavier Thomas Paul Fishing Master (CMLRE), Shri. Rajagopal and Benny (Norinco Pvt.Ltd), Shri. Sunil Parida (Andhra University), Shri. Thapan Kumar Malo, Shri. K.R. Sunil Kumar, Shri. S.B. Prakash, Shri. Binoy, Shri. Ratnavel and Shri. Thejas (CMLRE) for their help during the cruises. It is my pleasure to acknowledge my friends Divya Thankappan, Rajool Shanis. C. P, Manju Sebastinae, K. V. Akhilesh, Dr. Anjana Mohan, K.K. Bineesh, Dr. K.S.S.M. Yusuf, Dr. Anoop A. Krishnan, V.V. Afsal, Ragesh. N, Dr. Ravi Durgekar, Beni. N, Manju Rani, Remya. R, Manjusha. U, Melna Rodriguex, John Bose. K. A, Siji, Vidya. K, Abhilash. K. B, M. S. Syamraj, Raj Kumar, and my soul mates Fayas Bin Abdu, Nizar Hamza and Saidalavi. A. V for their help and encouragement. I am greatly obliged to my family especially my mother, brothers (Shahul Hameed, Ameer Hamza and Abdul Rasheed), sisters (Laila, Naseera, Ramla and Rasheeda), wife Fasnath and son Mohammed Ghazali for their blessings and encouragements. Above all, I am greatly obliged to almighty for his blessings without which the completion of this work would only have been a dream. Hashim. M Contents List of figures and Tables Chapter I General Introduction 1 Chapter II Review of Literature 4 Chapter III Materials and Methods 3.1. Study Area 13 3.2. Trawling Operations 14 3.3. Distribution 14 3.4. Community structure 15 3.4.1. Diversity Indices 15 3.4.2. Similarity Indices 18 3.5. Biology 19 3.5.1. Length weight relationship 19 3.5.2. Sex ratio 19 3.5.3. Food and feeding 19 3.6. Strength Weakness Opportunity and Limitations 20 (SWOL) Analysis Chapter IV Deep-sea fishes: Distribution and Community Structure 4.1. Introduction 24 4.2. Results 25 4.2.1. Distribution 25 4.2.2. Community Structure 54 4.3. Discussion 66 Plates Chapter V Deep-sea fishes: Biological characteristics 5.1. Introduction 79 5.2. Results 81 5.2.1. Length-weight relationship 81 5.2.2. Sex ratio 86 5.2.3. Food and Feeding 87 5.3. Discussion 89 Chapter VI Commercial exploitation and utilization of deep-sea fishes: A SWOL analysis 6.1. Introduction 94 6.2. Results and Discussion 96 6.2.1. Strengths 96 6.2.2. Weakness 99 6.2.3. Opportunities 101 6.2.4. Limitations 103 6.3. Conclusion 105 Chapter VII Summary and Recommendations 7.1. Summary 107 7.2. Recommendations 110 References 111 Annexures Publications List of Figures and Tables No. Title Page No. Fig. 3.1. Map showing total trawling stations surveyed along the Arabian 13 Sea, Bay of Bengal and Andaman waters Fig.4.1. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 25 Myxiniformes Fig.4.2. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 26 Chimaeriformes Fig.4.3. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 27 Carcharhiniformes Fig.4.4. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 29 Echinorhiniformes Fig.4.5. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Squaliformes 29 Fig.4.6. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 30 Torpediniformes Fig.4.7. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Rajiformes 31 Fig.4.8. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 32 Myliobatiformes Fig.4.9. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Albuliformes 32 Fig.4.10. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 34 Anguilliformes Fig.4.11. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 36 Argentiniformes Fig.4.12. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Stomiiformes 36 Fig.4.13. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 38 Ateleopodiformes Fig.4.14. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Aulopiformes 38 Fig.4.15. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 40 Myctophiformes Fig.4.16. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 40 Polymixiiformes Fig.4.17. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Gadiformes 41 Fig.4.18. Map showing geographical distribution of the order 43 Ophidiiformes Fig.4.19. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Lophiiformes 45 Fig.4.20. Map showing geographical distribution of the order Beryciformes 45 Fig.4.21.
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