FAMILY Ophidiidae Rafinesque, 1810 - cusk eels

SUBFAMILY Ophidiinae Rafinesque, 1810 - cusk eels [=Ofidini, Otophidioidei, Lepophidiinae, Genypterinae] Notes: Ofidini Rafinesque, 1810b:38 [ref. 3595] (ordine) Ophidion [as Ophidium; latinized to Ophididae by Bonaparte 1831:162, 184 [ref. 4978] (family); stem corrected to Ophidi- by Lowe 1843:92 [ref. 2832], confirmed by Günther 1862a:317, 370 [ref. 1969], by Gill 1872:3 [ref. 26254] and by Carus 1893:578 [ref. 17975]; considered valid with this authorship by Gill 1893b:136 [ref. 26255], by Goode & Bean 1896:345 [ref. 1848], by Nolf 1985:64 [ref. 32698], by Patterson 1993:636 [ref. 32940] and by Sheiko 2013:63 [ref. 32944] Article 11.7.2; family name sometimes seen as Ophidionidae] Otophidioidei Garman, 1899:390 [ref. 1540] (no family-group name) Lepophidiinae Robins, 1961:218 [ref. 3785] (subfamily) Lepophidium Genypterinae Lea, 1980 (subfamily) Genypterus [in unpublished dissertation: Systematics and zoogeography of cusk-eels of the family Ophidiidae, subfamily Ophidiinae, from the eastern Pacific Ocean, University of Miami, not available]

GENUS Cherublemma Trotter, 1926 - cusk eels, brotulas [=Cherublemma Trotter [E. S.], 1926:119, Brotuloides Robins [C. R.], 1961:214] Notes: [ref. 4466]. Neut. Cherublemma lelepris Trotter, 1926. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Cherublemma Trotter, 1926 -- (Pequeño 1989:48 [ref. 14125], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27, 28 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Valid as Cherublemma Trotter, 1926. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. (Brotuloides) [ref. 3785]. Masc. Leptophidium emmelas Gilbert, 1890. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cherublemma Trotter, 1926 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1993:80 [ref. 21807] based on placement of type species, Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Cherublemma Trotter, 1926. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Cherublemma emmelas (Gilbert, 1890) - black brotula [=Leptophidium emmelas Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:110, Cherublemma lelepris Trotter [E. S.], 1926:119, Figs. 32-33] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Coast of Baja California, Mexico, 25°27'30"N, 110°50'30"W, Albatross station 3007, depth 362 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Cherublemma emmelas (Gilbert, 1890). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (lelepris) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 4466] Eastern Pacific, between Panama and the Galápagos Islands, 5°03'N, 81°08'W, depth 140 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Cherublemma emmelas (Gilbert, 1890). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Chilara Jordan & Evermann, 1896 - cusk eels [=Chilara Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1896:482] Notes: [ref. 2442]. Fem. Ophidion taylori Girard, 1858. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Chilaria by Jordan et al. 1930:485 [ref. 6476]. Correct spelling for genus of type species is Ophidion. •Valid as Chilara Jordan & Evermann, 1896 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:15 [ref. 881], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27, 39 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Valid as Chilara Jordan & Evermann, 1896. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Chilara taylori (Girard, 1858) - spotted cusk eel [=Ophidion taylori Girard [C. F.], 1858:138, Ophidion novaculum Harry [R. R.], 1951:30, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [General report upon zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, 1857; ref. 4911] Monterey, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Chilara taylori (Girard, 1858). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (novaculum) [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 12893] Avalon Bay, Santa Catalina Island, off southern California, U.S.A., depth 18 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Chilara taylori (Girard, 1858). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Genypterus Philippi, 1857 - cusk eels [=Genypterus Philippi [R. A.], 1857:268, Hoplophycis Kaup [J. J.], 1858:92] Notes: [ref. 3462]. Masc. Genypterus nigricans Philippi, 1857. Type by monotypy. On Official List (Opinion 1200). •Valid as Genypterus Philippi, 1857 -- (Inada in Nakamura et al. 1986:142 [ref. 14235], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:347 [ref. 5700], Paxton et al. 1989:311 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:48 [ref. 14125], Lloris & Rucabado 1991:64 [ref. 22530], Gomon et al. 1994:367 [ref. 22532], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27, 29 [ref. 24448], Smith & Paulin 2003:183 [ref. 27042], Hoese et al. 2006:559 [ref. 29051], Gomon 2008:354 [ref. 30616], Mabragaña et al. 2011:10 [ref. 31800]). Current status: Valid as Genypterus Philippi, 1857. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. (Hoplophycis) [ref. 2576]. Fem. Hoplophycis lalandi Kaup, 1858. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Genypterus Philippi, 1857 -- (Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Genypterus Philippi, 1857. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Genypterus blacodes (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - pink cusk eel [=Ophidium blacodes Forster [J. R.], in Bloch & Schneider, 1801:484, Genypterus australis Castelnau [F. L.], 1872:164, Genypterus microstomus Regan [C. T.], 1903:599] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Genypterus blacodes (Forster, 1801). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: South America and Australia and New Zealand. Habitat: marine. (australis) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 1; ref. 757] Melbourne market, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Genypterus blacodes (Forster, 1801). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine. (microstomus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 11 (no. 66); ref. 15042] Tasmania, Dunedin, and Stewart Island, southwester Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Genypterus blacodes (Forster, 1801). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903 - Brazilian cusk eel (author) [=Genypterus brasiliensis Regan [C. T.], 1903:68, Pl. 8 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1903, v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 3615] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Genypterus capensis (Smith, 1847) - kinglip [=Xiphiurus capensis Smith [A.], 1847:no pagination, Pl. 31, Hoplophycis lalandi Kaup [J. J.], 1858:93] Notes: [Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa v. 4; ref. 4035] Near entrance to Table Bay, South Africa, southeastern Atlantic. Current status: Valid as Genypterus capensis (Smith, 1847). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Southeaster Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean off southern Africa. Habitat: marine. (lalandi) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 2576] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Current status: Synonym of Genypterus capensis (Smith, 1847). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) - red cusk eel [=Conger chilensis Guichenot [A.], 1848:339, Genypterus nigricans Philippi [R. A.], 1857:269] Notes: [Fauna Chilena.... in Gay.; ref. 1939] Copiapó; coast of Chile. Current status: Valid as Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (nigricans) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 3462] Chile. Current status: Synonym of Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi, 1846) - black cusk eel [=Ophidium maculatum Tschudi [J. J. von], 1846:29, Pl. 5] Notes: [Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana; ref. 4469] Coast between Callao and Huacho, Peru. Current status: Valid as Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi, 1846). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Genypterus tigerinus Klunzinger, 1872 - rock ling [=Genypterus tigerinus Klunzinger [C. B.], 1872:39] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 38 (no. 1); ref. 2623] Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Valid as Genypterus tigerinus Klunzinger, 1872. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Southern Australia: New South Wales to Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Lepophidium Gill, 1895 - cusk eels [=Lepophidium Gill [T. N.], 1895:167, Leptophidium Gill [T. N.], 1863:210] Notes: [ref. 1742]. Neut. Leptophidium profundorum Gill, 1863. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Leptophidium Gill, 1863, preoccupied by Leptophidium Hallowell, 1860 in Ophidia. •Valid as Lepophidium Gill, 1895 -- (Nielsen 1973:553 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:14 [ref. 881], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27, 34 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:967 [ref. 27008], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944], Mincarone et al. 2008:52 [ref. 29626], Robins et al. 2012:3 [ref. 32161]). Current status: Valid as Lepophidium Gill, 1895. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. (Leptophidium) [ref. 1683]. Neut. Leptophidium profundorum Gill, 1863. Type by monotypy, second species included conditionally. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Leptophidium Hallowell, 1860 in Ophidia (snakes), replaced by Lepophidium Gill, 1895. •Synonym of Lepophidium Gill, 1895 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:14 [ref. 881], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944], Robins et al. 2012:3 [ref. 32161]). Current status: Synonym of Lepophidium Gill, 1895. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Lepophidium aporrhox Robins, 1961 - dusky cusk eel [=Lepophidium aporrhox Robins [C. R.], 1961:218, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Copeia 1961 (no. 2); ref. 3785] Northern South America, about 110 miles northeast of Paramaribo, 7°18'N, 54°08'W, Oregon station 2016, depth 50 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium aporrhox Robins, 1961. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Honduras, northern South America to Trinidad and French Guiana. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium brevibarbe (Cuvier, 1829) - shortbeard cusk eel [=Ophidium brevibarbe Cuvier [G.], 1829:359, Ophidium graellsi Poey [F.], 1861:425] Notes: [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium brevibarbe (Cuvier, 1829). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: southeastern U.S.A., Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and to Brazil. Habitat: marine. (graellsi) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Lepophidium brevibarbe (Cuvier, 1829). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium collettei Robins et al., 2012 - Collette's cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium collettei Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:13, Fig. 6] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Western Caribbean, 4°52'N, 51°49'W, Oregon sta. 17620-21, depth 37 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium collettei Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: between Trinidad and Venezuela and Guianas to Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium crossotum Robins et al., 2012 - crossotum cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium crossotum Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:28, Fig. 18] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Panama (Atlantic) 24°23'-24'N, 82°56'-57'W, Gerda sta. 572, depth 146 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium crossotum Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: southeastern USA, eastern and central Gulf of Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium cultratum Robins et al., 2012 - cultratum cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium cultratum Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:26, Fig. 17] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Panama (Atlanic), 9°18'N, 80°22'W, Oregon sta. 3590, depth 229 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium cultratum Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: off Honduras and Nicaragua, Panama and along the northern coast of South America to French Guiana. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium entomelan Robins et al., 2012 - Gulf cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium entomelan Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:24, Fig. 15] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Northern Gulf of Mexico, 29°13'N, 88°11'W, Oregon sta. 4583, depth 183 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium entomelan Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: southeastern USA, Gulf of Mexico and off Yucatan (Mexico) to Nicaragua. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium gilmorei Robins et al., 2012 - Gilmore's cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium gilmorei Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:39, Fig. 30] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Grenada, off Halifax Harbor, 12°06.61'N, 61°45.91'W, depth 125 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium gilmorei Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: (few localities) southeastern USA (South Carolina), northern Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, Venezuela and Grenada. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium hubbsi Robins & Lea, 1978 - Hubbs' cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium microlepis hubbsi Robins [C. R.] & Lea [R. N.], 1978:721] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 9013] 10 miles southwest of Isla del Caño, Costa Rica, depth 142 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium hubbsi Robins & Lea, 1978. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: northern California (USA) to Costa Rica. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium inca Robins & Lea, 1978 - Incan cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium microlepis inca Robins [C. R.] & Lea [R. N.], 1978:722] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 9013] Northern Peru, 5°02'S, 81°24'W, Anton Bruun cruise 16, station 627A, depth 195-316 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium inca Robins & Lea, 1978. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: nothern Peru. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium jeannae Fowler, 1941 - mottled cusk eel [=Lepophidium jeannae Fowler [H. W.], 1941:103, Figs. 16-17] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 13237] Main channel south of Key West, Florida, U.S.A., depth 19 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium jeannae Fowler, 1941. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) and Gulf of Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium kallion Robins, 1959 - kallion cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium kallion Robins [C. R.], 1959:1, Fig. 1] Notes: [Breviora No. 104; ref. 12017] Off Barbados, West Indies, Blake sta. 291, depth 200 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium kallion Robins, 1959. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bahamas to Cuba, Antilles to Barbados. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium marmoratum (Goode & Bean, 1885) - marmoratum cusk eel (author) [=Leptophidium marmoratum Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:423] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 533); ref. 14448] Gulf Stream off western Cuba, 23°10'39"N, 82°20'21"W, Albatross station 2350, depth 213 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium marmoratum (Goode & Bean, 1885). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bahamas and Cuba, Greater Antilles and in the western Caribbean. Habitat: marine. Species Lepophidium microlepis (Gilbert, 1890) - silver cusk eel [=Leptophidium microlepis Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:109] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Off Baja California, Mexico, Albatross station 3015 and 3016, depths 145 and 76 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium microlepis (Gilbert, 1890). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: outer Baja Caliornia and Gulf of California, Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium negropinna Hildebrand & Barton, 1949 - specklefin cusk eel [=Lepophidium negropinna Hildebrand [S. F.] & Barton [O.], 1949:28, Fig. 8] Notes: [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 111 (no. 10); ref. 13015] Talará, Peru. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium negropinna Hildebrand & Barton, 1949. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: outer Baja California and Gulf of California to Peru. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium pardale (Gilbert, 1890) - leopard cusk eel [=Leptophidium pardale Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:108] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Off Baja California, Mexico, 28°28'N, 112°04'30"W, Albatross station 3014, depth 29 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium pardale (Gilbert, 1890). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Baja California and Gulf of California south to Peru, including (?) Galápagos Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium pheromystax Robins, 1960 - blackedge cusk eel [=Lepophidium pheromystax Robins [C. R.], 1960:84, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 11942] Off Guiana coast, 7°55'N, 57°25'W, Oregon station 2001, depth 50 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium pheromystax Robins, 1960. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: southwestern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil, also Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium profundorum (Gill, 1863) - blackrim cusk eel [=Leptophidium profundorum Gill [T. N.], 1863:211, Leptophidium cervinum Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:422] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 15; ref. 1683] Gulf Stream off Florida, U.S.A., depth 30 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium profundorum (Gill, 1863). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Georges Bank (Canada/USA) to Florida, eastern Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan, Mexico. Habitat: marine. (cervinum) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 533); ref. 14448] South of Nantucket Island (northeastern USA), Fish Hawk Sta. 941, depth 138 meters. Current status: Synonym of Lepophidium profundorum (Gill, 1863). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium prorates (Jordan & Bollman, 1890) - prowspine cusk eel [=Leptophidium prorates Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.], 1890:172] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Panama (Pacific), 8°47'00"N, 79°29'30"W, depth 14 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium prorates (Jordan & Bollman, 1890). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California and outer Baja California to Peru. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium robustum Robins et al., 2012 - robust cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium robustum Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:38, Fig. 29] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Panama (Atlantic), 9°02'N, 81°26'W, Oregon sta. 33595, depth 186 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium robustum Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Panama, Colombia and northwestt of Trinidad. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium staurophor Robins, 1959 - barred cusk eel [=Lepophidium staurophor Robins [C. R.], 1959:360, Figs. 1 a & g, 2] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean v. 8 (no. 4) [for 1958]; ref. 12108] Western Caribbean Sea, 16°39'N, 81°43'W, Oregon station 1878, depth 125 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium staurophor Robins, 1959. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Off Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) and off Nicaragua and Honduras. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium stigmatistium (Gilbert, 1890) - blotchfin cusk eel [=Leptophidium stigmatistium Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:109] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Gulf of California, Mexico, 24°30'15"N, 110°29'W, Albatross station 2996, depth 112 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium stigmatistium (Gilbert, 1890). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: outer coast of Baja California and Gulf of California, Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium wileyi Robins et al., 2012 - Wiley's cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium wileyi Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:30, Fig. 21] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Northeast of Cuba, 20°52'N, 73°20'W, Oregon sta. 10852, depth 329 Meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium wileyi Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Western edge of the Bahamas, Cuba, Gulf of Mexcio, off Nicaragua and Honduras, Antilles and northern South America to Trinidad (scattered localities). Habitat: marine.

Species Lepophidium zophochir Robins et al., 2012 - zophochir cusk eel (author) [=Lepophidium zophochir Robins [C. R.], Robins [R. H.] & Brown [M. E.], 2012:21, Fig. 13] Notes: [Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32161] Cuba, 9°39'N, 59°47'W, Oregon sta. 1986, depth 182 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepophidium zophochir Robins, Robins & Brown, 2012. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Northern coast of South America: Colombia to the Guianas. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 - cusk eels [=Ophidion Linnaeus [C.], 1758:259, Rissola Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1896:483] Notes: [ref. 2787]. Neut. Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus, 1758. Type by Linnaean tautonymy (also designated by Gill 1863:210 [ref. 1683]). Misspelled Ophidtum by Berkenhout 1789:66 [ref. 12437]. Ophidium Linnaeus, 1766:431 is an unjustified emendation placed on Official Index (Direction 56). Ophidion placed on Official List (Opinion 92). •Valid as Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Nielsen 1973:553 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:16 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1164 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:349 [ref. 5700], Paxton et al. 1989:313 [ref. 12442], Nielsen 1997:74 [ref. 23255], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27, 39 [ref. 24448], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:164 [ref. 24550], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:967 [ref. 27008], Lea & Robins 2003:1 [ref. 27029], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:564 [ref. 29051], Parin et al. 2014:183 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. (Rissola) [ref. 2442]. Fem. Ophidium marginatum DeKay, 1842. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Correct spelling for genus of type species is Ophidion. •Synonym of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:16 [ref. 881], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:28 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Ophidion antipholus Lea & Robins, 2003 - longnose cusk eel [=Ophidion antipholus Lea [R. N.] & Robins [C. R.], 2003:2, Figs. 1A, 2A] Notes: [University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Scientific Papers No. 31; ref. 27029] Florida, U.S.A., Atlantic coast, 30°03'N, 81°12'W, depth 13 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion antipholus Lea & Robins, 2003. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Westen Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion asiro (Jordan & Fowler, 1902) - Misaki cusk eel (author) [=Otophidium asiro Jordan [D. S.] & Fowler [H. W.], 1902:752, Fig. 4] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1303); ref. 2459] Misaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Ophidion asiro (Jordan & Fowler, 1902). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus, 1758 - snake blenny [=Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus [C.], 1758:259, Ophidion congrus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:164, Ophidium maculatum Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:38] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Southern Europe. Current status: Valid as Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus, 1758. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: Southern England to Senegal. Habitat: marine. (congrus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus, 1758. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine. (maculatum) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus, 1758. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion dromio Lea & Robins, 2003 - shorthead cusk eel [=Ophidion dromio Lea [R. N.] & Robins [C. R.], 2003:5, Figs. 1D, 2D] Notes: [University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Scientific Papers No. 31; ref. 27029] South Carolina, U.S.A., 32°04'N, 79°14'W, depth 77-82 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion dromio Lea & Robins, 2003. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion exul Robins, 1991 - Easter Island cusk eel (author) [=Ophidion exul Robins [C. R.], 1991:3, Fig. 1] Notes: [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 427; ref. 20178] Off Hanga Roa, Easter Island, 27°08'37"S, 109°26'10"W, depth 1-5 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion exul Robins, 1991. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion fulvum (Hildebrand & Barton, 1949) - earspot cusk eel [=Otophidium fulvum Hildebrand [S. F.] & Barton [O.], 1949:32, Fig. 9] Notes: [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 111 (no. 10); ref. 13015] Talara, Peru. Current status: Valid as Ophidion fulvum (Hildebrand & Barton, 1949). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion galeoides (Gilbert, 1890) - striped cusk eel [=Otophidium galeoides Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:110] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Off Baja California, Mexico, 31°21'15"N, 113°59'00"W, Albatross station 3025, depth 9.5 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Ophidion galeoides (Gilbert, 1890). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion genyopus (Ogilby, 1897) - ravenous cusk eel [=Otophidium genyopus Ogilby [J. D.], 1897:93] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 22 (pt 1); ref. 3272] Maroubra Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Ophidion genyopus (Ogilby, 1897). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: New South Wales, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion grayi (Fowler, 1948) - blotched cusk eel [=Otophidium grayi Fowler [H. W.], 1948:2, Fig. 1] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 204; ref. 13050] Marineland, Florida, U.S.A., depth about 7 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Ophidion grayi (Fowler, 1948). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion guianense Lea & Robins, 2003 - Guianan cusk eel [=Ophidion guianense Lea [R. N.] & Robins [C. R.], 2003:5, Fig, 1G] Notes: [University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Scientific Papers No. 31; ref. 27029] Suriname, 6°53'N, 55°59'W, depth 43 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion guianense Lea & Robins, 2003. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern and southern Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion holbrookii Putnam, 1874 - band cusk eel [=Ophidium holbrookii Putnam [F. W.], 1874:340, Fig., Ophidium beani Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1883:143] Notes: [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 16; ref. 18579] Key West, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Ophidion holbrookii Putnam, 1874. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (beani) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 6 (no. 355); ref. 18350] Snapper banks off Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Ophidion holbrookii Putnam, 1874. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Ophidion imitator Lea, 1997 - mimic cusk eel [=Ophidion imitator Lea [R. N.], 1997:960, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 60 (no. 3); ref. 22978] Southwest of Corinto, Nicaragua, 12°09'N, 87°32'W, depth 112 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion imitator Lea, 1997. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion iris Breder, 1936 - rainbow cusk eel [=Ophidion iris Breder [C. M., Jr.], 1936:44, Fig. 16, Ophidion nigracauda Breder [C. M., Jr.], 1936:44, Fig. 15] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 2 (art. 3); ref. 13685] Gonzago Bay, northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Ophidion iris Breder, 1936. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (nigracauda) [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 2 (art. 3); ref. 13685] Refugio Bay (Angel Island), Gulf of California, Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Ophidion iris Breder, 1936. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion josephi Girard, 1858 - Joseph's cusk eel (author) [=Ophidion josephi Girard [C. F.], 1858:170, Otophidium welshi Nichols [J. T.] & Breder [C. M., Jr.], 1922:15, Fig. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 10; ref. 1813] St. Joseph Island, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Ophidion josephi Girard, 1858. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (welshi) [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 35; ref. 15355] Southwest from Braye's Light, Texas, U.S.A., depth 10 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Ophidion josephi Girard, 1858. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion lagochila (Bohlke & Robins, 1959) - harelip cusk eel [=Parophidion lagochila Böhlke [J. E.] & Robins [C. R.], 1959:46, Pl. 5 (C); Figs. 2 (A, B)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 111; ref. 11981] Northern shore of New Providence Island, Bahamas, 25°05'04"N, 77°27'42"W. Current status: Valid as Ophidion lagochila (Böhlke & Robins, 1959). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion lozanoi Matallanas, 1990 - Lozano's cusk eel (author) [=Ophidion lozanoi Matallanas [J.], 1990:449, Fig. 1] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 37 (no. 3); ref. 20154] Off Saharian coast, 24°06.3'N, 16°20.2'W, northeastern Atlantic, depth 61-68 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion lozanoi Matallanas, 1990. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Spain to Angola. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion marginatum DeKay, 1842 - striped cusk eel [=Ophidium marginatum DeKay [J. E.], 1842:315, Pl. 52 (fig. 169)] Notes: [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] New York harbor, New York, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Ophidion marginatum DeKay, 1842. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion metoecus Robins, 1991 - Juan Fernandez cusk eel (author) [=Ophidion metoecus Robins [C. R.], 1991:5, Fig. 2] Notes: [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 427; ref. 20178] Juan Fernández Islands, eastern Pacific, 33°38'20"S, 78°48'50"W, depth 20-35 feet. Current status: Valid as Ophidion metoecus Robins, 1991. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific: Juan Fernández and Desaventurados Islands (Chile). Habitat: marine. Species Ophidion muraenolepis Gunther, 1880 - blackedge cusk eel [=Ophidium muraenolepis Günther [A.], 1880:46, Pl. 20 (fig. A)] Notes: [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Kai Islands, Indonesia, Arafura Sea, western Pacific, Challenger station 192, depth 129 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Ophidion muraenolepis Günther, 1880. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Western Australia east to Hawaiian Islands, north to Ogasawara Islands, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion nocomis Robins & Bohlke, 1959 - letter opener [=Ophidion nocomis Robins [C. R.] & Böhlke [J. E.], 1959:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 325; ref. 12016] Northern side of sandy point forming the western tip of Green Cay, Bahamas Islands, 24°02'25"N, 77°11'00"W, depth to about 5 feet. Current status: Valid as Ophidion nocomis Robins & Böhlke, 1959. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion puck Lea & Robins, 2003 - pallid cusk eel [=Ophidion puck Lea [R. N.] & Robins [C. R.], 2003:6, Fig. 1P] Notes: [University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Scientific Papers No. 31; ref. 27029] Off Yucatán, Mexico, 21°05'N, 86°23'W, depth 348-357 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion puck Lea & Robins, 2003. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Off the eastern coast of Yucatán and Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion robinsi Fahay, 1992 - colonial cusk eel [=Ophidion robinsi Fahay [M. P.], 1992:801, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 1992 (no. 3); ref. 19885] Western Atlantic, 35°51'N to 35°52'N, 75°22'W to 75°23'W, depth 25-29 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion robinsi Fahay, 1992. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion rochei Muller, 1845 - Roche's snake blenny [=Ophidion rochei Müller [J.], 1845:152 [44], Ophidion broussoneti Müller [J.], 1845:152 [44]] Notes: [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1843; ref. 18466] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Ophidion rochei Müller, 1845. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Habitat: brackish, marine. (broussoneti) [Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1843; ref. 18466] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Ophidion rochei Müller, 1845. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Ophidion saldanhai Matallanas & Brito, 1999 - Saldanha's cusk eel (author) [=Ophidion saldanhai Matallanas [J.] & Brito [A.], 1999:932] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 55 (no. 5); ref. 24923] Off Cabo Verde Islands, Boavista, 15°57'64"N, 22°54'69"W, depth 31-37 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion saldanhai Matallanas & Brito, 1999. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion scrippsae (Hubbs, 1916) - basketweave cusk eel [=Otophidium scrippsi Hubbs [C. L.], 1916:166, Pl. 20] Notes: [University of California Publications in Zoology v. 16 (no. 13); ref. 2225] Near Cerros Island, off the coast of Baja California, 28°02'01"N, 115°06'00"E, depth 73 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophidion scrippsae (Hubbs, 1916). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Ophidion selenops Robins & Bohlke, 1959 - mooneye cusk eel [=Ophidion selenops Robins [C. R.] & Böhlke [J. E.], 1959:5, Fig. 1] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 325; ref. 12016] Dry Tortugas shrimp grounds, Florida, U.S.A., 24°45-50'N, 82°10-30'W, depth 16 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Ophidion selenops Robins & Böhlke, 1959. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Ophidion smithi (Fowler, 1934) - Smith's cusk eel (author) [=Otophidium smithi Fowler [H. W.], 1934:508, Fig. 52] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 86; ref. 1419] Umgui, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Ophidion smithi (Fowler, 1934). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Otophidium Gill, in Jordan, 1885 - cusk eels [=Otophidium Gill [T. N.], in Jordan, 1885:914 [126]] Notes: [ref. 2385]. Neut. Genypterus omostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Otophidium Gill, 1885 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:192 [ref. 7348], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:16 [ref. 881], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:27, 42 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:967 [ref. 27008]). Current status: Valid as Otophidium Gill, 1885. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Otophidium chickcharney Bohlke & Robins, 1959 - ghost cusk eel [=Otophidium chickcharney Böhlke [J. E.] & Robins [C. R.], 1959:37, Pl. 5A; Figs. 1 (A-B)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 111; ref. 11981] West of tip of Lyford Cay, New Providence Island, Bahamas, 25°02'06"N, 77°34'56"W. Current status: Valid as Otophidium chickcharney Böhlke & Robins, 1959. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Otophidium dormitator Bohlke & Robins, 1959 - sleeper cusk eel [=Otophidium dormitator Böhlke [J. E.] & Robins [C. R.], 1959:43, Pl. 5 (B); Figs. 1 (C, D)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 111; ref. 11981] Andros Island, Bahamas, 24°06'15"N, 77°32"15'W.

Current status: Valid as Otophidium dormitator Böhlke & Robins, 1959. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Otophidium indefatigabile Jordan & Bollman, 1890 - bighead cusk eel [=Otophidium indefatigabile Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.], 1890:172] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Indefatigable [Santa Cruz] Island, Galápagos Islands. Current status: Valid as Otophidium indefatigabile Jordan & Bollman, 1890. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Otophidium omostigma (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) - polka-dot cusk eel [=Genypterus omostigma Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1882:301] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 282); ref. 2472] Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A. (stomach content). Current status: Valid as Otophidium omostigma (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Parophidion Tortonese, 1954 - cusk eels [=Parophidion Tortonese [E.], 1954:376] Notes: [ref. 4416]. Neut. Ophidium vassali Risso, 1810. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Parophidion Tortonese, 1954 -- (Nielsen 1973:554 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:17 [ref. 881], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1165 [ref. 13677], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:28, 43 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:967 [ref. 27008]). Current status: Valid as Parophidion Tortonese, 1954. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Parophidium schmidti (Woods & Kanazawa, 1951) - dusky cusk eel [=Otophidium schmidti Woods [L. P.] & Kanazawa [R. H.], 1951:640, Figs. 136-137] Notes: [Fieldiana Zoology v. 31 (no. 53); ref. 12812] Castle Harbor inside of Cock Rock, Bermuda, depth 1 foot. Current status: Valid as Parophidion schmidti (Woods & Kanazawa, 1951). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Parophidium vassali (Risso, 1810) - Vassal cusk eel (author) [=Ophidium vassali Risso [A.], 1810:97, Pl. 5 (fig. 12)] Notes: [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Parophidion vassali (Risso, 1810). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic: southern Spain and northern Morocco to Madeira. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Raneya Robins, 1961 - cusk eels [=Raneya Robins [C. R.], 1961:212] Notes: [ref. 3785]. Fem. Lepophidium fluminense Miranda Ribeiro, 1903. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Raneya Robins, 1961 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:17 [ref. 881], Inada in Nakamura et al. 1986:148 [ref. 14235], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:28, 44 [ref. 24448]). •Synonym of Lepophidium Gill, 1895 -- (Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Valid as Raneya Robins, 1961. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Species Raneya brasiliensis (Kaup, 1856) - banded cusk eel [=Ophidium brasiliense Kaup [J. J.] (ex Valenciennes), 1856:95, Lepophidium fluminense Miranda Ribeiro [A. de], 1903:187 [44]] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 2574] Brazil. Current status: Valid as Raneya brasiliensis (Kaup, 1856). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (fluminense) [Boletim Sociedade Nacional Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro [Lavoura] 1903 (nos 4-7); ref. 3709] East-southeast of Ilha Rasa, off coast of Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Raneya brasiliensis (Kaup, 1856). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine

***************************************************************************************************************************** SUBFAMILY Brotulinae Swainson, 1838 - cusk eels, brotulas Notes: Brotulinae Swainson, 1838:317, 323 [ref. 4302] (subfamily) Brotula [also Swainson 1839:188, 301 [ref. 4303]]

GENUS Brotula Cuvier, 1829 - brotulas [=Brotula Cuvier [G.], 1829:335, Nematobrotula Gill [T. N.], 1863:252] Notes: [ref. 995]. Fem. Enchelyopus barbatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Brotula Cuvier, 1829 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:187 [ref. 7348], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:11 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:346 [ref. 5700], Paxton et al. 1989:311 [ref. 12442], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:23 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:967 [ref. 27008], Greenfield 2005:80 [ref. 28204], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:558 [ref. 29051]). Current status: Valid as Brotula Cuvier, 1829. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. (Nematobrotula) [ref. 1688]. Fem. Brotula ensiformis Günther, 1862. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Brotula Cuvier, 1829 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:11 [ref. 881], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Brotula Cuvier, 1829. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae.

Species Brotula barbata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - bearded brotula [=Enchelyopus barbatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:52] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Valid as Brotula barbata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotula clarkae Hubbs, 1944 - Pacific bearded brotula [=Brotula clarkae Hubbs [C. L.], 1944:167, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 1944 (no. 3); ref. 10743] 5 miles south of Cape San Lazaro, north of Magdalena Bay, Baja California, Mexico (floating at surface). Current status: Valid as Brotula clarkae Hubbs, 1944. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotula flaviviridis Greenfield, 2005 - Fijian brotula (author) [=Brotula flaviviridis Greenfield [D. W.], 2005:81, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences v. 56 (no. 8); ref. 28204] Northern Lau Group, northern side of Kanacea Island at copra plantation, Fiji, 17°14.890'S, 179°08.475'W, depth 7-9.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Brotula flaviviridis Greenfield, 2005. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Fiji. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 - goatsbeard brotula [=Brotula multibarbata Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:251, Pl. 111 (fig. 2), Brotula burbonensis Kaup [J. J.], 1858:92, Brotula ensiformis Günther [A.], 1862:372, Brotula formosae Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1902:364, Fig. 27, Brotula japonica Steindachner [F.] & Döderlein [L.], 1887:279 [23], Brotula jayakari Günther [A.], 1909:334, Brotula marginalis Jenkins [O. P.], 1901:403, Fig. 16, Brotula muelleri Günther [A.], 1909:334, Brotula multicirrata Vaillant [L. L.] & Sauvage [H. E.], 1875:282, Brotula palmietensis Smith [J. L. B.], 1935:220, Pl. 21 (fig. C)] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Shimabara, Ariake Sea, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Valid as Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Habitat: marine. (burbonensis) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 2576] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (ensiformis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Aneiteum Island, Vanuatu. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (formosae) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1289); ref. 2447] Taiwan. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (japonica) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 53 (1. abth.); ref. 4249] Tokyo, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (jayakari) [Andrew Garrett's Fische der Südsee Bd 3 (Heft 8); ref. 14377] Muscat, Oman, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (marginalis) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 (1899); ref. 2340] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (muelleri) [Andrew Garrett's Fische der Südsee Bd 3 (Heft 8); ref. 14377] Ponape, Caroline Islands; Tahiti, Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (multicirrata) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Ser. 3) v. 3; ref. 17853] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. (palmietensis) [Records of the Albany Museum Grahamstown v. 4; ref. 4066] Palimet River, Great Fish Point, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. Species Brotula ordwayi Hildebrand & Barton, 1949 - Ordway's brotula [=Brotula ordwayi Hildebrand [S. F.] & Barton [O.], 1949:25, Fig. 7] Notes: [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 111 (no. 10); ref. 13015] Talara, Peru. Current status: Valid as Brotula ordwayi Hildebrand & Barton, 1949. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific, including the Galápagos Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotula phenax Prokofiev, 2007 - Prokofiev's brotula [=Brotula phenax Prokofiev [A. M.], 2007:172, figs. 5-10] Notes: [Aktual'nie Problemi Sovremennoi Nauki no. 1 (art. 34); ref. 34654] Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, South China Sea. Current status: Valid as Brotula phenax Prokofiev, 2007. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Vietnam. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotula townsendi Fowler, 1900 - Townsend's cusk eel [=Brotula townsendi Fowler [H. W.], 1900:518, Pl. 20 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 52; ref. 14727] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Brotula townsendi Fowler, 1900. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific Ocean: Marshall Islands east to Hawaiian Islands, south to Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia), Rotuma and Tonga. Habitat: marine

****************************************************************************************************************************** SUBFAMILY Brotulotaeniinae Cohen & Nielsen, 1978 - cusk eels [=Brotulataeniinae] Notes: Brotulataeniinae Cohen & Nielsen, 1978:11 [ref. 881] (subfamily) Brotulotaenia [as Brotulataenia, name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; corrected to Brotulotaeniinae by Carpenter 1988:25 [ref. 9296]] GENUS Brotulotaenia Parr, 1933 - cusk eels [=Brotulotaenia Parr [A. E.] 1933:48] Notes: [ref. 3373]. Fem. Brotulotaenia nigra Parr, 1933. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Brotulotaenia Parr, 1933 -- (Nielsen 1973:550 [ref. 6885], Cohen 1974 [ref. 6890] as Brotulataenia, Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1161 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:346 [ref. 5700], Paxton et al. 1989:311 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:365 [ref. 22532], Machida et al. 1997:421 [ref. 23365], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:25 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:967 [ref. 27008], Okuyama & Kato 2002:159 [ref. 27033], Fahay & Nielsen 2003:209 [ref. 27217], Hoese et al. 2006:558 [ref. 29051], Suntsov 2007:177 [ref. 29154], Gomon 2008:352 [ref. 30616]). Current status: Valid as Brotulotaenia Parr, 1933. Ophidiidae: Brotulotaeniinae.

Species Brotulotaenia brevicauda Cohen, 1974 - short-tailed cusk eel (author) [=Brotulataenia brevicauda Cohen [D. M.], 1974:146, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 55 (no. 2); ref. 6890] Atlantic, 10°52'N, 22°09'W, depth 608-0 meters. Current status: Valid as Brotulotaenia brevicauda Cohen, 1974. Ophidiidae: Brotulotaeniinae. Distribution: Atlantic and Indian oceans. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotulotaenia crassa Parr, 1934 - violet cusk eel [=Brotulotaenia crassa Parr [A. E.], 1934:36, Fig. 12 (bottom)] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 4 (art. 6); ref. 3375] Off New Providence Island, Bahamas, 25°39'N, 77°18'W, Atlantis station 1478, depth 1050-1100 meters. Current status: Valid as Brotulotaenia crassa Parr, 1934. Ophidiidae: Brotulotaeniinae. Distribution: Atlantic and Indian-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotulotaenia nielseni Cohen, 1974 - Nielsen's cusk eel (author) [=Brotulataenia nielseni Cohen [D. M.], 1974:144, Fig. 17] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 55 (no. 2); ref. 6890] Eastern Pacific, 31°N, 127°W, depth 600 meters. Current status: Valid as Brotulotaenia nielseni Cohen, 1974. Ophidiidae: Brotulotaeniinae. Distribution: Pacific and Indian oceans. Habitat: marine.

Species Brotulotaenia nigra Parr, 1933 - dark cusk [=Brotulotaenia nigra Parr [A. E.], 1933:50, Fig. 19 (bottom)] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 3 (art. 6); ref. 3373] Turks Island Passage, West Indies, 21°30'N, 71°11'W, 8000 feet wire out. Current status: Valid as Brotulotaenia nigra Parr, 1933. Ophidiidae: Brotulotaeniinae. Distribution: Atlantic and West Pacific. Habitat: marine

****************************************************************************************************************************** SUBFAMILY Neobythitinae Radcliffe, 1913 - cusk eels [=Sirembinae, Bathyonidae] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice Sirembinae Gill 1863h:253 [ref. 1688] (subfamily) Sirembo Bathyonidae Jordan 1905:540 [ref. 31955] (family) Bathyonus Neobythitinae Radcliffe 1913:136 [ref. 3579] (subfamily) Neobythites [Neobythitinae used as valid by: Cohen & Nielsen 1978 [ref. 881], Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], McAllister 1990 [ref. 14674], Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Grove & Lavenberg 1997 [ref. 24023], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], Nielsen, Cohen, Markle & Robins 1999 [ref. 24448], Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Li & Zhang 2011 [ref. 31777]]

GENUS Abyssobrotula Nielsen, 1977 - cusk eel [=Abyssobrotula Nielsen [J. G.], 1977:41] Notes: [ref. 3198]. Fem. Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen, 1977. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Abyssobrotula Nielsen, 1977 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:24 [ref. 881], Hureau & Nielsen 1981:6 [ref. 5438], Machida 1989 [ref. 19204], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 50 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008]). Current status: Valid as Abyssobrotula Nielsen, 1977. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen, 1977 - Galathea cusk eel (author) [=Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen [J. G.], 1977:42, Figs. 1-9] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 14; ref. 3198] Kermadec Trench, southern Pacific, 36°07'S, 178°32'W, Galathea station 661, depth 5230-5340 meters. Current status: Valid as Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen, 1977. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Habitat: marine.

Species Abyssobrotula hadropercularis Ohashi & Nielsen, 2016 - Kuril-Kamchatka cusk eel [=Abyssobrotula hadropercularis Ohashi [S.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 2016:560, Figs. 1-2, 3A, 4-5, 6A] Notes: [Zootaxa 4132 (no. 4); ref. 34519] Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (46°55.53'N, 160°2.84'E - 46°54.14'N, 160°1.99'E), depth 5204-5205 meters. Current status: Valid as Abyssobrotula hadropercularis Ohashi & Nielsen, 2016. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Acanthonus Gunther, 1878 - cusk eels [=Acanthonus Günther [A.], 1878:22] Notes: [ref. 2010]. Masc. Acanthonus armatus Günther, 1878. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Acanthonus Günther, 1878 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:18 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Nielsen 1997:54 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 50 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Mincarone et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29626]). Current status: Valid as Acanthonus Günther, 1878. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Acanthonus armatus Gunther, 1878 - bony-eared assfish [=Acanthonus armatus Günther [A.], 1878:23 [7], Acanthonus spinifer Garman [S.], 1899:170, Pl. F (figs. 3-3a)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 2 (nos 7/8/9)(art. 2/22/28); ref. 2010] North of New Guinea, Challenger station 218, depth 1075 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Acanthonus armatus Günther, 1878. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas. Habitat: marine. (spinifer) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Panama Bay, 4°56'N, 80°52'30"W, Albatross station 3381, depth 1772 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Acanthonus armatus Günther, 1878. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Alcockia Goode & Bean, 1896 - cusk eels [=Alcockia Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:329] Notes: [ref. 1848]. Fem. Porogadus rostratus Günther, 1887. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Alcockia Goode & Bean, 1896 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:25 [ref. 881], Nielsen 1997:55 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 51 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753]). Current status: Valid as Alcockia Goode & Bean, 1896. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Alcockia rostratus (Gunther, 1887) - Gunther's alcockia (author) [=Porogadus rostratus Günther [A.], 1887:113, Pl. 24 (fig. B)] Notes: [Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57); ref. 2013] North of Sulawesi, Indonesia, 2°55'N, 124°53'E, Challenger station 198, depth 2150 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Alcockia rostrata (Günther, 1887). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Apagesoma Carter, 1983 - cusk eels [=Apagesoma Carter [H. J.], 1983:94] Notes: [ref. 5165]. Neut. Apagesoma edentatum Carter, 1983. Type by original designation. •Valid as Apagesoma Carter, 1983 -- (Anderson et al. 1986:798 [ref. 5164], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 52 [ref. 24448], Merrett & Nielsen 2001:751 [ref. 26393], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Nielsen et al. 2008:44 [ref. 29625], Nielsen & Møller 2008:23 [ref. 29803]). Current status: Valid as Apagesoma Carter, 1983. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Apagesoma australe Nielsen et al., 2008 - Crozet cusk eel (author) [=Apagesoma australis Nielsen [J. G.], King [N. D.] & Møller [P. R.], 2008:44, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Cybium v. 32 (no. 1); ref. 29625] Off Crozet Islands, 49°01'S, 51°04'E, depth 4187-4191 meters. Current status: Valid as Apagesoma australe Nielsen, King & Møller, 2008. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southern Ocean, off Crozet Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Apagesoma delosommatus (Hureau et al., 1979) - Hureau's cusk eel (author) [=Typhlonus delosommatus Hureau [J.-C.], Staiger [J. C.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1979:272, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 29 (no. 2); ref. 8824] Southeastern Atlantic, 12°21.4'S, 11°02.7'E, depth 3431 meters. Current status: Valid as Apagesoma delosommatus (Hureau, Staiger & Nielsen, 1979). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic and Solomon Sea [few specimens known]. Habitat: marine.

Species Apagesoma edentatum Carter, 1983 - edentate cusk eel (author) [=Apagesoma edentatum Carter [H. J.], 1983:95, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 33 (no. 1); ref. 5165] Off Bahamas, western North Atlantic, 23°43.5'N, 73°40.0'W, depth 5082 meters. Current status: Valid as Apagesoma edentatum Carter, 1983. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Barathrites Zugmayer, 1911 - cusk eels [=Barathrites Zugmayer [E.], 1911:11] Notes: [ref. 6161]. Masc. Barathrites iris Zugmayer, 1911. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Zugmayer 1911 (Dec.):132 [ref. 4846]. •Valid as Barathrites Zugmayer, 1911 -- (Nielsen 1973:549 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:25 [ref. 881], Anderson et al. 1986:799 [ref. 5164], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1159 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 53 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Mincarone et al. 2008:47 [ref. 29626], Ohashi et al. 2012:169 [ref. 32377]). Current status: Valid as Barathrites Zugmayer, 1911. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Barathrites iris Zugmayer, 1911 - iris cusk eel (author) [=Barathrites iris Zugmayer [E.], 1911:11, Barathrites abyssorum Roule [L.], 1916:17] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 193; ref. 6161] Southwest of Azores, northeastern Atlantic, 31°44'30"N, 42°39'W, station 2108, depth 3465 meters. Current status: Valid as Barathrites iris Zugmayer, 1911. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic and Japan. Habitat: marine. (abyssorum) [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 320; ref. 3818] Monaco Trench, Atlantic, station 819, depth 5285 meters. Current status: Synonym of Barathrites iris Zugmayer, 1911. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Barathrites parri Nybelin, 1957 - Parr's cusk eel (author) [=Barathrites parri Nybelin [O.], 1957:283, Fig. 13; Pl. 5 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition 1947-1948 v. 2 (Zool.) (fasc. 3) (art. 20); ref. 3235] Turks Island Passage, 21°15'40"N, 71°17'06"W, depth 900-955 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Barathrites parri Nybelin, 1957. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic and off eastern Brazil. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Barathrodemus Goode & Bean, 1883 - cusk eels [=Barathrodemus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1883:200] Notes: [ref. 1838]. Masc. Barathrodemus manatinus Goode & Bean, 1883. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Barathrodemus Goode & Bean, 1883 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:25 [ref. 881], Carter & Musick 1985 [ref. 6791], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 54 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Mincarone et al. 2008:49 [ref. 29626]). Current status: Valid as Barathrodemus Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Barathrodemus manatinus Goode & Bean, 1883 - manatinus cusk eel (author) [=Barathrodemus manatinus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1883:200, Barathrodemus microps Parr [A. E.], 1933:44, Fig. 19 (top)] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 10 (no. 5); ref. 1838] Atlantic, 33°35'20"N, 76°00'00"W, Blake station 325, depth 647 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Barathrodemus manatinus Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (microps) [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 3 (art. 6); ref. 3373] Tongue of the Ocean, 23°54'10"N, 77°09'00"W, Bahamas, 8000 feet wire out. Current status: Synonym of Barathrodemus manatinus Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Barathrodemus nasutus Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - nasutus cusk eel (author) [=Barathrodemus nasutus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:152, Pl. 10 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, 0°11'00"S, 121°16'00"E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5609, depth 1092 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Barathrodemus nasutus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Bassogigas Goode & Bean, 1896 - cusk eels [=Bassogigas Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.] (ex Gill), 1896:328] Notes: [ref. 1848]. Masc. Bassogigas gillii Goode & Bean, 1896. Type by subsequent designation. Goode & Bean give Gill as author, but it is unclear if Gill was responsible for the description; current workers attribute to Goode & Bean. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896. •Valid as Bassogigas Goode & Bean, 1896 -- (Nielsen 1973:549 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:26 [ref. 881], Nielsen 1980:17 [ref. 6926], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:345 [ref. 5700], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 55 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Nielsen & Machida 2006:64 [ref. 28703], Mincarone et al. 2008:49 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Møller 2011:784 [ref. 31447]). Current status: Valid as Bassogigas Goode & Bean, 1896. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Bassogigas gillii Goode & Bean, 1896 - Gill's cusk eel [=Bassogigas gillii Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:328, Pl. 83 (fig. 291)] Notes: [Special Bulletin U. S. National Museum No. 2; ref. 1848] Off Cape Henlopen, Delaware, U.S.A., 39°35'N, 70°54'W, Albatross station 2684, depth 1106 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bassogigas gillii Goode & Bean, 1896. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific and western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassogigas walkeri Nielsen & Moller, 2011 - Walker's cusk eel [=Bassogigas walkeri Nielsen [J. G.] & Møller [P. R.], 2011:785, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 78; ref. 31147] Guam, Mariana Islands, western Pacific, 13°35.4'N, 144°32.1'E, depth 2333-2590 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassogigas walkeri Nielsen & Møller, 2011. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Guam, Mariana Islands, western Pacific (unique holotype). Habitat: marine

GENUS Bassozetus Gill, 1883 - cusk eels [=Bassozetus Gill [T. N.], 1883:259, Pterodicromita (subgenus of Dicromita) Fowler [H. W.], 1925:5] Notes: [ref. 1724]. Masc. Bassozetus normalis Gill, 1883. Type by monotypy. Treated as masculine, Art. 30.2.4. •Valid as Bassozetus Gill, 1883 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:27 [ref. 881], Anderson et al. 1986:799 [ref. 5164], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:345 [ref. 5700], Machida & Tachibana 1986 [ref. 6620], Machida 1989 [ref. 13417], Nielsen 1997:55 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 55 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Merrett 2000:9 [ref. 24949], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:557 [ref. 29051], Mincarone et al. 2008:49 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Møller 2008:24 [ref. 29803] dated 1884, Parin et al. 2014:183 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Bassozetus Gill, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Pterodicromita) [ref. 1401]. Fem. Sirembo oncerocephalus Vaillant, 1888. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Bassozetus Gill, 1883 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:27 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Merrett 2000:9 [ref. 24949], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Bassozetus Gill, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Bassozetus compressus (Gunther, 1878) - abyssal assfish [=Bathynectes compressus Günther [A.], 1878:20 [4], Bassozetus elongatus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:157, Pl. 11 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 2 (nos 7/8/9)(art. 2/22/28); ref. 2010] South of New Guinea, 12°08'S, 145°10'E, Challenger station 184, depth 2562 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus compressus (Günther, 1878). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (elongatus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, 0°08'00"S, 121°19'00"E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5608, depth 1089 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Bassozetus compressus (Günther, 1878). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus galatheae Nielsen & Merrett, 2000 - Galathea assfish [=Bassozetus galatheae Nielsen [J. G.] & Merrett [N. R.], 2000:26, Figs. 14-15] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 18; ref. 24949] Eastern Indian Ocean, 3°03'S, 83°02.5'E, depth 1680-1800 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus galatheae Nielsen & Merrett, 2000. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and Réunion (western Mascarenes) east to Hawaiian Islands, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus glutinosus (Alcock, 1890) - glutin assfish [=Bathyonus glutinosus Alcock [A. W.], 1890:211] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 33) (art. 26); ref. 82] Off Madras coast, India, 18°26'N, 85°24'E, Investigator station 97, depth 1310 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus glutinosus (Alcock, 1890). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus levistomatus Machida, 1989 - Machida's assfish (author) [=Bassozetus levistomatus Machida [Y.], 1989:187, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 36 (no. 2); ref. 13417] Izu-Bonin Trench, Japan, 31°10.4'N, 141°44.0'E, depth 5160 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus levistomatus Machida, 1989. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: All oceans. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus mozambiquensis Tomiyama et al., 2016 - Mozambique assfish [=Bassozetus mozambiquensis Tomiyama [S.], Takami [M.] & Fukui [A.], 2016:2, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 34428] Mozambique Channel, western Indian Ocean, 21°18'S, 36°18'E, depth 510-1600 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus mozambiquensis Tomiyama, Takami & Fukui, 2016. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Mozambique Channel, western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus multispinis Shcherbachev, 1980 - Shcherbachev's assfish (author) [=Bassozetus multispinis Shcherbachev [Yu. N.], 1980:124, Fig. 1] Notes: [Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Imeni P.P. Shirshova v. 110; ref. 8280] Southeastern Indian Ocean, 19°54.5'S, 87°52.5'E, depth 1500-1550 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus multispinis Shcherbachev, 1980. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus nasus Garman, 1899 - nasus assfish (author) [=Bassozetus nasus Garman [S.], 1899:159, Pls. 77, 78] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Gulf of Panama, 4°56'N, 80°52'30"W, Albatross station 3381, depth 3243 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus nasus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus nielseni Tomiyama et al., 2018 - Nielsen's assfish [=Bassozetus nielseni Tomiyama [S.], Takami [M.] & Fukui [A.], 2018:[2], Figs. 1-3, 4A] Notes: [Ichthyological Research; ref. 35811] Gulf of Mexico, 25°41'N, 91°2'W, depth 3,155-3,200 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus nielseni Tomiyama, Takami & Fukui, 2018. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: North Atlantic and West Indian Ocean (Kenya). Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus normalis Gill, 1883 - normalis assfish (author) [=Bassozetus normalis Gill [T. N.], 1883:259] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 6 (no. 380); ref. 1724] East of New Jersey, U.S.A., 39°33'00'N, 68°26'45"W, Albatross station 2042, depth 1555 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus normalis Gill, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus oncerocephalus (Vaillant, 1888) - Vaillant's assfish (author) [=Sirembo oncerocephalus Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:277, Pl. 24 (fig. 6)] Notes: [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Near the Cape Verde Islands, depth 3200 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus oncerocephalus (Vaillant, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus robustus Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - robust assfish [=Bassozetus robustus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:156, Pl. 11 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Palawan Passage, 10°54'00"N, 118°26'20"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5349, depth 730 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus robustus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Circumglobal, except not in the eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus taenia (Gunther, 1887) - taenia assfish (author) [=Bathyonus taenia Günther [A.], 1887:110, Pl. 23 (fig. A)] Notes: [Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57); ref. 2013] Mid-Atlantic, 2°25'N, 20°01'W, Challenger station 104, depth 2500 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus taenia (Günther, 1887). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus werneri Nielsen & Merrett, 2000 - Werner's assfish (author) [=Bassozetus werneri Nielsen [J. G.] & Merrett [N. R.], 2000:51, Figs. 36-37] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 18; ref. 24949] South of New Caledonia, 23°51.5'S, 168°25.98'E, depth 1862-1846 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus werneri Nielsen & Merrett, 2000. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: south of Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine.

Species Bassozetus zenkevitchi Rass, 1955 - Zenkevitch's assfish (author) [=Bassozetus zenkevitchi Rass [T. S.], 1955:333, Fig. 5] Notes: [Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, Akademija Nauk S.S.S.R. v. 12; ref. 3610] Kuril-Kamchatka trench, off Iturup Island, Kuril Islands, western North Pacific, 45°N, 148°E, depth between 2250-0 meters. Current status: Valid as Bassozetus zenkevitchi Rass, 1955. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Ogasawara Islands to Okhotsk Sea and Hawaiian Ridge. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885 - cusk eels [=Bathyonus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:603, Bathynectes Günther [A.], 1878:20, Mixonus Günther [A.], 1887:108, Nematonus Günther [A.], 1887:114] Notes: [ref. 1842]. Masc. Bathynectes laticeps Günther, 1878. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Bathynectes Günther, 1878, preoccupied by Bathynectes Stimpson, 1871 in Crustacea. •Valid as Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:27 [ref. 881], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1159 [ref. 13677], Nielsen 1997:58 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 58 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Endo et al. 2000:43 [ref. 24516], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Nielsen et al. 2008:49 [ref. 29625], Nielsen & Møller 2008:26 [ref. 29803]). Current status: Valid as Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Bathynectes) [ref. 2010]. Masc. Bathynectes laticeps Günther, 1878. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1919:394 [ref. 4904]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Bathynectes Stimpson, 1871 in Crustacea, replaced by Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885. On Official Index (Direction 37). •Synonym of Mixonus Günther, 1887 -- (Nielsen 1973:551 [ref. 6885]). •Synonym of Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:27 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Nielsen & Møller 2008:26 [ref. 29803]). Current status: Synonym of Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Mixonus) [ref. 2013]. Masc. Bathynectes laticeps Günther, 1878. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Mixonus Günther, 1887 -- (Nielsen 1973:551 [ref. 6885] but with Bathynectes as a synonym [Bathyonus, a replacement for Bathynectes, has priority over Mixonus]). •Synonym of Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:27 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Nematonus) [ref. 2013]. Masc. Bathyonus pectoralis Goode & Bean, 1885. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:27 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Bathyonus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Bathyonus caudalis (Garman, 1899) - Garman's cusk eel (author) [=Mixonus caudalis Garman [S.], 1899:148, Pls. 36 (2), 39 (2), 74 (2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Central America, 5°30'00"N, 86°45'00"W, Albatross station 3366, depth 1067 fathoms [plus other stations]. Current status: Valid as Bathyonus caudalis (Garman, 1899). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Bathyonus laticeps (Gunther, 1878) - laticeps cusk eel (author) [=Bathynectes laticeps Günther [A.], 1878:20 [4], Sirembo guentheri Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:268, Pl. 24 (fig. 5)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 2 (nos 7/8/9)(art. 2/22/28); ref. 2010] Mid-Atlantic, Challenger station 104, depth 2500 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bathyonus laticeps (Günther, 1878). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic, ?North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (guentheri) [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Off Cape Verde Islands, depth 3200 meters. Current status: Synonym of Bathyonus laticeps (Günther, 1878). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Bathyonus pectoralis Goode & Bean, 1885 - pectoralis cusk eel (author) [=Bathyonus pectoralis Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:604] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 543); ref. 1842] Gulf of Mexico, 28°02'30"N, 87°43'45"W, Albatross station 2380, depth 1430 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Bathyonus pectoralis Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Benthocometes Goode & Bean, 1896 - cusk eels [=Benthocometes Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:327] Notes: [ref. 1848]. Masc. Neobythites robustus Goode & Bean, 1886. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:2514 [ref. 2445]. •Valid as Benthocometes Goode & Bean, 1896 -- (Nielsen 1973:550 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:28 [ref. 881], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1160 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Evseenko 1989 [ref. 12830], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 59 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Nielsen et al. 2006:15 [ref. 28732], Nielsen 2010:59 [ref. 30910]). Current status: Valid as Benthocometes Goode & Bean, 1896. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Benthocometes australiensis Nielsen, 2010 - Australian cusk eel (author) [=Benthocometes australiensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2010:60, Figs. 1, 2a, 3A-C , -4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2561; ref. 30910] Off northwestern Australia, 13°15'54"S, 123°22'27"E to 13°16'21"S, 123°21'24"E, depth 390-394 meters. Current status: Valid as Benthocometes australiensis Nielsen, 2010. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia (holotype). Habitat: marine.

Species Benthocometes robustus (Goode & Bean, 1886) - Atlantic benthocometes (author) [=Neobythites robustus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1886:161, Pteridium armatum Döderlein [P.], 1886:76 [4], Pl. 1, Sirembo muraenolepis Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:273, Pl. 23 (figs. 4-4a)] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 12 (no. 5); ref. 1844] Off Moro Castle, Havana, Cuba, depth 250-400 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Benthocometes robustus (Goode & Bean, 1886). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (armatum) [Naturalista Siciliano [Il Naturalista Siciliano, Giornale di scienze naturali] v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 17417] Augusta Sea, off Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Benthocometes robustus (Goode & Bean, 1886). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine. (muraenolepis) [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Off Cape Bojador, Coast of Sudan, northwestern Africa, depth 410 meters. Current status: Synonym of Benthocometes robustus (Goode & Bean, 1886). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Dannevigia Whitley, 1941 - cusk eels [=Dannevigia Whitley [G. P.], 1941:42] Notes: [ref. 4701]. Fem. Dannevigia tusca Whitley, 1941. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Dannevigia Whitley, 1941 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:19 [ref. 881], Paxton et al. 1989:311 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:366 [ref. 22532], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48, 60 [ref. 24448], Hoese et al. 2006:559 [ref. 29051], Gomon 2008:353 [ref. 30616]). Current status: Valid as Dannevigia Whitley, 1941. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Dannevigia tusca Whitley, 1941 - Australian tusk [=Dannevigia tusca Whitley [G. P.], 1941:42, Pl. 1 (fig. 28)] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 10 (pt 1); ref. 4701] Great Australian Bight, edge of bank southwest from Eucla, Western Australia, depth 80-120 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dannevigia tusca Whitley, 1941. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southern Australia: Tasmania to Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883 - cusk eels [=Dicrolene Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1883:202, Brachydicrolene (subgenus of Dicrolene) Norman [J. R.], 1939:86, Paradicrolene Alcock [A. W.], 1889:387, Pteroidonus Günther [A.], 1887:106] Notes: [ref. 1838]. Masc. Dicrolene introniger Goode & Bean, 1883. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883 – (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:28 [ref. 881], Hureau & Nielsen 1981 [ref. 5438], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:346 [ref. 5700], Nielsen 1997:58 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 60 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Mincarone et al. 2008:50 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Møller 2008:27 [ref. 29803], Gomon 2008:352 [ref. 30616]). Current status: Valid as Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Brachydicrolene) [ref. 6556]. Masc. Paradicrolene nigricaudis Alcock, 1889. Type by monotypy, second species questionably included. •Synonym of Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:28 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Paradicrolene) [ref. 81]. Masc. Paradicrolene multifilis Alcock, 1889. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:28 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Pteroidonus) [ref. 2013]. Masc. Pteroidonus quinquarius Günther, 1887. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:28 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Dicrolene Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Dicrolene filamentosa Garman, 1899 - filamentosa cusk eel (author) [=Dicrolene filamentosa Garman [S.], 1899:149, Pls. F, 75 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Panama Bay, 6°-7° and 16°N, 79°-81° and 99°W, Albatross station 3358, 3393, 3394, 3418, depth 511-1020 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene filamentosa Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene gregoryi Trotter, 1926 - Gregory's cusk eel (author) [=Dicrolene gregoryi Trotter [E. S.], 1926:116, Fig. 31] Notes: [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 4466] Eastern Pacific, 60 miles south of Cocos Island, 4°50'N, 87°00'W, depth 844 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene gregoryi Trotter, 1926. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene hubrechti Weber, 1913 - Hubrecht's dicrolene (author) [=Dicrolene hubrechti Weber [M.], 1913:553, Pl. 4 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Timor Sea, 10°48.6'S, 123°23.1'E, Siboga station 300, depth 918 meters. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene hubrechti Weber, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene introniger Goode & Bean, 1883 - digitate cusk eel [=Dicrolene introniger Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1883:202] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 10 (no. 5); ref. 1838] Atlantic, 33°35'20"-33°42'15"N, 76°00'00"-76°00'50"W, depth 464-647 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene introniger Goode & Bean, 1883. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene kanazawai Grey, 1958 - Kanazawa's dicrolene (author) [=Dicrolene kanazawai Grey [M.], 1958:170, Fig. 27] Notes: [Fieldiana Zoology v. 39 (no. 16); ref. 12068] Gulf of Mexico, 28°47'N, 87°50'W, Oregon station 1303, depth 1150-1200 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene kanazawai Grey, 1958. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene longimana Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - Philippine cusk eel (author) [=Dicrolene longimana Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:144, Pl. 8 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Between Leyte and Mindanao, Philippines, 10°00'00"N, 125°06'45"E, Albatross station 5488, depth 772 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene longimana Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene mesogramma Shcherbachev, 1980 - mesogramma cusk eel (author) [=Dicrolene mesogramma Shcherbachev [Yu. N.], 1980:134, Fig. 5] Notes: [Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Imeni P.P. Shirshova v. 110; ref. 8280] Southeastern Indian Ocean, 30°36'S, 94°24'E, depth 1400 meters. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene mesogramma Shcherbachev, 1980. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean and Solomon Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene multifilis (Alcock, 1889) - slender brotula [=Paradicrolene multifilis Alcock [A. W.], 1889:387 [13]] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 81] Bay of Bengal, Investigator station 14, depth 193 fathoms; Andaman Sea, East of Port Blair, depth 271 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene multifilis (Alcock, 1889). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene nigra Garman, 1899 - Galapagos dicrolene (author) [=Dicrolene nigra Garman [S.], 1899:150, Pls. 37 (fig. 2), 75 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Galápagos Islands, 1°S-7°N, 79°-89°W, Albatross station 3358, 3380, 3393, and 3402, depth 421-1020 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene nigra Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene nigricaudis (Alcock, 1891) - Andaman dicrolene (author) [=Paradicrolene nigricaudis Alcock [A. W.], 1891:30] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 8 (no. 43/44); ref. 87] Andaman Sea, 11°31'40"N, 92°46'40"E, Investigator station 115, depth 188-220 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene nigricaudis (Alcock, 1891). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene pallidus Hureau & Nielsen, 1981 - pallid dicrolene (author) [=Dicrolene pallidus Hureau [J.-C.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1981:9, Fig. 8] Notes: [Cybium 3e série. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Ichtyologie v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 5438] Southeastern Atlantic, 21°46.3'S, 11°08.3'E, depth 2992 meters. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene pallidus Hureau & Nielsen, 1981. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene pullata Garman, 1899 - pullata cusk eel (author) [=Dicrolene pullata Garman [S.], 1899:152] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Gulf of Panama, eastern Pacific, 7°30'36"N, 78°39'W, Albatross station 3395, depth 730 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene pullata Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene quinquarius (Gunther, 1887) - quinquarius cusk eel (author) [=Pteroidonus quinquarius Günther [A.], 1887:106, Pl. 22 (fig. B)] Notes: [Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57); ref. 2013] Off Japan, Challenger station 235, depth 565 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene quinquarius (Günther, 1887). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene tristis Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - Logonoy cusk eel (author) [=Dicrolene tristis Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:145, Pl. 8 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon Island, Philippines, 13°35'27"N, 123°37'18"E, Albatross station 5467, depth 480 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene tristis Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Dicrolene vaillanti (Alcock, 1890) - Vaillant's dicrolene (author) [=Paradicrolene vaillanti Alcock [A. W.], 1890:297] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 34); ref. 83] About 75 miles west of Goa coast, Arabian Sea, 15°02'N, 72°34'E, Investigator station 105, depth 740 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dicrolene vaillanti (Alcock, 1890). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Enchelybrotula Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - cusk eels [=Enchelybrotula Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:154] Notes: [ref. 3579]. Fem. Enchelybrotula paucidens Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Enchelybrotula Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:29 [ref. 881], Cohen 1982 [ref. 5521], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 63 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753]). Current status: Valid as Enchelybrotula Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Enchelybrotula gomoni Cohen, 1982 - Colombian cusk eel (author) [=Enchelybrotula gomoni Cohen [D. M.], 1982:109, Fig. 6] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 32 (no. 1); ref. 5521] Off Colombia, 6°42'N, 78°56'W to 6°44'N, 78°54.5'W, depth 3173-3208 meters. Current status: Valid as Enchelybrotula gomoni Cohen, 1982. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Enchelybrotula paucidens Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - Sulawesi cusk eel (author) [=Enchelybrotula paucidens Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:154, Pl. 11 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, 0°08'00"S, 121°19'00"E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5608, depth 1089 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Enchelybrotula paucidens Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Epetriodus Cohen & Nielsen, 1978 - cusk eels [=Epetriodus Cohen [D. M.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1978:29] Notes: [ref. 881]. Masc. Epetriodus freddyi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Epetriodus Cohen & Nielsen, 1978 -- (Nielsen & Cohen 1986:347 [ref. 5700], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 64 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Machida 2006:64 [ref. 28703], Hoese et al. 2006:559 [ref. 29051]). Current status: Valid as Epetriodus Cohen & Nielsen, 1978. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Epetriodus freddyi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978 - needletooth cusk [=Epetriodus freddyi Cohen [D. M.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1978:30, Fig. 45] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 417; ref. 881] Southwestern Indian Ocean, 21°18'S, 36°18'E, depth 1510-1600 meters. Current status: Valid as Epetriodus freddyi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Eretmichthys Garman, 1899 - cusk eels [=Eretmichthys Garman [S.], 1899:164] Notes: [ref. 1540]. Masc. Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman, 1899. Type by subsequent designation. Earliest type designation found that by Jordan 1920:486 [ref. 4905]. •Valid as Eretmichthys Garman, 1899 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:31 [ref. 881], Machida 1989:189 [ref. 13417], Machida & Ohta 1990 [ref. 19203], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 64 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:968 [ref. 27008], Mincarone et al. 2008:51 [ref. 29626]). Current status: Valid as Eretmichthys Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman, 1899 - pinnatus cusk eel (author) [=Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman [S.], 1899:165, Pls. 35 (figs. 1-4), 79 (fig. 2), Eretmichthys ocella Garman [S.], 1899:166, Pls. 37 (fig. 1), 79 (fig. 1), Eretmichthys remifer Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:155, Pl. 11 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Between Panama and Galápagos Islands, Albatross station 3363, 3366, 3400, in depths of 978-1322 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Habitat: marine. (ocella) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Panama Bay, 7°5'30"N, 79°40'W, Albatross station 3392, depth 1270 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine. (remifer) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, 0°11'00"S, 121°16'00"E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5609, depth 1092 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Eretmichthys pinnatus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine. GENUS Glyptophidium Alcock, 1889 - cusk eels [=Glyptophidium Alcock [A. W.], 1889:390] Notes: [ref. 81]. Neut. Glyptophidium argenteum Alcock, 1889. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Glyptophidium Alcock, 1889 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:32 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Nielsen & Machida 1988 [ref. 12746], Paxton et al. 1989:312 [ref. 12442], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 65 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1980 [ref. 24753], Hoese et al. 2006:560 [ref. 29051], Nielsen & Møller 2008:28 [ref. 29803], Nakae & Matsuura 2009:243 [ref. 31426], Nakae & Matsuura 2010:27 [ref. 31425]). Current status: Valid as Glyptophidium Alcock, 1889. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Glyptophidium argenteum Alcock, 1889 - Alcock's silver cusk eel (author) [=Glyptophidium argenteum Alcock [A. W.], 1889:390 [16], Glyptophidium effulgens Nielsen [J. G.] & Machida [Y.], 1988:302, Fig. 11] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 81] Andaman Sea, off Ross Island, Investigator station 7 [or 8], depth 271 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Glyptophidium argenteum Alcock, 1889. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Sea, Sulawesi (Indonesia), Philippines, southern Japan. Habitat: marine. (effulgens) [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 35 (no. 3); ref. 12746] Bagacay Point Light, Philippines, 10°28'45"N, 124°05'30"E, Albatross D5410, depth 385 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Glyptophidium argenteum Alcock, 1889. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Glyptophidium japonicum Kamohara, 1936 - Japanese cusk [=Glyptophidium japonicum Kamohara [T.], 1936:310 [English p. 306], Fig. 3] Notes: [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 48 (no. 6); ref. 13707] Mimase fish market, Tosa Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Glyptophidium japonicum Kamohara, 1936. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean off Australia. Habitat: marine. Species Glyptophidium longipes Norman, 1939 - bigeye brotula [=Glyptophidium longipes Norman [J. R.], 1939:77, Fig. 28] Notes: [Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 6556] Zanzibar area, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean, 5°05'18"S, 39°22'12"E, station 115, depth 640-658 meters. Current status: Valid as Glyptophidium longipes Norman, 1939. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Glyptophidium lucidum Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - sculptured cusk [=Glyptophidium lucidum Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:161, Pl. 12 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Between Gillolo and Kayoa islands, 0°07'00"N, 127°28'00"E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5625, depth 230 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Glyptophidium lucidum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean off Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Glyptophidium macropus Alcock, 1894 - Bengal cusk eel (author) [=Glyptophidium macropus Alcock [A. W.], 1894:122 [8], Pl. 6 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 63 (pt 2); ref. 90] Bay of Bengal, 13°51'12"N, 80°28'12"E, Investigator station 162, depth 145-250 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Glyptophidium macropus Alcock, 1894. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Glyptophidium oceanium Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - oceanium cusk eel (author) [=Glyptophidium oceanium Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:162, Pl. 12 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] North of Samar, 12°43'51"N, 124°58'50"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5444, depth 308 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Glyptophidium oceanium Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Holcomycteronus Garman, 1899 - cusk eels [=Holcomycteronus Garman [S.], 1899:162, Grimaldichthys Roule [L.], 1913:2] Notes: [ref. 1540]. Masc. Holcomycteronus digittatus Garman, 1899. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Bassogigas Goode & Bean, 1896 – (Nielsen 1973:549 [ref. 6885]). •Valid as Holcomycteronus Garman, 1899 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:32 [ref. 881], Nielsen 1980:17 [ref. 6926], Anderson et al. 1986:800 [ref. 5164], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1162 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:347 [ref. 5700], Nielsen 1990:207 [ref. 21689], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 67 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Mundy 2005:244 [ref. 2837], Anderson & Stein 2006:1 [ref. 28595], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Nielsen et al. 2008:44 [ref. 29625], Mincarone et al. 2008:51 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Møller 2011:783 [ref. 31447]). Current status: Valid as Holcomycteronus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Grimaldichthys) [ref. 3816]. Masc. Grimaldichthys profundissimus Roule, 1913. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Roule (Apr.) 1914:498 [ref. 3814]. •Synonym of Bassogigas Goode & Bean, 1896 -- (Nielsen 1973:549 [ref. 6885]). •Synonym of Holcomycteronus Garman, 1899 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:32 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Holcomycteronus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Holcomycteronus aequatoris (Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913) - aequatorius cusk eel (author) [=Bassogigas aequatoris Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:153, Pl. 10 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, 0°08'S, 121°19'E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5608, depth 1089 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Holcomycteronus aequatoris (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa and Réunion (western Mascarenes) east to Philippines, north to Taiwan. Habitat: marine. Species Holcomycteronus brucei (Dollo, 1906) - Bruce's cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites brucei Dollo [L.], 1906:177] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh v. 26 (pt 3); ref. 15655] Weddell Sea, Antarctic, 67°33'S, 36°35'W, depth 2500 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Holcomycteronus brucei (Dollo, 1906). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Antarctic and Southern Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Holcomycteronus digittatus Garman, 1899 - digittatus cusk eel (author) [=Holcomycteronus digittatus Garman [S.], 1899:163, Pls. 36 (fig. 1), 76 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Gulf of California to Colombia, Mexico, Albatross station 3374, 3375, 3414, 3415 and 3434, depth 1201-2232 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Holcomycteronus digittatus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Holcomycteronus profundissimus (Roule, 1913) - Cape Verde cusk eel (author) [=Grimaldichthys profundissimus Roule [L.], 1913:3, Fig.] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 261; ref. 3816] Southwest of Cape Verde Islands, 12°07'30"N, 35°53'W, station 1173, depth 6035 meters. Current status: Valid as Holcomycteronus profundissimus (Roule, 1913). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Possibly circumglobal, but known from few specimens. Habitat: marine.

Species Holcomycteronus pterotus (Alcock, 1890) - pterotus cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites pterotus Alcock [A. W.], 1890:210] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 33) (art. 26); ref. 82] Off Madras coast, India, 18°26'N, 85°24'E, Investigator station 97, depth 1310 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Holcomycteronus pterotus (Alcock, 1890). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Holcomycteronus squamosus (Roule, 1916) - Azores cusk eel (author) [=Grimaldichthys squamosus Roule [L.], 1916:19, Bassogigas koefoedi Nybelin [O.], 1954:66] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 320; ref. 3818] Near Santa Maria, Azores, northeastern Atlantic, station 652, depth 4261 meters. Current status: Valid as Holcomycteronus squamosus (Roule, 1916). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (koefoedi) [Publications de l'UISB/ Union International des Sciences Biologiques, Sér. B = Compte reudu des colloques, Paris (UISB) No. 16; ref. 12217] North Atlantic, 27°27'N, 14°52'W. Current status: Synonym of Holcomycteronus squamosus (Roule, 1916). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Homostolus Smith & Radcliffe, Radcliffe, 1913 - cusk eels [=Homostolus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:146] Notes: [ref. 3579]. Masc. Homostolus acer Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic) •Valid as Homostolus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:32 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Machida & Okamura 1992 [ref. 19823], Nielsen 1997:59 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 68 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Hoese et al. 2006:561 [ref. 29051]). Current status: Valid as Homostolus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Homostolus acer Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - filament cusk [=Homostolus acer Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:147, Pl. 8 (fig. 3), Homostolus japonicus Matsubara [K.], 1943:47, Fig. 9] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Iligan Bay, Mindanao, 8°17'24"N, 124°11'42"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5508, depth 270 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Homostolus acer Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean off Australia. Habitat: marine. (japonicus) [Journal Sigenkagaku Kenkyusyo v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 6514] Heta, Japan, depth 208 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Homostolus acer Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hoplobrotula Gill, 1863 - cusk eels [=Hoplobrotula Gill [T. N.], 1863:253] Notes: [ref. 1688]. Fem. Brotula armata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Haplobrotula in Zoological Record for 1921 and in Gilchrist 1922:76 [ref. 1648]. •Valid as Hoplobrotula Gill, 1863 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:190 [ref. 7348], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:19 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:348 [ref. 5700], Paxton et al. 1989:312 [ref. 12442], Machida 1990 [ref. 19206], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 69 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Shinohara et al. 2011:40 [ref. 31715]). Current status: Valid as Hoplobrotula Gill, 1863. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Hoplobrotula armata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) - armored cusk [=Brotula armata Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:255] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Seas of Japan. Current status: Valid as Hoplobrotula armata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean off Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Hoplobrotula badia Machida, 1990 - badia cusk eel (author) [=Hoplobrotula badia Machida [Y.], 1990:209, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 37 (no. 3); ref. 19206] Manazuru Fish Market facing Sagami Bay, Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Valid as Hoplobrotula badia Machida, 1990. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Hoplobrotula gnathopus (Regan, 1921) - false kinglip [=Sirembo (Haplobrotula) gnathopus Regan [C. T.], 1921:417] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 7 (no. 41); ref. 3672] 15-20 miles off Umvoti River, KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 120-130 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Hoplobrotula gnathopus (Regan, 1921). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hypopleuron Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - cusk eels [=Hypopleuron Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:164] Notes: [ref. 3579]. Neut. Hypopleuron caninum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Hypopleuron Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:33 [ref. 881], Paxton et al. 1989:312 [ref. 12442], Cohen et al. 1991:126 [ref. 19146], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 70 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Hoese et al. 2006:561 [ref. 29051]). Current status: Valid as Hypopleuron Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Hypopleuron caninum Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - whiptail cusk [=Hypopleuron caninum Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:165, Pls. 13 (fig. 2), 14] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Near Kayoa Island, 0°07'30"N, 127°29'00"E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5626, depth 265 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Hypopleuron caninum Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. GENUS Lamprogrammus Alcock, 1891 - cusk eels [=Lamprogrammus Alcock [A. W.], 1891:32, Bassobythites Brauer [A.], 1906:307] Notes: [ref. 87]. Masc. Lamprogrammus niger Alcock, 1891. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Lamprogrammus Alcock, 1891 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:33 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:348 [ref. 5700], Cohen et al. 1991:126 [ref. 19146], Cohen & Rohr 1993 [ref. 20545], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 70 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Fahay & Nielsen 2003:209 [ref. 27217], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:562 [ref. 29051], Mincarone et al. 2008:51 [ref. 29626]). Current status: Valid as Lamprogrammus Alcock, 1891. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Bassobythites) [ref. 632]. Masc. Bassobythites brunswigi Brauer, 1906. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Bassobythites Brauer, 1906 – (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:26 [ref. 881]). •Synonym of Lamprogrammus Alcock, 1891 -- (Cohen et al. 1991:126 [ref. 19146], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Lamprogrammus Alcock, 1891. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Lamprogrammus brunswigi (Brauer, 1906) - Brunswick's cusk eel (author) [=Bassobythites brunswigi Brauer [A.], 1906:307, Pl. 14 (fig. 7), Lamprogrammus macropterus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:163, Pl. 13 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Die Tiefsee-Fische v. 15; ref. 632] Off northeastern coast of Africa [off Somalia, western Indian Ocean], 6°18'08"N, 49°32'05"E, depth 1079 meters. Current status: Valid as Lamprogrammus brunswigi (Brauer, 1906). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, including Hawaiian Islands, but except not eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (macropterus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Butung [Buton] Strait, 5°35'00"S, 122°20'00"E, Sulawesi, Indonesia, Albatross station 5648, depth 559 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Lamprogrammus brunswigi (Brauer, 1906). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lamprogrammus exutus Nybelin & Poll, 1958 - legless cusk eel [=Lamprogrammus exutus Nybelin [O.] & Poll [M.], 1958:2, Fig. 1] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique v. 34 (no. 19); ref. 12098] 34 miles west of Point Dande, off Angola, 8°28'S, 12°45'E, South Atlantic, depth 500 meters. Current status: Valid as Lamprogrammus exutus Nybelin & Poll, 1958. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Lamprogrammus fragilis Alcock, 1892 - fragile cusk eel (author) [=Lamprogrammus fragilis Alcock [A. W.], 1892:348] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 10 (no. 59); ref. 88] Bay of Bengal, 15°43'30"N, 81°19'30"E, Investigator station 133, depth 678 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lamprogrammus fragilis Alcock, 1892. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Lamprogrammus niger Alcock, 1891 - Alcock's lamprogrammus (author) [=Lamprogrammus niger Alcock [A. W.], 1891:33, Fig. 2, Lamprogrammus illustris Garman [S.], 1899:174, Pls. 34, 81 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 8 (no. 43/44); ref. 87] Bay of Bengal, Investigator station 112, depth 561 fathoms; Andaman Sea, 11°25'05"N, 92°47'06"E, station 116, depth 405 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Lamprogrammus niger Alcock, 1891. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Possibly circumglobal. Habitat: marine. (illustris) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Panama Bay, 6°30'N, 81°44'W, Albatross station 3358, depth 511 fathoms; 7°21'N, 79°35'W, station 3394, depth 555 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Lamprogrammus niger Alcock, 1891. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi Cohen & Rohr, 1993 - scaleline cusk [=Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi Cohen [D. M.] & Rohr [B. A.], 1993:470, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 1993 (no. 2); ref. 20545] Off Antofagasta, Chile, 23°39.5'S, 72°43'W, depth 0-1000 meters. Current status: Valid as Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi Cohen & Rohr, 1993. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southern circumglobal, northwestern North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Leptobrotula Nielsen, 1896 - cusk eels [=Leptobrotula Nielsen [J. G.], 1986:166] Notes: [ref. 3199]. Fem. Leptobrotula breviventralis Nielsen, 1986. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Leptobrotula Nielsen, 1986 -- (Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 72 [ref. 24448], Okiyama & Yamaguchi 2004:77 [ref. 27609]). Current status: Valid as Leptobrotula Nielsen, 1986. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Leptobrotula breviventralis Nielsen, 1986 - Nielsen's leptobrotula (author) [=Leptobrotula breviventralis Nielsen [J. G.], 1986:166, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1986 (no. 1); ref. 3199] Off Hawaiian Islands, 21°05'N, 156°11'W, depth 636 meters. Current status: Valid as Leptobrotula breviventralis Nielsen, 1986. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, Hawaiian Islands; probably more widespread. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Leucicorus Garman, 1899 - cusk eels [=Leucicorus Garman [S.], 1899:146] Notes: [ref. 1540]. Masc. Leucicorus lusciosus Garman, 1899. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Leucicorus Garman, 1899 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:34 [ref. 881], Anderson et al. 1986:800 [ref. 5164], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 72 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Nielsen & Møller 2008:29 [ref. 29803]). Current status: Valid as Leucicorus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Leucicorus atlanticus Nielsen, 1975 - Solomon cusk eel (author) [=Leucicorus atlanticus Nielsen [J. G.], 1975:Fig. 5] Notes: [Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Imeni P.P. Shirshova v. 101; ref. 19741] Cayman Trench, 19°00'N, 80°38'W, depth 6400-6800 meters. Current status: Valid as Leucicorus atlanticus Nielsen, 1975. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic and Solomon Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Leucicorus lusciosus Garman, 1899 - lusciosus cusk eel (author) [=Leucicorus lusciosus Garman [S.], 1899:146, Pls. 38, 74 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] South of Mexico, 14°46'N, 98°40'W, Albatross station 3415, depth 1879 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Leucicorus lusciosus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - cusk eels [=Luciobrotula Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:170, Volcanus Gosline [W. A.], 1954:78] Notes: [ref. 3579]. Fem. Luciobrotula bartschi Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen 1964 [ref. 1637], Cohen 1974 [ref. 7139], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:35 [ref. 881], Machida 1982 [ref. 5473], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:349 [ref. 5700], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 73 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Mincarone et al. 2008:52 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Møller 2008:29 [ref. 29803], Nielsen 2009:142 [ref. 30647]). Current status: Valid as Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Volcanus) [ref. 1860]. Masc. Volcanus lineatus Gosline, 1954. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen 1974:109 [ref. 7139], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:35 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 2009:142 [ref. 30647]). Current status: Synonym of Luciobrotula Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Luciobrotula bartschi Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - Bartsch's cusk eel (author) [=Luciobrotula bartschi Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:171, Pl. 16 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Palawan Passage, 10°57'45"N, 118°38'15"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5348, depth 375 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Luciobrotula bartschi Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden and South Africa east to Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Luciobrotula brasiliensis Nielsen, 2009 - Bahia cusk eel (author) [=Luciobrotula brasiliensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2009:142, Figs. 2-6] Notes: [Galathea Report No. 22; ref. 30647] Off Bahia, 14°36.579'S, 38°49.544'W, Brazil, depth 1055-1173 meters. Current status: Valid as Luciobrotula brasiliensis Nielsen, 2009. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Luciobrotula coheni Nielsen, 2009 - Panama cusk eel (author) [=Luciobrotula coheni Nielsen [J. G.], 2009:151, Figs. 10-12] Notes: [Galathea Report No. 22; ref. 30647] Gulf of Panama, 7°22'N, 79°32'W, eastern Pacific, depth 915-975 meters. Current status: Valid as Luciobrotula coheni Nielsen, 2009. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Gulf of Panama to northern Peru. Habitat: marine.

Species Luciobrotula corethromycter Cohen, 1964 - Caribbean cusk eel (author) [=Luciobrotula corethromycter Cohen [D. M.], 1964:391, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean v. 14 (no. 3); ref. 1637] Off north coast of Panama, 9°20'N, 81°24'W, Oregon station 3586, depth 470-500 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Luciobrotula corethromycter Cohen, 1964. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico and off eastern U.S.A. Habitat: marine. Species Luciobrotula lineata (Gosline, 1954) - Gosline's Hawaiian cusk eel (author) [=Volcanus lineatus Gosline [W. A.], 1954:79, Figs. 2d, 3d] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 1860] Off the Mauna Loa lava flow, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Luciobrotula lineata (Gosline, 1954). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Luciobrotula nolfi Cohen, 1981 - Nolf's cusk eel (author) [=Luciobrotula nolfi Cohen [D. M.], 1981:1086, Figs. 1, 2 (4a, 4b, 5)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 94 (no. 4); ref. 8491] Eastern Atlantic, 22°10'N, 17°20'W, depth 860-810 meters. Current status: Valid as Luciobrotula nolfi Cohen, 1981. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic off western Africa. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Mastigopterus Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - cusk eels [=Mastigopterus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:158] Notes: [ref. 3579]. Masc. Mastigopterus imperator Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Type by original designation. •Valid as Mastigopterus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:35 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 75 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Machida et al. 2002:194 [ref. 16156]). Current status: Valid as Mastigopterus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Mastigopterus imperator Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - imperator cusk eel (author) [=Mastigopterus imperator Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:159, Pl. 12 (fig. 1), Mastigopterus praetor Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:160, Pl. 12 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Between Leyte and Mindanao, 9°06'30"N, 125°00'20"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5495, depth 976 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Mastigopterus imperator Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine. (praetor) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Patiente Strait, 0°28'30"S, 127°45'00"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5628, depth 1291 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Mastigopterus imperator Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Monomitopus Alcock, 1890 - cusk eels [=Monomitopus Alcock [A. W.], 1890:297, Dicromita Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:319, Monomeropus (subgenus of Monomitopus) Garman [S.], 1899:157, 158] Notes: [ref. 83]. Masc. Sirembo nigripinnis Alcock, 1889. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Alcock 1896:304, 308 [ref. 91], with different type species. •Valid as Monomitopus Alcock, 1890 -- (Nielsen 1973:551 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:35 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Carter & Cohen 1985:86 [ref. 5145], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1163 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:349 [ref. 5700], Nielsen 1997:60 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 76 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:562 [ref. 29051], Mincarone et al. 2008:53 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Møller 2008:32 [ref. 29803]). Current status: Valid as Monomitopus Alcock, 1890. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Dicromita) [ref. 1848]. Fem. Dicromita agassizii Goode & Bean, 1896. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1898:2506 [ref. 2445], also by Radcliffe 1913:148 [ref. 3579]. •Synonym of Monomitopus Alcock, 1890 -- (Nielsen 1973:551 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:35 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Monomitopus Alcock, 1890. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Monomeropus) [ref. 1540]. Masc. Monomeropus malispinosus Garman, 1899. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Type designation occurs on p. 157, no separate subgeneric description. •Synonym of Monomitopus Alcock, 1890 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:35 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Monomitopus Alcock, 1890. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Monomitopus agassizii (Goode & Bean, 1896) - Agassiz's cusk eel (author) [=Dicromita agassizii Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:319, Pl. 82 (fig. 285)] Notes: [Special Bulletin U. S. National Museum No. 2; ref. 1848] Off Granada, depth 291 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus agassizii (Goode & Bean, 1896). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus americanus (Nielsen, 1971) - Argentine cusk eel (author) [=Selachophidium americanum Nielsen [J. G.], 1971:26, Fig. 5] Notes: [Archiv für Fischereiwissenschaft v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 7451] Argentine basin, southern Atlantic, 30°03'S, 47°44'W, depth 800 meters. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus americanus (Nielsen, 1971). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus conjugator (Alcock, 1896) - conjugator cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites (Monomitopus) conjugator Alcock [A. W.], 1896:304 [4]] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 65 (pt 2, No. 3); ref. 91] Off Sri Lanka, Investigator station 201, depth 296-320 fathoms; off Travancore, depth 406 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus conjugator (Alcock, 1896). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus garmani (Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913) - Garman's monomitopus (author) [=Monomeropus garmani Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:151, Pl. 10 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia, 0°36'00"S, 122°01'00"E, Indonesia, Albatross station 5610, depth 678 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus garmani (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Monomitopus kumae Jordan & Hubbs, 1925 - Kuma cusk eel (author) [=Monomitopus kumae Jordan [D. S.] & Hubbs [C. L.], 1925:324, Pl. 12 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 2486] Misaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus kumae Jordan & Hubbs, 1925. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus longiceps Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - China Sea cusk eel (author) [=Monomitopus longiceps Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:149, Pl. 9 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] China Sea south of Hong Kong, 20°05'00"N, 116°05'00"E, Albatross station 5299, depth 524 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus longiceps Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus magnus Carter & Cohen, 1985 - magnus cusk eel (author) [=Monomitopus magnus Carter [H. J.] & Cohen [D. M.], 1985:87, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 36 (no. 1); ref. 5145] Florida, U.S.A., 24°24'N, 80°00'W, depth 857 meters. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus magnus Carter & Cohen, 1985. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus malispinosus (Garman, 1899) - malispinosus cusk eel (author) [=Monomeropus malispinosus Garman [S.], 1899:158, Pl. 40 (figs. 2-2b)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Gulf of Panama, 7°15'N, 79°36'W, Albatross station 3393, depth 1020 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus malispinosus (Garman, 1899). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus metriostoma (Vaillant, 1888) - metriostoma cusk eel (author) [=Sirembo metriostoma Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:270, Pl. 23 (figs. 3-3b)] Notes: [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Banc d'Arguin, depth 1230 meters; Azores, northeastern Atlantic, depth 1442 meters. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus metriostoma (Vaillant, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus microlepis Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - Cebu cusk eel (author) [=Monomitopus microlepis Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:150, Pl. 9 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Between Cebu and Leyte, 10°28'45"N, 124°05'30"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5410, depth 385 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus microlepis Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus nigripinnis (Alcock, 1889) - Andaman monomitopus (author) [=Sirembo nigripinnis Alcock [A. W.], 1889:384 [10]] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 81] Andaman Sea, 7.5 miles east of North Cingue Island, Investigator station 10, depth 490 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus nigripinnis (Alcock, 1889). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus pallidus Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - pallid monomitopus (author) [=Monomitopus pallidus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:148, Pl. 9 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Between Mindoro and Panay, 11°57'30"N, 121°42'15"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5259, depth 312 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus pallidus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus torvus Garman, 1899 - torvus cusk eel (author) [=Monomitopus torvus Garman [S.], 1899:157, Pl. 40 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] South of Gulf of Panama, 6°30'N-7°31'30"N, 79°14'W-81°44'W, Albatross stations 3358, 338 and 3394, depth 458-555 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus torvus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Monomitopus vitiazi (Nielsen, 1971) - spearcheek cusk [=Selachophidium vitiazi Nielsen [J. G.], 1971:30, Fig. 13] Notes: [Archiv für Fischereiwissenschaft v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 7451] Indian Ocean, 23°57'S, 112°14'E, depth 834 meters. Current status: Valid as Monomitopus vitiazi (Nielsen, 1971). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1885 - cusk eels [=Neobythites Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:600, Tetranematopus Günther [A.], 1887:100, Watasea Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:765] Notes: [ref. 1842]. Masc. Neobythites gilli Goode & Bean, 1885. Type by monotypy. Tetranematopus Günther, 1887:100 [ref. 2013] is an unavailable manuscript name intended for Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1886. •Valid as Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:191 [ref. 7348], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:36 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:349 [ref. 5700], Paxton et al. 1989:313 [ref. 12442], Nielsen & Uiblein 1993 [ref. 20990], Nielsen & Retzer 1994 [ref. 21652], Nielsen 1995 [ref. 21625], Nielsen 1997:61 [ref. 23255], Nielsen 1999:336 [ref. 24424], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 79 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Nielsen 2002:7 [ref. 26394], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Nielsen & Machida 2006:64 [ref. 28703], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:562 [ref. 29051], Gomon 2008:352 [ref. 30616], Mincarone et al. 2008:53 [ref. 29626], Nielsen et al. 2009:57, 58 [ref. 30411], Nielsen & Møller 2011:783 [ref. 31147], Okamoto et al. 2011:69 [ref. 31712], Shinohara et al. 2011:40 [ref. 31715], Ohashi et al. 2012:27 [ref. 31981]). Current status: Valid as Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Tetranematopus) [ref. 2013]. Masc. Manuscript name intended for Neobythites Goode & Bean, mentioned by Günther in passing. •In the synonymy of Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:36 [ref. 881], Nielsen 1995:1 [ref. 21625], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Watasea) [ref. 2504]. Fem. Watasea sivicola Jordan & Snyder, 1901. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1885 – (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:191 [ref. 7348], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:36 [ref. 881], Nielsen 1995:1 [ref. 21625], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 2002:7 [ref. 26394], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Neobythites Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Neobythites alcocki Nielsen, 2002 - Alcock's Andaman cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites alcocki Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:15, Fig. 4] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Andaman Sea, Investigator Survey, depth 344-403 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites alcocki Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Andaman Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites analis Barnard, 1927 - blackedged cusk eel [=Neobythites analis Barnard [K. H.], 1927:75] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 20 (no. 115) (art. 8); ref. 193] 22 miles north of Tugela River mouth, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 115 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites analis Barnard, 1927. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean and eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites andamanensis Nielsen, 2002 - Andaman neobythites (author) [=Neobythites andamanensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:19, Fig. 8] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Andaman Sea, 8°25'N, 96°30'E, depth 465 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites andamanensis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Andaman Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites australiensis Nielsen, 2002 - Australian cusk [=Neobythites australiensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:20, Fig. 10] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Southwest of Rowley Shoals, 18°4.6'S, 118°22'E, Western Australia, depth 327-328 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites australiensis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia and off Okinawa Island, Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites bimaculatus Nielsen, 1997 - twospot cusk [=Neobythites bimaculatus Nielsen [J. G.], 1997:62, Figs. 11a, b] Notes: [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 174; ref. 23255] New Caledonia, 22°09'S, 167°12.2' E, depth 470-480. Current status: Valid as Neobythites bimaculatus Nielsen, 1997. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: South China Sea, northwestern Australia, New Caledonia and Fiji. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites bimarginatus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 - New Caledonia neobythites (author) [=Neobythites bimarginatus Fourmanoir [P.] & Rivaton [J.], 1979:416, Fig. 9] Notes: [Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 8833] West of Isle of Pines, New Caledonia, southwest Pacific. Current status: Valid as Neobythites bimarginatus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites braziliensis Nielsen, 1999 - Brazilian neobythites (author) [=Neobythites braziliensis Nielsen [J. G.], 1999:367, Figs. 21-22] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 24424] Off Brazil, 1°49'N, 46°48'W, Oregon station 2083, depth 412 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites braziliensis Nielsen, 1999. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites crosnieri Nielsen, 1995 - Crosnier's cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites crosnieri Nielsen [J. G.], 1995:4, Fig. 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 62; ref. 21625] Off southwestern Madagascar, 22°19.1'S, 43°06.1'E, depth 330-335 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites crosnieri Nielsen, 1995. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites elongatus Nielsen & Retzer, 1994 - Caribbean neobythites (author) [=Neobythites elongatus Nielsen [J. G.] & Retzer [M. E.], 1994:993, Fig. 2B] Notes: [Copeia 1994 (no. 4); ref. 21652] East Caribbean Sea, Oregon station 2652, 18°19'00"N, 67°17'30"W, depth 549 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites elongatus Nielsen & Retzer, 1994. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Neobythites fasciatus Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - Luzon cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites (Watasea) fasciatus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:142, Pl. 7 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Batangas Bay, Luzon Island, 13°40'09"N, 120°59'30"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5290, depth 214 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites fasciatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites fijiensis Nielsen, 2002 - Fijian neobythites (author) [=Neobythites fijiensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:31, Fig. 20] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Natewa Bay, Fiji Islands, 16°39'S, 179°37'W, depth depth 360-380 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites fijiensis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Off Fiji and tentatively off Bali. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites franzi Nielsen, 2002 - Franz's cusk [=Neobythites franzi Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:33, Fig. 22] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Off Dunk Island, Queensland, 18°01'S, 147°07'E, Australia, depth 298-300 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites franzi Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites gilli Goode & Bean, 1885 - twospot brotula [=Neobythites gilli Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:601] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 543); ref. 1842] Gulf of Mexico, 28°36'N, 85°33'W, Albatross station 2402, depth 111 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites gilli Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites gloriae Uiblein & Nielsen, 2018 - Oman cusk eel [=Neobythites gloriae Uiblein [F.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 2018:158, Figs. 1A] Notes: [Zootaxa 4387 (no. 1); ref. 35819] Gulf of Oman, NW Indian Ocean, 25°02' N, 56°52' E, depth 272-291 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites gloriae Uiblein & Nielsen, 2018. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Gulf of Oman and southern Arabian Gulf. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites javaensis Nielsen, 2002 - Javan neobythites (author) [=Neobythites javaensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:35, Fig. 25] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Off Java, 8°30'S, 114°38'E, Indonesia, depth about 450 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites javaensis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Off Java. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites kenyaensis Nielsen, 1995 - Kenyan neobythites (author) [=Neobythites kenyaensis Nielsen [J. G.], 1995:5, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 62; ref. 21625] Off Kenya, 2°50'S, 40°31'E, depth 275 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites kenyaensis Nielsen, 1995. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites lombokensis Uiblein & Nielsen, 2018 - Lombok cusk eel [=Neobythites lombokensis Uiblein [F.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 2018:160, Figs. 1B] Notes: [Zootaxa 4387 (no. 1); ref. 35819] Southeast of Lombok Island, Indonesia, Eastern Indian Ocean, 8°58’S, 116°34’E, depth 150-280 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites lombokensis Uiblein & Nielsen, 2018. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Lombok Island, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites longipes Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - longray cusk [=Neobythites longipes Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:139, Pl. 7 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Off Jolo Island, 6°02'00"N, 120°44'40"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5550, depth 258 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites longipes Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific, western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites longispinis Nielsen, 2002 - Macclesfield cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites longispinis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:41, Fig. 31] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea, 16°10'06"N, 114°29'12"E, depth 307-311 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites longispinis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: South China Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites longiventralis Nielsen, 1997 - longiventralis cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites longiventralis Nielsen [J. G.], 1997:66, Fig. 13] Notes: [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 174; ref. 23255] New Caledonia, 18°59.3'S, 163°25'E, depth 320 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites longiventralis Nielsen, 1997. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites machidai Ohashi et al., 2012 - Machida's Tosa Bay cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites machidai Ohashi [S.], Nielsen [J. G.] & Yabe [M.], 2012:28, Figs. 1-3Y] Notes: [Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, Ser. A., Supplement No. 6; ref. 31981] 33°5.95'N, 133°7.59'E - 33°4.46'N - 133°5.95'E, Tosa Bay, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, depth 154-158 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites machidai Ohashi, Nielsen & Yabe, 2012. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Tosa Bay, Japan [types]. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites macrocelli Nielsen, 2002 - Kiritimati cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites macrocelli Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:44, Fig. 35] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Off Kiritimati [formerly Christmas Island], 1°50'42"N, 157°30'36"E, Line Islands, depth 285 meters.

Current status: Valid as Neobythites macrocelli Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Kiritimati, Line Islands, Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites macrops Gunther, 1887 - spotfin cusk [=Neobythites macrops Günther [A.], 1887:102, Pl. 20 (fig. A)] Notes: [Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57); ref. 2013] Off Philippines, Challenger station 210, depth 375 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites macrops Günther, 1887. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean off western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites malayanus Weber, 1913 - Saleh Bay cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites malayanus Weber [M.], 1913:554, Pl. 1 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Saleh Bay, Sumbawa Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, 8°19'S, 117°41'E, Siboga station 312, depth 274 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites malayanus Weber, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites malhaensis Nielsen, 1995 - Malha cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites malhaensis Nielsen [J. G.], 1995:6, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 62; ref. 21625] Saya de Malha Bank, 11°02'S, 62°15'E, depth 250 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites malhaensis Nielsen, 1995. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites marginatus Goode & Bean, 1886 - stripefin brotula [=Neobythites marginatus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1886:162] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 12 (no. 5); ref. 1844] Off Barbados, West Indies, 13°00.5'N, 59°36.2'W, Blake station 274, depth 209 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites marginatus Goode & Bean, 1886. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites marianaensis Nielsen, 2002 - Saipan cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites marianaensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:53, Fig. 43] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Off Saipan-Tinian, Mariana Islands, 15°10'06"N, 145°39'54"E, depth 302 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites marianaensis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites marquesaensis Nielsen, 2002 - Marquesas cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites marquesaensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:55, Fig. 45] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Off Hiva Oa, Maquesas Islands, 9°51.3'S, 139°09.3'W, depth 420-450 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites marquesaensis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Marquesas Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites meteori Nielsen, 1995 - meteor cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites meteori Nielsen [J. G.], 1995:7, Fig. 6] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 62; ref. 21625] Off Socotra Island, northern Indian Ocean, 11°33.9'N, 52°54'E, depth 175-337 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites meteori Nielsen, 1995. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Northern and eastern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites monocellatus Nielsen, 1999 - monocellatus cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites monocellatus Nielsen [J. G.], 1999:351, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 24424] Off Venezuela, 9°53'N, 59°53'W, Oregon station 1983, depth 229 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites monocellatus Nielsen, 1999. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Honduras to Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites multidigitatus Nielsen, 1999 - Bahamian cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites multidigitatus Nielsen [J. G.], 1999:369, Figs. 23-24] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 24424] Bahamas, 26°12'N, 79°31'W, Gerda station 299, depth 641 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites multidigitatus Nielsen, 1999. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Neobythites multiocellatus Nielsen et al., 2009 - Nielsen's Caribbean neobythites (author) [=Neobythites multiocellatus Nielsen [J. G.], Uiblein [F.] & Mincarone [M. M.], 2009:66, Figs. 1, 8-9] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2228; ref. 30411] Off Caribbean Panama, 9°04'N, 81°25'W, Oregon sta. 3597, depth 282-301 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites multiocellatus Nielsen, Uiblein & Mincarone, 2009. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic coast of Florida (U.S.A.) and most of the Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites multistriatus Nielsen & Quero, 1991 - Renunion cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites multistriatus Nielsen [J. G.] & Quéro [J.-C.], 1991:194, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Cybium v. 15 (no. 3); ref. 20072] Off Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean, 20°57.9'S, 55°14.5'E, depth 450-580 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites multistriatus Nielsen & Quéro, 1991. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: Réunion and Rodrigues (Mascarenes endemic). Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites musorstomi Nielsen, 2002 - musorstomi cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites musorstomi Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:61, Fig. 51] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Northeast of Fiji, 11°47.8'S, 178°19.1'W, depth 547-552 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites musorstomi Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific, off Fiji. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites natalensis Nielsen, 1995 - Natal cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites natalensis Nielsen [J. G.], 1995:9, Fig. 8] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 62; ref. 21625] Off KwaZuku-Natal, South Africa, 25°20'S, 35°17'E, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Neobythites natalensis Nielsen, 1995. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites neocaledoniensis Nielsen, 1997 - Nielsen's New Caledonia neobythites (author) [=Neobythites neocaledoniensis Nielsen [J. G.], 1997:67, Fig. 14] Notes: [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 174; ref. 23255] New Caledonia, 18°52.8'S, 163°21.7'E, depth 550 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites neocaledoniensis Nielsen, 1997. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites nigriventris Nielsen, 2002 - blackbelly cusk [=Neobythites nigriventris Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:66, Fig. 57] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Marion Plateau, Queensland, 22°53.3'S, 152°59.3'E, Australia, depth 325-338 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites nigriventris Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites ocellatus Gunther, 1887 - Pernambuco cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites ocellatus Günther [A.], 1887:103, Pl. 21 (fig. B)] Notes: [Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57); ref. 2013] Off Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, 9°05'S, 34°50'W, Challenger station 122, depth 350 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites ocellatus Günther, 1887. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: off northeastern Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites pallidus Nielsen, 1997 - pale cusk [=Neobythites pallidus Nielsen [J. G.], 1997:68, Fig. 15a, b] Notes: [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 174; ref. 23255] New Caledonia, 18°49.4'S, 163°18.8'E, depth 590 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites pallidus Nielsen, 1997. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southwest Pacific: Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites purus Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - pure cusk [=Neobythites (Watasea) purus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:141, Pl. 7 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Near Destacado Island between Samar and Masbate, 12°12'35"N, 124°02'48"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5392, depth 135 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites purus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites sereti Nielsen, 2002 - Seret's cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites sereti Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:74, Fig. 63] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Northeast of Fiji, 12°13.8'S, 177°28'W, depth 795-820 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites sereti Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Northeast of Fiji Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites sinensis Nielsen, 2002 - Chinese neobythites (author) [=Neobythites sinensis Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:76, Fig. 65] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] South China Sea, 16°20'N, 114°39'E, depth 392-395 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites sinensis Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: South China Sea. Habitat: marine. Species Neobythites sivicola (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) - sivicola cusk eel (author) [=Watasea sivicola Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:765, Pl. 37] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1235); ref. 2504] Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Sagami Sea, Japan. Current status: Valid as Neobythites sivicola (Jordan & Snyder, 1901). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific from Japan to Taiwan and South Korea. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites soelae Nielsen, 2002 - Soela cusk [=Neobythites soelae Nielsen [J. G.], 2002:80, Fig. 69] Notes: [Galathea Report v. 19; ref. 26394] Off Port Headland, 17°35'S, 118°37'E, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Neobythites soelae Nielsen, 2002. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites somaliaensis Nielsen, 1995 - Somali cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites somaliaensis Nielsen [J. G.], 1995:10, Fig. 9] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 62; ref. 21625] Brothers Islands, southwest of Socotra, 12°16.6'N, 53°08.2'E, depth 380 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites somaliaensis Nielsen, 1995. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites steatiticus Alcock, 1894 - Alcock's Bengal neobythites (author) [=Neobythites steatiticus Alcock [A. W.], 1894:181 [13], Pl. 9 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 62 (pt 2, No. 4); ref. 89] Bay of Bengal, 15°04'07"N, 80°25'07"E, Investigator station 137, depth 128 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites steatiticus Alcock, 1894. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites stefanovi Nielsen & Uiblein, 1993 - Stefanov's neobythites (author) [=Neobythites stefanovi Nielsen [J. G.] & Uiblein [F.], 1993:110, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Maritima v. 23 (nos 4/6); ref. 20990] Gulf of Aden, 14°48.8'N, 51°16.1'E, depth 335-345 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites stefanovi Nielsen & Uiblein, 1993. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Red Sea, western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites stelliferoides Gilbert, 1890 - thread brotula [=Neobythites stelliferoides Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:112] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Off Baja California, Mexico, 24°30'15"N, 110°29'00"W, Albatross station 2996, depth 112 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites stelliferoides Gilbert, 1890. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites stigmosus Machida, in Okamura & Kitajima, 1984 - Owase cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites stigmosus Machida [Y.], in Okamura & Kitajima, 1984:251, Pl. 174] Notes: [Fishes of the Okinawa Trough and the adjacent waters; ref. 8057] Off Owase, Kumano-Nada, Mie Prefecture, Japan, depth 180-200 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites stigmosus Machida, 1984. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites trifilis Kotthaus, 1979 - Sokotra cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites trifilis Kotthaus [A.], 1979:11, Fig. 461] Notes: [Meteor Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D, Biologie No. 28; ref. 8818] Southwestern Sokotra, 11°33.9'N, 52°54'E, Meteor station 102, depth 337-175 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites trifilis Kotthaus, 1979. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites unicolor Nielsen & Retzer, 1994 - unicolor cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites unicolor Nielsen [J. G.] & Retzer [M. E.], 1994:993, Fig. 2A] Notes: [Copeia 1994 (no. 4); ref. 21652] Eastern Caribbean Sea, 17°38'30"N, 63°27'00"W, Oregon station 2633, depth 348 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites unicolor Nielsen & Retzer, 1994. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites unimaculatus Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - onespot cusk eel [=Neobythites (Watasea) unimaculatus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:140, Pl. 7 (fig. 2), Neobythites nigromaculatus Kamohara [T.], 1938:67, Fig. 37] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Near Mabul Island, 4°10'50"N, 118°39'35"E, Borneo, Albatross station 5590 depth 310 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Neobythites unimaculatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean off Australia. Habitat: marine. (nigromaculatus) [On the offshore bottom-fishes of Prov. Tosa; ref. 2551] Mimase, Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Neobythites unimaculatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites vityazi Nielsen, 1995 - Vityazi's cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites vityazi Nielsen [J. G.], 1995:14, Fig. 13] Notes: [Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology No. 62; ref. 21625] Off southeastern Madagascar, 22°19.1'S, 43°06.1'E, depth 300-335 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites vityazi Nielsen, 1995. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Neobythites zonatus Nielsen, 1997 - Norfolk cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites zonatus Nielsen [J. G.], 1997:72, Fig. 17] Notes: [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 174; ref. 23255] Norfolk Ridge, 24°55.48'S, 168°21.29'E, depth 500-610 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythites zonatus Nielsen, 1997. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Neobythitoides Nielsen & Machida, 2006 - cusk eels [=Neobythitoides Nielsen [J. G.] & Machida [Y.], 2006:64] Notes: [ref. 28703]. Neobythitoides serratus Nielsen & Machida, 2006. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Neobythitoides Nielsen & Machida, 2006. Current status: Valid as Neobythitoides Nielsen & Machida, 2006. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Neobythitoides serratus Nielsen & Machida, 2006 - serratus cusk eel (author) [=Neobythitoides serratus Nielsen [J. G.] & Machida [Y.], 2006:66, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1227; ref. 28703] East China Sea off Ryukyu Islands, 28°52.6'N, 128°08.5'E, depth 950 meters. Current status: Valid as Neobythitoides serratus Nielsen & Machida, 2006. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: East China Sea. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Penopus Goode & Bean, 1896 - cusk eels [=Penopus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:335] Notes: [ref. 1848]. Masc. Penopus macdonaldi Goode & Bean, 1896. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Penopus Goode & Bean, 1896 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:37 [ref. 881], Carter & Sulak 1984:359 [ref. 8244], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:350 [ref. 5700], Séret 1988 [ref. 12835], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 83 [ref. 24448], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Mincarone et al. 2008:54 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Ohashi 2011:232 [ref. 31451]). Current status: Valid as Penopus Goode & Bean, 1896. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Penopus japonicus Nielsen & Ohashi, 2011 - Ryukyu penopus (author) [=Penopus japonicus Nielsen [J. G.] & Ohashi [S.], 2011:233, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 58 (no. 3); ref. 31451] North slope of Ryukyu Trench, 24°33.2'N to 24°31.9'N, 127°02.9'E to 127°01.5'E, depth 3817-3924 meters. Current status: Valid as Penopus japonicus Nielsen & Ohashi, 2011. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Ryukyu Trench, western Pacific (holotype). Habitat: marine.

Species Penopus microphthalmus (Vaillant, 1888) - Atlantic penopus (author) [=Sirembo microphthalmus Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:275, Pl. 24 (fig. 4), Penopus macdonaldi Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:336, Pl. 84 (fig. 293)] Notes: [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Off Cape Verde Islands, off western Africa, depth 3200 meters. Current status: Valid as Penopus microphthalmus (Vaillant, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic and off Cape Town, South Africa. Habitat: marine. (macdonaldi) [Special Bulletin U. S. National Museum No. 2; ref. 1848] East of New Jersey, U.S.A., 38°29'30"N, 70°57'W, Albatross station 2716, depth 1631 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Penopus microphthalmus (Vaillant, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885 - cusk eels [=Porogadus Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:602, Celema Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:329, Dermatorus Alcock [A. W.], 1890:298, Moebia Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:331] Notes: [ref. 1842]. Masc. Porogadus miles Goode & Bean, 1885. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:38 [ref. 881], Carter & Sulak 1984 [ref. 8244], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:101 [ref. 6441], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:350 [ref. 5700], Machida & Amaoka 1990 [ref. 16610], Nielsen 1997:74 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 85 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944], Mincarone et al. 2008:54 [ref. 29626], Nielsen & Møller 2008:32 [ref. 29803], Nielsen & Ohashi 2011:233 [ref. 31451]). Current status: Valid as Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Celema) [ref. 1848]. Fem. Porogadus nudus Vaillant, 1888. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1920:468 [ref. 4905]. •Synonym of Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:38 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Dermatorus) [ref. 83]. Masc. Dermatorus trichiurus Alcock, 1890. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:38 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Moebia) [ref. 1848]. Fem. Bathynectes gracilis Günther, 1878. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885 -- (Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:206 [ref. 28944] Current status: Synonym of Porogadus Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Porogadus abyssalis Nybelin, 1957 - Nybelin's porogadus (author) [=Porogadus abyssalis Nybelin [O.], 1957:288, Figs. 19-20; Pl. 6 (figs. 2-4)] Notes: [Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition 1947-1948 v. 2 (Zool.) (fasc. 3) (art. 20); ref. 3235] North Atlantic, 1°03'N, 18°40'W to 0°58'N, 18°37"W, depth 5250-5300 meters. Current status: Valid as Porogadus abyssalis Nybelin, 1957. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine. Species Porogadus atripectus Garman, 1899 - atripectus cusk eel (author) [=Porogadus atripectus Garman [S.], 1899:154, Pl. 37 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Eastern Pacific, 5°30'N, 86°45'W, Albatross station 3366; 7°05'30"N, 79°40'W, station 3392; 16°34'30"N, 100°3'W, station 3419. Current status: Valid as Porogadus atripectus Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus catena (Goode & Bean, 1885) - catena cusk eel (author) [=Bathyonus catena Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:603, Porogadus breviceps Garman [S.], 1899:155, Porogadus promelas Gilbert [C. H.], 1892:546] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 543); ref. 1842] Gulf of Mexico, 28°00'15"N, 87°42'W, Albatross station 2379, depth 1467 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus catena (Goode & Bean, 1885). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic and eastern Pacific (Gulf of Panama). Habitat: marine. (breviceps) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Gulf of California, 26°48'N, 110°45'20"W, Albatross station 3435, depth 859 fathoms; 27°34'N, 110°53'40"W, station 3436, depth 905 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Porogadus catena (Goode & Bean, 1885). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine. (promelas) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 14 (no. 880); ref. 1626] Gulf of California, Mexico, 27°23'45"N, 111°25'W, Albatross station 3010, depth 1005 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Porogadus catena (Goode & Bean, 1885). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus gracilis (Gunther, 1878) - cavernous assfish [=Bathynectes gracilis Günther [A.], 1878:21 [5]] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 2 (nos 7/8/9)(art. 2/22/28); ref. 2010] South of New Guinea, Challenger station 184, 12°08'S, 145°10'E, depth 1400 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus gracilis (Günther, 1878). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus guentheri Jordan & Fowler, 1902 - Sagami porodadus (author) [=Porogadus guentheri Jordan [D. S.] & Fowler [H. W.], 1902:762, Fig. 6] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1303); ref. 2459] Sagami Bay, Japan, Albatross station 3696, depth 501-749 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus guentheri Jordan & Fowler, 1902. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus longiceps Garman, 1899 - Panama Bay porogadus (author) [=Porogadus longiceps Garman [S.], 1899:153, Pls. F (fig. 2), 76 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Panama Bay, 4°-7°N, 79°-86°W, Albatross stations 3370, 3381, 3382 and 3393, depth 134-1793 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus longiceps Garman, 1899. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus melampeplus (Alcock, 1896) - Arabian porogadus (author) [=Dermatorus melampeplus Alcock [A. W.], 1896:305 [5]] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 65 (pt 2, No. 3); ref. 91] Arabian Sea, 15°11'N, 72°28'45"E, Investigator station 193, depth 931 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus melampeplus (Alcock, 1896). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean, southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Porogadus melanocephalus (Alcock, 1891) - Alcock's porogadus (author) [=Dermatorus melanocephalus Alcock [A. W.], 1891:32] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 8 (no. 43/44); ref. 87] Bay of Bengal, 12°50'N, 90°52'E, Investigator station 111, depth 1644 fathoms, 11°58'N, 88°52'17'E, station 117, depth 1748 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus melanocephalus (Alcock, 1891). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus miles Goode & Bean, 1885 - slender cusk eel [=Porogadus miles Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1885:602] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 8 (no. 543); ref. 1842] Off Delaware Bay, U.S.A., 38°27'00"N, 73°02'00"W, Albatross station 2230, depth 1168 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus miles Goode & Bean, 1885. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in warm waters. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus nudus Vaillant, 1888 - nudus cusk eel (author) [=Porogadus nudus Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:262, Pl. 24 (figs. 2-2b)] Notes: [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Banc d'Arguin, depth 2321 meters or Cape Verde Islands, depth 3200 meters. Current status: Valid as Porogadus nudus Vaillant, 1888. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus silus Carter & Sulak, 1984 - silus cusk eel (author) [=Porogadus silus Carter [H. J.] & Sulak [K. J.], 1984:361, Figs. 1, 6a, 7, 10-17] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 34 (no. 3); ref. 8244] Western North Atlantic, 24°16'N, 76°16'W, depth 1962 meters. Current status: Valid as Porogadus silus Carter & Sulak, 1984. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus subarmatus Vaillant, 1888 - subarmatus cusk eel (author) [=Porogadus subarmatus Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:265, Pl. 24 (figs. 3-3c)] Notes: [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Off Cape Verde Islands, western Africa, depth 3200 meters. Current status: Valid as Porogadus subarmatus Vaillant, 1888. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Porogadus trichiurus (Alcock, 1890) - Laccadive cusk eel (author) [=Dermatorus trichiurus Alcock [A. W.], 1890:298] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 34); ref. 83] Off Elicapeni Bank, Laccadive Sea, 11°12'47"N, 74°25'30"E, Investigator station 104, depth 1000 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Porogadus trichiurus (Alcock, 1890). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Pycnocraspedum Alcock, 1889 - cusk eels [=Pycnocraspedum Alcock [A. W.], 1889:386, Itatius Matsubara [K.], 1943:40] Notes: [ref. 81]. Neut. Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Alcock, 1889. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Pycnocraspedum Alcock, 1889 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:38 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:101 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:313 [ref. 12442], Nielsen 1997:75 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 86 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Evseenko & Okiyama 2006:192 [ref. 28760], Hoese et al. 2006:565 [ref. 29051]). Current status: Valid as Pycnocraspedum Alcock, 1889. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Itatius) [ref. 6514]. Masc. Itatius microlepis Matsubara, 1943. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Pycnocraspedum Alcock, 1889 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:38 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Pycnocraspedum Alcock, 1889. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Pycnocraspedum armatum Gosline, 1954 - Gosline's Hawaiian cusk eel (author) [=Pycnocraspedum armatum Gosline [W. A.], 1954:80, Figs. 2e, 3e] Notes: [Pacific Science v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 1860] Off the Mauna Loa lava flow, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Valid as Pycnocraspedum armatum Gosline, 1954. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Pycnocraspedum fulvum Machida, in Okamura & Kitajima, 1984 - Okinawa cusk eel (author) [=Pycnocraspedum fulvum Machida [Y.], in Okamura & Kitajima, 1984:247, Pl. 173] Notes: [Fishes of the Okinawa Trough and the adjacent waters; ref. 8057] Okinawa Trough, 28°06.0'N, 126°23.0'E, depth 143 meters. Current status: Valid as Pycnocraspedum fulvum Machida, 1984. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Pycnocraspedum microlepis (Matsubara, 1943) - Kii cusk eel (author) [=Itatius microlepis Matsubara [K.], 1943:41, Figs. 2, 4.] Notes: [Journal Sigenkagaku Kenkyusyo v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 6514] Kumano-Nada, Kii Peninsula, Japan. Current status: Valid as Pycnocraspedum microlepis (Matsubara, 1943). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Pycnocraspedum phyllosoma (Parr, 1933) - Turks cusk eel (author) [=Neobythites phyllosoma Parr [A. E.], 1933:44, Fig. 20] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 3 (art. 6); ref. 3373] Off Turks Island, Bahamas, 21°30'N, 71°11'W, 8000 feet wire out. Current status: Valid as Pycnocraspedum phyllosoma (Parr, 1933). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Alcock, 1889 - pelagic cusk [=Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Alcock [A. W.], 1889:386 [12]] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 81] Bay of Bengal, 20°17'30"N, 88°50'E, Investigator, depth 193 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Alcock, 1889. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Selachophidium Gilchrist, 1903 - cusk eels [=Selachophidium Gilchrist [J. D. F.], 1903:209] Notes: [ref. 1645]. Neut. Selachophidium guentheri Gilchrist, 1903. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Selachophidium Gilchrist, 1903 – (Nielsen 1971:17 [ref. 7451], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:39 [ref. 881], Hureau & Nielsen 1981:21 [ref. 5438], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:350 [ref. 5700], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 88 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Valid as Selachophidium Gilchrist, 1903. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Selachophidium guentheri Gilchrist, 1903 - barbed brotula [=Selachophidium guentheri Gilchrist [J. D. F.], 1903:209, Pl. 17] Notes: [Marine Investigations in South Africa. v. 2; ref. 1645] Off Table Mountain, bearing N 79°E distant 40 miles, South Africa, southeastern Atlantic, depth 250 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Selachophidium guentheri Gilchrist, 1903. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic and western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Sirembo Bleeker, 1857 - cusk eels [=Sirembo Bleeker [P.], 1857:22, Brotella Kaup [J. J.], 1857:92, Umalius Herre [A. W. C. T.] & Herald [E. S.], 1950:310] Notes: [ref. 360]. Masc. Brotula imberbis Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Type by monotypy. Treated by authors as masculine. •Valid as Sirembo Bleeker, 1857 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:189 [ref. 7348], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:19 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:100 [ref. 6441], Cohen & Robins 1986 [ref. 5254], Paxton et al. 1989:313 [ref. 12442], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 88 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Hoese et al. 2006:565 [ref. 29051], Nielsen et al. 2014:3 [115] [ref. 33532]). Current status: Valid as Sirembo Bleeker, 1857. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Brotella) [ref. 2576]. Fem. Brotula maculata of Kaup 1858 (= Brotula imberbis Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Type by subsequent designation. Brotula maculata Kaup is an unneeded replacement for Brotula imberbis. Earliest subsequent designation of type not researched; usually wrongly given as by monotypy, but B. armata also included. •Objective synonym of Sirembo Bleeker, 1857 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:19 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:48 [ref. 24448], Nielsen et al. 2014:3 [115] [ref. 33532]). Current status: Synonym of Sirembo Bleeker, 1857. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Umalius) [ref. 2114]. Masc. Umalius philippinus Herre & Herald, 1950. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Sirembo Bleeker 1857 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:19 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Nielsen et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33532]). Current status: Synonym of Sirembo Bleeker, 1857. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Sirembo amaculata (Cohen & Nielsen, 1982) - lined cusk [=Spottobrotula amaculata Cohen [D. M.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1982:497, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1982 (no. 3); ref. 5406] Visayan Sea between Negros and Masbate islands, southwest of Caduruan Pt., Philippines, 11°38'N, 123°52'E, depth 90 meters. Current status: Valid as Sirembo amaculata (Cohen & Nielsen, 1982). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean off western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Sirembo imberbis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) - golden cusk [=Brotula imberbis Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:253, Pl. 111 (fig. 3), Sirembo everriculi Whitley [G. P.], 1936:47, Pl. 4 (fig. 2), Brotella maculata Kaup [J. J.], 1858:92] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Bay of Oomura, Japan. Current status: Valid as Sirembo imberbis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Japan to Philippines, to Queensland, Australia, and nw. Australia. Habitat: marine. (everriculi) [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 11 (pt 1); ref. 4687] Off Shaw Island, Cumberland Group, northern Queensland, Australia, depth 10 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Sirembo imberbis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine. (maculata) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 2576] Apparently an unneeded new name for Brotula imberbis Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. •Synonym of Sirembo imberbis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) -- (Cohen & Robins 1986:257 [ref. 5254], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:89 [ref. 24448], Nielsen et al. 2014:8 [120] [ref. 33532]). Current status: Synonym of Sirembo imberbis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sirembo jerdoni (Day, 1888) - brownbanded cusk eel [=Brotula jerdoni, Brotula Day [F.], 1888:804, Umalius heraldi Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1953:818, Umalius philippinus Herre [A. W. C. T.] & Herald [E. S.], 1950:312, Fig. 1] Notes: [The fishes of India Suppl.; ref. 1082] Madras, India. Current status: Valid as Sirembo jerdoni (Day, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (heraldi) [United States Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report No. 20; ref. 5594] Divisoria market, Manila, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Sirembo jerdoni (Day, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine. (philippinus) [Philippine Journal of Science v. 79 (no. 3); ref. 2114] Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines, depth 13-25 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Sirembo jerdoni (Day, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sirembo metachroma Cohen & Robins, 1986 - chameleon cusk [=Sirembo metachroma Cohen [D. M.] & Robins [C. R.], 1986:253, Pl. 1 (A, B)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 5254] 7 miles northwest off Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia, depth 60 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Sirembo metachroma Cohen & Robins, 1986. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Sirembo wami Nielsen et al., 2014 - Wam cusk (author) [=Sirembo wami Nielsen [J. G.], Schwarzhans [W.] & Uiblein [F.], 2014:12 [124], Figs. 4-6] Notes: [Marine Biology Research v. 11 (no. 2) (for 2015); ref. 33532] Off Cape Cuvier, Western Australia, 24°15'S, 113°26'E. Current status: Valid as Sirembo wami Nielsen, Schwarzhans & Uiblein, 2014. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Spectrunculus Jordan & Thompson, 1914 - cusk eels [=Spectrunculus Jordan [D. S.] & Thompson [W. F.], 1914:301, Parabassogigas Nybelin [O.], 1957:298] Notes: [ref. 2543]. Masc. Spectrunculus radcliffei Jordan & Thompson, 1914. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Spectrunculus Jordan & Thompson, 1914 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:39 [ref. 881], Nielsen & Hureau 1980:149 [ref. 5585], Hureau & Nielsen 1981:23 [ref. 5438], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:101 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1165 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Cohen 1986:350 [ref. 5700], Machida et al. 1987 [ref. 6621], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 90 [ref. 24448], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:264 [ref. 25968], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Nielsen & Machida 2006:64 [ref. 28703], Uiblein et al. 2008:543 [ref. 29800], Parin et al. 2014:183 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Spectrunculus Jordan & Thompson, 1914. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. (Parabassogigas) [ref. 3235]. Masc. Sirembo grandis Günther, 1877. Type by original designation. •Valid as Parabassogigas Nubelin, 1957 -- (Nielsen 1973:552 [ref. 6885], Hubbs & Follett 1978 [ref. 7017], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:36 [ref. 881]). •Synonym of Spectrunculus Jordan & Thompson, 1914 -- (Nielsen & Hureau 1980:153 [ref. 5585], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49 [ref. 24448], Uiblein et al. 2008:542 [ref. 29800]). Current status: Synonym of Spectrunculus Jordan & Thompson, 1914. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Species Spectrunculus crassus (Vaillant, 1888) - crassus cusk eel (author) [=Bythites crassus Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:279, Pl. 25 (fig. 1), Bassogigas coheni Mayer [R. F.] & Nalbant [T. T.], 1972:163, Fig. 4] Notes: [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Northeastern Atlantic between Azores and France, 44°20'N, 17°11'W, depth 4255 meters. Current status: Valid as Spectrunculus crassus (Vaillant, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Eastern North Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (coheni) [Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Zoologie v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 719] Peru Trench, eastern Pacific, 8°23'S, 80°25'W, depth 2945-2966 meters. Current status: Synonym of Spectrunculus crassus (Vaillant, 1888). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Spectrunculus grandis (Gunther, 1877) - pudgy cusk eel [=Sirembo grandis Günther [A.], 1877:437, Spectrunculus radcliffei Jordan [D. S.] & Thompson [W. F.], 1914:301, Pl. 37 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 20 (no. 119) (art. 56); ref. 2009] Near Yokohama [65 kilometers southeast of Kamogawa], Chiba Prefecture, Japan, Challenger station 237, 34°37'N, 140°32'E, depth 1875 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Spectrunculus grandis (Günther, 1877). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Circumglobal. Habitat: marine. (radcliffei) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 4); ref. 2543] Misaki, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Spectrunculus grandis (Günther, 1877). Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Spottobrotula Cohen & Nielsen, 1978 - cusk eels [=Spottobrotula Cohen [D. M.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1978:40] Notes: [ref. 881]. Fem. Spottobrotula mahodadi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978. Type by original designation. •Valid as Spottobrotula Cohen & Nielsen, 1978 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1982 [ref. 5406], Paxton et al. 1989:314 [ref. 12442], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 90 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Hoese et al. 2006:566 [ref. 29051], Nielsen et al. 2014:13 [125] [ref. 33532]). Current status: Valid as Spottobrotula Cohen & Nielsen, 1978. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Spottobrotula mahodadi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978 - Mahodad's cusk eel (author) [=Spottobrotula mahodadi Cohen [D. M.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1978:41, Fig. 64] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 417; ref. 881] Near Baren Island, Andaman Islands, Andaman Sea, about 40 meters. Current status: Valid as Spottobrotula mahodadi Cohen & Nielsen, 1978. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indian Ocean (1 specimen). Habitat: marine.

Species Spottobrotula mossambica Nielsen et al., 2014 - Mozambique cusk eel (author) [=Spottobrotula mossambica Nielsen [J. G.] Schwarzhans [W.] & Uiblein [F.], 2014:17 [129], Figs. 7-9] Notes: [Marine Biology Research v. 11 (no. 2) (for 2015); ref. 33532] Mozambique Channel, 19°35'S, 36°15'E, depth 45 meters. Current status: Valid as Spottobrotula mossambica Nielsen, Schwarzhans & Uiblein, 2014. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Oman to Mozambique Channel. Habitat: marine.

Species Spottobrotula persica Nielsen et al., 2014 - Persian cusk eel (author) [=Spottobrotula persica Nielsen [J. G.], Schwarzhans [W.] & Uiblein [F.], 2014:19 [131], 4, 7-8] Notes: [Marine Biology Research v. 11 (no. 2) (for 2015); ref. 33532] Persian Gulf, 27°58'N, 51°01'E, depth 45 meters. Current status: Valid as Spottobrotula persica Nielsen, Schwarzhans & Uiblein, 2014. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Persian Gulf and one from Sokotra Island. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Tauredophidium Alcock, 1890 - cusk eels [=Tauredophidium Alcock [A. W.], 1890:212] Notes: [ref. 82]. Neut. Tauredophidium hextii Alcock, 1890. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Tauredophidium Alcock, 1890 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:20 [ref. 881], Nielsen 1997:75 [ref. 23255], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 91 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753]). Current status: Valid as Tauredophidium Alcock, 1890. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Tauredophidium hextii Alcock, 1890 - Hext's cusk eel (author) [=Tauredophidium hextii Alcock [A. W.], 1890:213, Pl. 8 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 33) (art. 26); ref. 82] Off Madras coast, India, 18°26'N, 85°24'E, Investigator station 97, depth 1310 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Tauredophidium hextii Alcock, 1890. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Thalassobathia Cohen, 1963 - cusk eels, viviparous brotulas [=Thalassobathia Cohen [D. M.], 1963:1] Notes: [ref. 880]. Fem. Thalassobathia pelagica Cohen, 1963. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Thalassobathia Cohen, 1963 -- (Nielsen 1973:552 [ref. 6885], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:51 [ref. 881], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1156 [ref. 13677], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:96, 111 [ref. 24448], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:266 [ref. 25968], Prokofiev & Kukuev 2008:565 [ref. 30239], Nielsen et al. 2010:224 [ref. 30920] in Ophidiidae, Parin et al. 2014:183 [ref. 33547] in Bythitidae). Current status: Valid as Thalassobathia Cohen, 1963. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Thalassobathia nelsoni Lee, 1974 - Nelson's cusk eel (author) [=Thalassobathia nelsoni Lee [R. S.], 1974:629, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1974 (no. 3); ref. 7514] Chile, 23°37.1'-23°35.9'S, 71°40.5'-71°20.0'W, depth 0-2000 meters (5200 meters wire out) over 3620-5430 meters. Current status: Valid as Thalassobathia nelsoni Lee, 1974. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Thalassobathia pelagica Cohen, 1963 - Cohen's pelagic cusk eel (author) [=Thalassobathia pelagica Cohen [D. M.], 1963:3, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Breviora No. 196; ref. 880] Northwestern Atlantic, 39°26'N, 71°00'W to 39°32'N, 71°00'W, depth 390 fathoms over 1400-1350 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Thalassobathia pelagica Cohen, 1963. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: North Atlantic and Bering Sea and North Pacific and Gulf of Guinea. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Typhlonus Gunther, 1878 - cusk eels [=Typhlonus Günther [A.], 1878:21] Notes: [ref. 2010]. Masc. Typhlonus nasus Günther, 1878. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Typhlonus Günther, 1878 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:41 [ref. 881], Hureau & Nielsen 1981:24 [ref. 5438], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 92 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753]). Current status: Valid as Typhlonus Günther, 1878. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Typhlonus nasus Gunther, 1878 - Gunther's typhlonus (author) [=Typhlonus nasus Günther [A.], 1878:21 [5]] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 2 (nos 7/8/9)(art. 2/22/28); ref. 2010] Northeast of Australia and north of Sulawesi, Indonesia, depth 2150 and 2440 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Typhlonus nasus Günther, 1878. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Arabian Sea east to Hawaiian Islands and eastern South Pacific, south to New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Ventichthys Nielsen et al., 2006 - cusk eels [=Ventichthys Nielsen [J. G.], Møller [P. R.] & Segonzac [M.], 2006:15] Notes: [ref. 28732]. Masc. Ventichthys biospeedoi Nielsen, Møller & Segonzac, 2006. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Ventichthys Nielsen, Møller & Segonzac, 2006. Current status: Valid as Ventichthys Nielsen, Møller & Segonzac, 2006. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Ventichthys biospeedoi Nielsen et al., 2006 - East Pacific vent-brotula [=Ventichthys biospeedoi Nielsen [J. G.], Møller [P. R.] & Segonzac [M.], 2006:16, Figs. 1-8] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1247; ref. 28732] South East Pacific Rise, hydrothermal vent site Oasis, 17°25.38'S, 113°12.29'W, depth 2586 meters. Current status: Valid as Ventichthys biospeedoi Nielsen, Møller & Segonzac, 2006. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Xyelacyba Cohen, 1961 [=Xyelacyba Cohen [D. M.], 1961:288] Notes: [ref. 879]. Fem. Xyelacyba myersi Cohen, 1961. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Xyelacyba Cohen, 1961 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:20 [ref. 881], Machida 1989 [ref. 12579], Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:49, 93 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1981 [ref. 24753], Nielsen & Robins 2003:969 [ref. 27008], Hoese et al. 2006:566 [ref. 29051], Mincarone et al. 2008:55 [ref. 29626]). Current status: Valid as Xyelacyba Cohen, 1961. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae.

Species Xyelacyba myersi Cohen, 1961 [=Xyelacyba myersi Cohen [D. M.], 1961:289, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1961 (no. 3); ref. 879] Gulf of Mexico, 27°48'N, 88°45'W, Oregon station 2577, depth 850-1100 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Xyelacyba myersi Cohen, 1961. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, including Hawaiian islands, except not in the eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine

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SUBFAMILY Carapinae Poey, 1867 - pearlfishes, fierasfers GENUS Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 - pearlfishes [=Carapus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:37, 57, Diaphasia Lowe [R. T.], 1843:92, Disparichthys Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:383, Fierasfer Oken [L.] (ex Cuvier), 1817:1182, Helminthodes Gill [T. N.], 1864:203, Helminthstoma Cocco [A.], in Günther, 1870:145, Helmintosomus Cocco [A.], 1840:239, Lefroyia Jones [J. M.], 1874:3838, Leptofierasfer Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1928:964, Pirellinus Whitley [G. P.], 1928:226, Porobronchus Kaup [J. J.], 1860:272, Vexillifer Gasco [F.], 1870:60] Notes: [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Masc. Gymnotus acus Brünnich, 1768. Type established in ICZN Opinion 42, with authorship of type credited to Linnaeus but without date. •Valid as Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Trott 1981:625 [ref. 14205], Williams 1984:388 [ref. 5314], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Olney & Markle 1986:351 [ref. 5701], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1173 [ref. 13677], Shen & Yeh 1987:47 [ref. 6418], Paxton et al. 1989:319 [ref. 12442], Markle & Olney 1990:373 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:351 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:10, 11 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Parmentier et al. 2000:293 [ref. 26179], Olney 2003:964 [ref. 27007], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Hoese et al. 2006:552 [ref. 29051], Glynn et al. 2008:593 [ref. 29778], Fricke et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Diaphasia) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1843 (pt 11); ref. 2832] Fem. Gymnotus acus Brünnich, 1768. Type by monotypy. Lowe gives synonymy as: Diaphus acus no author, Ophidium fierasfer of Risso and "Les Fierasfers" (Ophidium imberbe, L.); proposes Diaphasia for "barbarous" vernacular "Fierasfer." •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Disparichthys) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Masc. Disparichthys fluviatilis Herre, 1935. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Fierasfer) [Isis (Oken) v. 1 (pt 8) (no. 148); ref. 3303] Masc. Ophidium [sic] imberbe Cuvier, 1815. Gender tentatively masculine, as treated by most authors. Type designated by ICZN (Opinion 42), not Ophidion imberbe Linnaeus, 1758. Based on "Les Fierasfers" of Cuvier 1816:239 [ref. 993] (see Gill 1903:966 [ref. 5768]). •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Helmithodes) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 1702] Masc. Oxybeles lumbricoides Bleeker, 1854. Type by monotypy. Apparently preoccupied by Helminthodes Marsh, 1864 [not researched; Gill 1864 published 6 Dec.], replaced by Pirellinus Whitley, 1928. Helminthoides is a misspelling. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Helminthstoma) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Cocco generic name mentioned in passing; not available. •In the synonymy of Carapus Rafinseque, 1810 -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Helmintosomus) [Il Maurolico, Giornale di Scienze, Lettere e Arti v. 4 (fasc. 6); ref. 23130] Neut. Helmintosomus dellechiaje Cocco, 1840. Type by monotypy. An available name with description as above. Spelled Helminthostoma in Günther 1870:145 [ref. 1995] in a passing reference to manuscript name placed by Günther in synonymy of Porobranchus. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 based on placement of Helminthostoma of Günther -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Lefroyia) [Zoologist (Ser. 2) v. 9; ref. 2362] Fem. Lefroyia bermudensis Jones, 1874. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 – (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Leptofierasfer) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 249); ref. 2964] Masc. Leptofierasfer macrurus Meek & Hildebrand, 1928. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Pirellinus) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 4661] Masc. Oxybeles lumbricoides Bleeker, 1854. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Helminthodes Gill, 1864 (6 Dec.), preoccupied by Helminthodes Marsh, 1864 (Nov.) in fossil worms. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842 [but this is a replacement for Helminthodes which Markle places as a synonym of Carapus] -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Porobronchus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 6 (no. 34) (art. 36); ref. 2582] Masc. Porobronchus linearis Kaup, 1860. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Vexillifer) [Bolletino della'Associazione dei Naturalisti e Medici per la mutua istruzione. 1870; ref. 1547] Masc. Vexillifer dephilippii Gasco, 1870. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Ophidiidae: Carapinae.

Species Carapus acus (Brunnich, 1768) - pearlfish [=Gymnotus acus Brünnich [M. T.], 1768:13, Carapus birpex Arnold [D. C.], 1956:265, Fig. 7, Carapus cuspis Arnold [D. C.], 1956:267, Fig. 8, Vexillifer dephilippii Gasco [F.], 1870:59, Pl., Gymnotus fierasfer Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:145, 178, Ophidium fierasfer Risso [A.], 1827:212, Notopterus fontanesii Risso [A.], 1810:82, Pl. 4 (fig. 11), Ophidium imberbe Cuvier [G.], 1815:119, Porobronchus linearis Kaup [J. J.], 1860:272-273, Pl. 3 (fig. D), Fierasfer maculata Swainson [W.], 1839:403, Fig. 130b, Encheliophis tenuis Putnam [F. W.], 1874:347, Fig.] Notes: [Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptiones eorumque apud incolas nomina; ref. 17290] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Ascension Island, including Madeira. Habitat: marine. (birpex) [captioned 8 on p. 266] [Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology v. 4 (no. 6); ref. 5315] Near Madeira. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (cuspis) [captioned 7 on p. 266] [Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology v. 4 (no. 6); ref. 5315] Near Madeira, 33°02'N, 16°20'W, depth 100 meters. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (dephilippii) [Bolletino della'Associazione dei Naturalisti e Medici per la mutua istruzione. 1870; ref. 1547] [Napoli] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (fierasfer L) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 2; ref. 2709] Around Marseille, France, western Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (fierasfer R) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (fontanesii) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (imberbe) [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 1; ref. 5017] Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (linearis) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 6 (no. 34) (art. 36); ref. 2582] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (maculata) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (tenuis) [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 16 (for 1873-1874); ref. 18579] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Carapus bermudensis (Jones, 1874) - Atlantic pearlfish [=Lefroyia bermudensis Jones [J. M.], 1874:3838, Carapus chavesi Ancona López [A. A.], 1956:392, Fig. 2, Disparichthys herrei Schultz [L. P.], 1938:492, Carapus recifensis Ancona López [A. A.], 1956:390, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zoologist (Ser. 2) v. 9; ref. 2362] Bermuda. Current status: Valid as Carapus bermudensis (Jones, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (chavesi) [Papéis Avulsos do Departmento de Zoologia, Secretaría da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo. v. 12 (no. 20); ref. 12209] Praia da Piedade, off Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (herrei) [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 28 (no. 11); ref. 10128] Corrientes Bay anchorage, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (recifensis) [Papéis Avulsos do Departmento de Zoologia, Secretaría da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo. v. 12 (no. 20); ref. 12209] Praia da Piedade, off Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874) - Pacific pearlfish [=Fierasfer dubius Putnam [F. W.], 1874:344, Fierasfer arenicola Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1882:363, Fierasfer caninus Günther [A.], 1862:383, Leptofierasfer macrurus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1928:964, Pl. 99 (fig. 1), Fierasfer microdon Gilbert [C. H.], 1905:655, Fig. 254] Notes: [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 16 (for 1873-1874); ref. 18579] Bay of Panama [eastern Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Central and eastern Pacific: Gulf of California (Mexico) to Ecuador, reaching Hawaiian Islands as waif. Habitat: marine. (arenicola) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 237); ref. 2470] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (caninus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (macrurus) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 249); ref. 2964] Chame Point, (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (microdon) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Between Maui Island and Lanai Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3872, depth 32-43 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934) - star pearlfish [=Fierasfer mourlani Petit [G.], 1934:393, Fig. 1, Oxybeles lumbricoides Bleeker [P.], 1854:163, Carapus mayottae Smith [J. L. B.], 1955:415, Fig. 8, Carapus pindae Smith [J. L. B.], 1955:412, Fig. 7, Carapus variegatus Fowler [H. W.] & Steinitz [H.], 1956:286, Fig. 23] Notes: [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 6 (no. 4); ref. 16449] Cannonier's Point, Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean [original from Madagascar, lost]. Current status: Valid as Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: South Africa and East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Marquesas Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (lumbricoides) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 16940] Ceram, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (mayottae) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Vimont, Mayotte, Comores Islands, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (pindae) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Pinda, Mozambique, 14°10'S, 40°40'E, western Indian Ocean [in a holothurian]. Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (variegatus) [Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel v. 5B (no. 3-4); ref. 1478] Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Carapus sluiteri (Weber, 1905) - Timor pearlfish [=Fierasfer sluiteri Weber [M.], 1905:iv] Notes: [Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging v. 9; ref. 19256] Southeast of Timor Island, 8°39.1'S, 127°04.4'E, depth 34 meters. Current status: Valid as Carapus sluiteri (Weber, 1905). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Timor [holotype]. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Echiodon Thompson, 1837 - pearlfishes [=Echiodon Thompson [W.], 1837:55, Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Part 5 (1837) (54); ref. 4388] Masc. Echiodon drummondii Thompson, 1837. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Thompson 1839:208 [ref. 35323]. •Valid as Echiodon Thompson, 1837 -- (Arnold 1956:288 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:558 [ref. 7190], Williams 1984 [ref. 6813], Williams 1984:391 [ref. 5314], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1175 [ref. 13677], Shen & Yeh 1987:51 [ref. 6418], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442], Markle & Olney 1990:340 [ref. 18996], Meléndez C. & Markle 1990:208 [ref. 21690], Williams & Machida 1992:367 [ref. 18993], Gomon et al. 1994:374 [ref. 22532], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11, 13 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Olney 2003:964 [ref. 27007], Anderson 2004:1 [ref. 28024], Hoese et al. 2006:552 [ref. 29051], Mincarone et al. 2008:47 [ref. 29626], Gomon 2008:351 [ref. 30616], Parmentier 2012:1 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:704 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon Thompson, 1837. Ophidiidae: Carapinae.

Species Echiodon anchipterus Williams, 1984 - closefin pearlfish [=Echiodon anchipterus Williams [J. T.], 1984:415, Figs. 1A, 4] Notes: [Copeia 1984 (no. 2); ref. 6813] Visayan Sea, southwest of Caduruan Point, Philippines, 11°35'45"N, 123°55'32"E, depth 0-78.7 meters. Current status: Valid as Echiodon anchipterus Williams, 1984. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon atopus Anderson, 2005 - Tristan pearlfish [=Echiodon atopus Anderson [M. E.], 2005:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 809; ref. 28024] North of Inaccessible Island, 37°16.1'S, 12°42.4'W to 37°16.6'S, 12°43.1'W, South Atlantic, Tristan da Cunha Group, depth 0-139 meters. Current status: Valid as Echiodon atopus Anderson, 2005. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Tristan de Cunha Group, South Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon coheni Williams, 1984 - Cohen's pearlfish [=Echiodon coheni Williams [J. T.], 1984:415, Figs. 1A, 3] Notes: [Copeia 1984 (no. 2); ref. 6813] Somalia coast, Indian Ocean, 11°24'N, 51°35'E, depth 75-175 meters. Current status: Valid as Echiodon coheni Williams, 1984. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon cryomargarites Markle et al., 1983 - messmate [=Echiodon cryomargarites Markle [D. F.], Williams [J. T.] & Olney [J. E.], 1983:647, Figs. 1a-b, 2-5] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 96 (no. 4); ref. 8310] Western Pacific off New Zealand, Eltanin station 1422, 56°19'-21'S, 158°29'E, depth 833-842 meters. Current status: Valid as Echiodon cryomargarites Markle, Williams & Olney, 1983. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Cosmopolitan in Southern Hemisphere. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon dawsoni Williams & Shipp, 1982 - chain pearlfish [=Echiodon dawsoni Williams [J. T.] & Shipp [R. L.], 1982:846, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 1982 (no. 4); ref. 8393] Eastern Gulf of Mexico, 29°39'50"N, 87°16'12"W, depth 75.6 meters. Current status: Valid as Echiodon dawsoni Williams & Shipp, 1982. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon dentatus (Cuvier, 1829) - dentate pearlfish [=Ophidium dentatum Cuvier [G.], 1829:359] Notes: [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Echiodon dentatus (Cuvier, 1829). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea, and adjacent coast of northern Morocco (eastern Atlantic). Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon drummondii Thompson, 1837 - Drummond's pearlfish [=Echiodon drummondii Thompson [W.], 1837:55] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Part 5 (1837) (54); ref. 4388] Off Norway, 60°00'N, 3°00'E, Dana station 10674. Current status: Valid as Echiodon drummondii Thompson, 1837. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Eastern North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon exsilum Rosenblatt, 1961 - nocturnal pearlfish [=Echiodon exsilium Rosenblatt [R. H.], 1961:207, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 74; ref. 9374] Estero de Tasiota (28°13.8' to 28°15'N, 111°46.7' to 111°48'W), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico, depth 35-41 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Echiodon exsilium Rosenblatt, 1961. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon neotes Markle & Olney, 1990 - Kermadec pearlfish [=Echiodon neotes Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.], 1990:351, Fig. 71] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Kermadec Trench, 35°16'S, 178°40'W, depth 8200-8300 meters. Current status: Valid as Echiodon neotes Markle & Olney, 1990. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Kermadec Trench. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon pegasus Markle & Olney, 1990 - Auckland pearlfish [=Echiodon pegasus Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.], 1990:358, Fig. 79] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Echiodon pegasus Markle & Olney, 1990. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: New Zealand region. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon prionodon Parmentier, 2012 - Bay of Plenty pearlfish [=Echiodon prionodon Parmentier [E.], 2012:3, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [European Journal of Taxonomy v. 31; ref. 32365] Off White Island, outer Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, 37°33.57"S, 176°59.1-58.8"E, depth 313 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Echiodon prionodon Parmentier, 2012. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: North Island of New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon pukaki Markle & Olney, 1990 - Pukaki pearlfish [=Echiodon pukaki Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.], 1990:343, Fig. 64] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Pukaki Rise, 48°45.03'-43.46'S, 170°25.66'-28.79'E, depth 857-860 meters. Current status: Valid as Echiodon pukaki Markle & Olney, 1990. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

Species Echiodon rendahli (Whitley, 1941) - Rendahl's messmate [=Carapus rendahli Whitley [G. P.], 1941:40, Fig. 27] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 10 (pt 1); ref. 4701] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Echiodon rendahli (Whitley, 1941). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Australia and New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Encheliophis Muller, 1842 - pearlfishes [=Encheliophis Müller [J.], 1842:205, Encheliophiops Reid [E. D.], 1940:47, Jordanicus Gilbert [C. H.], 1905:656, Oxybeles Richardson [J.], 1846:73, Rhizoiketicus Vaillant [L. L.], 1893:746] Notes: [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl[ich] Preuss[ischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1842; ref. 3062] Masc. Encheliophis vermicularis Müller, 1842. Type by monotypy. Possibly appeared in other Müller papers, 1842-43. •Valid as Encheliophis Müller, 1842 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:194 [ref. 7348], Trott 1981:625 [ref. 14205], Williams 1984:389 [ref. 5314], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Olney & Markle 1986:353 [ref. 5701], Markle & Olney 1990:387 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:351 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11, 15 [ref. 24448], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:163 [ref. 24550], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Parmentier et al. 2000:293 [ref. 26179], Parmentier 2004:62 [ref. 27501], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:552 [ref. 29051], Kottelat 2013:271 [ref. 32989], Motomura et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Encheliophiops) [Report Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-1938 v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 3685] Masc. Encheliophiops hancocki Reid, 1940. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:194 [ref. 7348], Williams 1984:389 [ref. 5314], Markle & Olney 1990:387 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:163 [ref. 24550], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Kottelat 2013:272 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Jordanicus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Masc. Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan & Evermann, 1903. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842, but a valid subgenus Jordanicus -- (Arnold 1956:299 [ref. 5315]). •Valid as Jordanicus Gilbert, 1905 -- (Trott 1981:625 [ref. 14205], Shen & Yeh 1987:47 [ref. 6418]). •Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842 -- (Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:194 [ref. 7348], Williams 1984:389 [ref. 5314], Markle & Olney 1990:387 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Kottelat 2013:272 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Oxybeles) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Masc. Oxybeles homei Richardson, 1846. Type by monotypy. Oxybelus Bleeker, 1851:278 [ref. 12505] is an incorrect subsequent spelling. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 – (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842 -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944], Kottelat 2013:271 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. (Rhizoiketicus) [Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences v. 117 (no. 22) (for 27 Nov. 1893); ref. 4487] Masc. Rhizoiketicus carolinensis Vaillant, 1893. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Carapus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Arnold 1956:260 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842 -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Species Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup, 1856) - pinhead pearlfish [=Fierasfer boraborensis Kaup [J. J.], 1856:99, Rhizoiketicus carolinensis Vaillant [L. L.], 1893:746 [1], Fierasfer parvipinnis Kaup [J. J.], 1856:99] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2574] Bora Bora Island [Society Islands, French Polynesia, South Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup, 1856). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Society Islands, north to Taiwan and Yaeyama Islands, south to Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine. (carolinensis) [Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences v. 117 (no. 22) (for 27 Nov. 1893); ref. 4487] Mariana Islands; Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup, 1856). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (parvipinnis) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2574] Carteret Harbor, New Ireland [Carteret Harbour, Lambom Island, near Cape Saint-George, southern New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific, ca. 4°48'S, 152°51'E]. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup, 1856). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Encheliophis chardewalli Parmentier, 2004 - Opanohu Bay pearlfish [=Encheliophis chardewalli Parmentier [E.], 2004:62, Figs. 1, 3A, 4A, 5A] Notes: [Copeia 2004 (no. 1); ref. 27501] West side of bay mouth of Opanohu Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia, depth 1 meter (coelomic cavity content of a holothuroid). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis chardewalli Parmentier, 2004. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: French Polynesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) - graceful pearlfish [=Oxybeles gracilis Bleeker [P.], 1856:105, Fierasfer houlti Ogilby [J. D.], 1922:301, Pl. 19 (fig. 1), Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:206] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 16857] Banda, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and South Africa, Aldabra, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Society Islands, south to Queensland (Australia) to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (houlti) [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 7; ref. 15359] Off Double Island Point, southern Queensland, Australia, depth 36 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (umbratilis) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Encheliophis homei (Richardson, 1846) - silver pearlfish [=Oxybeles homei Richardson [J.], 1846:74, Pl. 44 (figs. 7-18), Fierasfer affinis Günther [A.], 1862:381, Oxybelus brandesii Bleeker [P.], 1851:278, Pl. (fig. 1), Fierasfer neglectum Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1855:451] Notes: [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Timor Island, southern Malay Archipelago or Tasmania, Australia [is Timor, Timor Sea, eastern Indian Ocean]. Current status: Valid as Encheliophis homei (Richardson, 1846). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Society Islands and Gambier Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (affinis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson, 1846). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (brandesii) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 12505] Banda Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson, 1846). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (neglectum) [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Ibo Island, Mozambique, 12°S. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson, 1846). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Encheliophis sagamianus (Tanaka, 1908) - Sagami Bay pearlfish [=Carapus sagamianus Tanaka [S.], 1908:40] Notes: [Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses v. 7 (pt 1); ref. 14424] Sagami Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Encheliophis sagamianus (Tanaka, 1908). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Encheliophis vermicularis Muller, 1842 - worm pearlfish [=Encheliophis vermicularis Müller [J. W. von], 1842:323, Encheliophiops hancocki Reid [E. D.], 1940:47, Pl. 6, Encheliophis jordani Heller [E.] & Snodgrass [R. E.], 1903:220, Pl. 17] Notes: [Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medicin (J. Müller) v. 9 [1842]; ref. 19677] Calatagan Lagoon, Batangas, Philippines, 13°49'N, 120°37'E, depth 0-1 meter. Current status: Valid as Encheliophis vermicularis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Red Sea to eastern tropical Pacific (Gulf of California to Galapagos Islands). Habitat: marine. (hancocki) [Report Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-1938 v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 3685] Gorgona Island, (Pacific) Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis vermicularis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. (jordani) [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 5; ref. 2089] Tagus Cove, Albermarle Island, Galápagos Islands. Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis vermicularis Müller, 1842. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Encheliophis vermiops Markle & Olney, 1990 - pygmy pearlfish [=Encheliophis vermiops Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.], 1990:396, Figs. 34b, 112] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Sandbank towards wreck, Heron Island, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia (from inside a holothurian). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis vermiops Markle & Olney, 1990. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Mozambique, Madagascar; Australia. Habitat: marine. GENUS Eurypleuron Markle & Olney, 1990 - pearlfishes [=Eurypleuron Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.], 1990:336] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Neut. Carapus owasianus Matsubara, 1953. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Eurypleuron Markle & Olney, 1990 -- (Williams & Machida 1992:372 [ref. 18993], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:353 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11, 17 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Parmentier et al. 2000:293 [ref. 26179], Hoese et al. 2006:554 [ref. 29051], Parmentier 2012:1 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:710 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Eurypleuron Markle & Olney, 1990. Ophidiidae: Carapinae.

Species Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara, 1953) - eel pearlfish [=Carapus owasianus Matsubara [K.], 1953:29, Fig. 1, Carapus cinereus Smith [J. L. B.], 1955:409, Fig. 4] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 12702] Off Owasi, Mie Prefecture, Japan, depth 151.5 meters. Current status: Valid as Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara, 1953). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (cinereus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Inhaca Island, Mozambique, 26°S, 33°E, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara, 1953). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Onuxodon Smith, 1955 - pearlfishes [=Onuxodon Smith [J. L. B.], 1955:405] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Masc. Carapus parvibrachium Fowler 1927. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Onuxodon Smith, 1955 -- (Trott 1981:625 [ref. 14205], Williams 1984:392 [ref. 5314], Olney & Markle 1986:353 [ref. 5701], Shen & Yeh 1987:47 [ref. 6418], Paxton et al. 1989:321 [ref. 12442], Markle & Olney 1990:364 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:353 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Parmentier et al. 2000:293 [ref. 26179], Hoese et al. 2006:554 [ref. 29051], Motomura 2009:38 [ref. 30446], Parmentier 2012:1 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:711 [ref. 34258], Fricke et al. 2018:83 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Onuxodon Smith, 1955. Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Species Onuxodon fowleri (Smith, 1955) - Fowler's pearlfish [=Jordanicus fowleri Smith [J. L. B.], 1955:403] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Kiritimati [formerly Christmas Island], Line Islands. Current status: Valid as Onuxodon fowleri (Smith, 1955). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa and Madagascar east to Hawaiian Islands, Marquesas Islands and Pitcairn, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to New South Wales (Australia), New Caledonia and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Onuxodon margaritiferae (Rendahl, 1921) - bivalve pearlfish [=Fierasfer margaritiferae Rendahl [H.], 1921:5, Fig. 2] Notes: [Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar, Stockholm v. 61 (no. 9); ref. 3700] 45 nautical miles west-southwest of Cape Jaubert, northwestern Australia, depth 70 feet. Current status: Valid as Onuxodon margaritiferae (Rendahl, 1921). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Onuxodon parvibrachium (Fowler, 1927) - oyster pearlfish [=Carapus parvibrachium Fowler [H. W.], 1927:31, Fig. 6] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum No. 38; ref. 15785] In clam shell, Suva Bay [Viti Levu, Fiji, South Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Onuxodon parvibrachium (Fowler, 1927). Ophidiidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles east to Hawaiian Islands and Fiji, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

***************************************************************************************************************************** SUBFAMILY Pyramodontinae Smith, 1955 - pyramodontines GENUS Pyramodon Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - pearlfishes [=Pyramodon Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:175, Cynophidium Regan [C. T.], 1914:16] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Masc. Pyramodon ventralis Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pyramodon Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:6 [ref. 881], Williams 1983:848 [ref. 5367], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Olney & Markle 1986:354 [ref. 5701], Paxton et al. 1989:321 [ref. 12442], Markle & Olney 1990:331 [ref. 18996], Machida & Okamura 1993:153 [ref. 22280], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:354 [ref. 21953], Nielsen 1997:53 [ref. 23255], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11,19 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Parmentier et al. 2000:293 [ref. 26179], Hoese et al. 2006:555 [ref. 29051], Nielsen & Møller 2008:22 [ref. 29803], Parmentier 2015:712 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Pyramodon Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. (Cynophidium) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 13 (no. 73); ref. 3661] Neut. Cynophidium punctatum Regan, 1914. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Pyramodon Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:6 [ref. 881], Williams 1983:848 [ref. 5367], Markle & Olney 1990:331 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:10 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Pyramodon Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae.

Species Pyramodon lindas Markle & Olney, 1990 - blackedge pearlfish [=Pyramodon lindas Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.], 1990:332, Figs. 53A-B] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Northwest Shelf, Australia, 18°59'S, 117°10'E, depth 300-326 meters. Current status: Valid as Pyramodon lindas Markle & Olney, 1990. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Pyramodon parini Markle & Olney, 1990 - Parin's pearlfish [=Pyramodon parini Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.], 1990:333, Figs. 3, 8, 54] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] 25°40'S, 85°33'W, depth 185-230 meters. Current status: Valid as Pyramodon parini Markle & Olney, 1990. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Pyramodon punctatus (Regan, 1914) - dogtooth pearlfish [=Cynophidium punctatum Regan [C. T.], 1914:16] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 13 (no. 73); ref. 3661] Cape North, New Zealand, depth 70 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Pyramodon punctatus (Regan, 1914). Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Pyramodon ventralis Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1913 - pallid pearlfish [=Pyramodon ventralis Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Radcliffe, 1913:175, Pl. 17 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Near Dowora Island, south of Halmahera, Molucca Islands, Indonesia, 0°50'00"S, 128°12'00"E, Albatross station 5629, depth 205 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Pyramodon ventralis Smith & Radcliffe, 1913. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa and Réunion (western Mascarenes) east to Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Snyderidia Gilbert, 1905 - pearlfishes [=Snyderidia Gilbert [C. H.], 1905:654] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Fem. Snyderidia canina Gilbert, 1905. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Snyderidia Gilbert, 1905 -- (Gosline 1960 [ref. 21387], Cohen & Nielsen 1978:7 [ref. 881], Williams 1983:850 [ref. 5367], Arai in Uyeno et al. 1983:237 [ref. 14275], Markle & Olney 1990:324 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:11, 21 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Parmentier et al. 2000:293 [ref. 26179], Olney 2003:964 [ref. 27007], Mincarone et al. 2008:47 [ref. 29626]). Current status: Valid as Snyderidia Gilbert, 1905. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae.

Species Snyderidia canina Gilbert, 1905 - Snyder's pearlfish [=Snyderidia canina Gilbert [C. H.], 1905:655, Pl. 92, Snyderidia bothrops Robins [C. R.] & Nielsen [J. G.], 1970:287, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Vicinity of Kauai Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3810 [or 3989], depth 385-500 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Snyderidia canina Gilbert, 1905. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, including Hawaiian Islands, except not in eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. (bothrops) [Studies in Tropical Oceanography (Miami) No. 4 (pt 2); ref. 7778] Gulf of Guinea, eastern Atlantic, 5°38'N, 10°26'W, depth 600 meters. Current status: Synonym of Snyderidia canina Gilbert, 1905. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. Habitat: marine.

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SUBFAMILY Tetragondacninae Anderson & Satria, 2007 - pearlfishes

GENUS Tetragondacnus Anderson & Satria, 2007 - pearlfishes [=Tetragondacnus Anderson [M. E.] & Satria [F.], 2007:76] Notes: [Species Diversity v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 29406] Masc. Tetragondacnus spilotus Anderson & Satria, 2007. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Tetragondacnus Anderson & Satria, 2007. Current status: Valid as Tetragondacnus Anderson & Satria, 2007. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae.

Species Tetragondacnus spilotus Anderson & Satria, 2007 - Sumatran pearlfish [=Tetragondacnus spilotus Anderson [M. E.] & Satria [F.], 2007:76, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Species Diversity v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 29406] Off northwestern Sumatra, 3°18.3'N, 95°03.1'E to 3°16.7'N, 95°05.2'E, Indonesia, depth 518-528 meters. Current status: Valid as Tetragondacnus spilotus Anderson & Satria, 2007. Ophidiidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Off Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: marine. ************************************************ Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Xiphiurus Smith [A.] 1847:Pl. 31 [ref. 4035]. Masc. Xiphiurus capensis Smith 1847. Type by monotypy. Placed on Official Index for purposes of priority to conserve Genypterus Philippi 1857 (Opinion 1200). Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae.

Geneiates Tickell [S. R.] in Day 1888:804 [ref. 1082]. Masc. Geneiates ferruginosus Tickell 1888. Type by subsequent designation (also monotypic). Appeared as a Tickell manuscript name mentioned by Day in the synonymy of Brotula multibarbata. See Myers 1951:26 [ref. 13464]; Myers did not make available by his statement, "Probably a synonym of Brotula but perhaps a good genus." Type designated by Myers 1951 [ref. 13464]. •In the synonymy of Brotula Cuvier 1829 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:11 [ref. 881], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:205 [ref. 28944]). Ophidiidae: Brotulinae.

(species) reedi, Genypterus Reed [E. P.] 1962:134 [No. 5; ref. 23451] Not available, no distinguishing features; from off Concepción, Chile, 300 m. •Mention -- (Chong 1985:36 [ref. 25223], Pequeño 1989:48-49 [ref. 14125], Robins in Nielsen et al. 1999:29 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Genypterus. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. gryllus, Ophidion Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xix [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Not available, name only; from Malta. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. obtusirostre, Ophidium barbatum var. Costa [O. G.] 1843:Ophidium p. 12, Pls. 20A (fig. 1), 20B (fig. 2) [Fauna del regno di Napoli Part 1; ref. 976] [Napoli] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Published 1 Sept. 1843. Ophidiidae: Ophidiinae. Habitat: marine. ferruginosus, Geneiates Tickell [S. R.] in Day 1888:804 [The fishes of India Suppl.; ref. 1082] Not available, manuscript name mentioned in synonymy of Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel 1846 (see Nielsen & Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999:23 [ref. 24448]). Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. maculata, Brotula Day [F.] 1868:196 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1868 (pt 1); ref. 1076] Madras, India. Syntypes: (3) BMNH 1868.4.15.1-2 (2), ZSI 3115 (1, lost). Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:158 [ref. 23762]. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine.

maculata, Brotula Evermann [B. W.] & Radcliffe [L.] 1917:151, Pl. 13 (fig. 3) [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 95; ref. 1284] Paita, Peru. Holotype (unique): USNM 77702. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Brotula maculata Day 1868. Ophidiidae: Brotulinae. Habitat: marine. argenteus, Sirembo Döderlein [L.] in Steindachner & Döderlein 1887:280 [24] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 53 (1. abth.); ref. 4249] Not available; mentioned in the synonomy of Sirembo armatus (Döderlein 1886), from Tokyo, Japan. Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae. dellechiaje, Helmintosomus Cocco [A.] 1840:239 [Il Maurolico, Giornale di Scienze, Lettere e Arti v. 4 (fasc. 6); ref. 23130] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Original as delle Chiaje. An available name not in current use; apparently family Carapidae. Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. fluviatilis, Disparichthys Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1935:384, Fig. 31 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Brook at Marienberg, about 1/4 mile from Sepik River, New Guinea. Holotype (unique): FMNH 17192. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:32 [ref. 12367]. •Larval form of a presumed Carapus -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). •Larval form of an Encheliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. kagoshimanus, Fierasfer Steindachner [F.] & Döderlein [L.] 1887:283 [27] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 53 (1. abth.); ref. 4249] Kagoshima, Japan. Holotype (unique): NMW. •Valid as Carapus kagoshimanus (Steindachner & Döderlein 1887) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Nakabo 2000:447 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:447 [ref. 26001]). •Possibly or probably a synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:391 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Uncertain as Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. reedi, Carapus Smith [J. L. B.] 1955:410, Fig. 5 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Durban, KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 2 fathoms [in a clam]. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 296. •Valid as Carapus reedi Smith 1955 -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Juvenile of Onuxodon -- (Markle & Olney 1990:365 [ref. 18996]). •Juvenile of O. fowleri or O. parvibrachium -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:19 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Onuxodon. Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. fluviatilis, Disparichthys Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1935:384, Fig. 31 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Brook at Marienberg, about 1/4 mile from Sepik River, New Guinea. Holotype (unique): FMNH 17192. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:32 [ref. 12367]. •Larval form of a presumed Carapus -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). •Larval form of an Encheliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. frantii, Fierasfer Popta [C. M. L.] 1912:table of contents [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 34 (nos 3-4) (art. 34); ref. 14861] See Fierasfer trautii; correction. •Treated as a larval form of an Encheliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Kottelat 2013:272 [ref. 32989]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. kagoshimanus, Fierasfer Steindachner [F.] & Döderlein [L.] 1887:283 [27] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 53 (1. abth.); ref. 4249] Kagoshima, Japan. Holotype (unique): NMW. •Valid as Carapus kagoshimanus (Steindachner & Döderlein 1887) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Nakabo 2000:447 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:447 [ref. 26001]). •Possibly or probably a synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:391 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Uncertain as Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. lucillae, Disparichthys Fowler [H. W.] 1938:151, Pl. 12 (figs. 29-30) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 2; ref. 1428] Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 68452. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:34 [ref. 13621]. •Larval form of an Encheliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. punctatus, Fierasfer Fischer [J. G.] 1885:74 [Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten v. 2; ref. 18083] Mozambique. Holotype (unique): ZMH 3920. •Possible larval form of an Echeliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine. trautii, Fierasfer Popta [C. M. L.] 1912:185 [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 34 (nos 3-4) (art. 34); ref. 14861] Muna Island, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): SMF 6499. In a footnote in the table of contents for v. 34 it is stated, "Correction. pp. 185 and 187: "Fierasfer frantii" read "Fierasfer trautii", the fish being named after Dr. Traut (Dr. Popta)." •Larval form of an Echeliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448] but as frantii). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.