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Chapter 20 Coastal Aquifer Basin INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA (ONLINE VERSION) How to cite UN-ESCWA and BGR (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). 2013. Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia. Beirut. CHAPTER 20 - COASTAL AQUIFER BASIN Coastal Aquifer Basin EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BASIN FACTS The Coastal Aquifer Basin stretches along the RIPARIAN COUNTRIES Egypt, Israel, Palestine eastern Mediterranean coast from the northern Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, via the Palestinian ALTERNATIVE NAMES - Gaza Strip into Israel. It consists of mostly consolidated alluvium increasing in thickness RENEWABILITY Medium to high (20 - >100 mm/yr) towards the sea. Groundwater originates from HYDRAULIC LINKAGE the recharge areas inland and generally flows Moderate WITH SURFACE WATER towards the sea where it discharges. ROCK TYPE Porous Most of the abstraction in the basin originates from Israel (around 66% of total abstraction), AQUIFER TYPE Mostly unconfined while the Gaza Strip is responsible for 23% EXTENT 18,370 km2 and Egypt has the lowest abstraction at about 11%. Both Egypt and Israel have invested in AGE Cenozoic (Pleistocene-Holocene) alternative water supply options for the coastal Clastic series of sandstone, dune sand, gravel areas through inter-basin transfer and the use LITHOLOGY of non-conventional water resources. The Gaza and conglomerate Strip does not have access to alternative water THICKNESS 60-140 m resources and depends almost entirely on the Coastal Aquifer Basin for its water supply. Egypt: 70-80 MCM AVERAGE ANNUAL However, as the aquifer in the Gaza Strip is Gaza: 150-180 MCM ABSTRACTION severely threatened by over-abstraction and Israel: 400-480 MCM pollution, desalination is currently being STORAGE .. explored as a major alternative source of water supply. WATER QUALITY Fresh to brackish Pollution from untreated sewage, agricultural WATER USE Domestic and agricultural return flows and seawater intrusions coupled Israel-Palestine (PLO) with continued over-abstraction, has led to AGREEMENTS 1993 - Oslo I increased salinization of the aquifer. As a 1995 - Oslo II result, water use has been greatly impaired, particularly in the Gaza Strip. Over-abstraction resulting in a lowering of the SUSTAINABILITY water table and seawater intrusion; pollution There are no formal or informal agreements from sewage, agricultural runoff for the optimization of use or protection of the aquifer. Political constraints currently make riparian cooperation over water resources in the Coastal Aquifer Basin unlikely, particularly between Israel and Palestine. 486 INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA - PART 2 OVERVIEW MAP 33°E 34°E 35°E Yad Mordechai Zone of agricultural 33°N development Netiv HaAsara 33°N Urban areas Beit Hanun Acre Gaza Sderot Haifa Carrier Mediterranean Kfar Aza S e a # Nazareth Nuseirat M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a Mount Carmel Deir al Balah Be'eri National Water P a l e s t i n e Re'im Hadera Jenin (Gaza Strip) Kissumfim Khan Yunis Netanya Tulkarm Rafah Nirim Khirbat al Adas Magen Ein HaBesor Israel Nablus Qalqiliya Yesha Tel Aviv-Yafo Kerem Shalom Sde Nitzan P a l e s t i n e 32°N Nir Yitzhak (West Bank) 32°N Ramallah Egypt 0 3.75 7.5 15 Amman km Jericho Ashdod !H Jerusalem Ashqelon Bethlehem Gaza Dead Sderot P a l e s t i n e Hebron Sea (Gaza Strip) Rafah Khan Yunis Be'er Sheva Arish Sheikh Zuwayid Dimona Salam Canal Bir Lahfan 31°N Bir Al Abd 31°N Bir Rummanah I s r a e l Abu Ujaylah Ayn al Ousaymah Turkey Bir Hammah Cyprus Syria Lebanon Bir Hasanah E g y p t Bir Jifjafah Negev Desert Iraq Palestine Israel Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Bir ath Thamadah 0 12.5 25 50 km Coastal Aquifer Basin !H Capital Approximate outcrop extent of the aquifer formation Selected city, town Approximate extent of productive area Inventory of Shared Water International boundary General direction of groundwater flow Resources in Western Asia Armistice Demarcation Line Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material River on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Intermittent river, wadi Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation Canal, irrigation tunnel of its frontiers or boundaries. © UN-ESCWA - BGR Beirut 2013 487 CHAPTER 20 - COASTAL AQUIFER BASIN CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 490 Location 490 Area 490 Climate 490 Population 490 Other aquifers in the area 490 Information sources 491 HYDROGEOLOGY - AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS 492 Aquifer configuration 492 Stratigraphy 492 Aquifer thickness 492 Aquifer type 492 Aquifer parameters 493 HYDROGEOLOGY - GROUNDWATER 494 Recharge 494 Flow regime 495 Storage 496 Discharge 497 Water quality 497 Exploitability 497 GROUNDWATER USE 498 Groundwater abstraction and use 498 Groundwater quality issues 499 Sustainability issues 501 AGREEMENTS, COOPERATION & OUTLOOK 502 Agreements 502 Cooperation 502 Outlook 502 NOTES 504 BIBLIOGRAPHY 506 488 INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA - PART 2 FIGURES FIGURE 1. Schematic hydrogeological cross-section of the Coastal Aquifer Basin 492 FIGURE 2. Wadi Gaza Basin 495 FIGURE 3. Groundwater level map - Coastal Aquifer Basin 496 Groundwater abstractions from the Coastal Aquifer Basin in the Gaza FIGURE 4. 498 Strip (1995-2011) FIGURE 5. Groundwater levels in two wells in the Gaza Strip 499 FIGURE 6. Groundwater salinity map - Coastal Aquifer Basin 500 TABLES TABLE 1. Geographic features of the Coastal Aquifer Basin 490 TABLE 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Coastal Aquifer Basin 492 Estimates of groundwater recharge and flow components TABLE 3. 494 in the Gaza Strip BOXES BOX 1. Wadi Gaza Basin 495 489 CHAPTER 20 - COASTAL AQUIFER BASIN INTRODUCTION Introduction LOCATION Table 1. Geographic features of the Coastal Aquifer Basin The Coastal Aquifer Basin stretches along the EGYPT PALESTINE ISRAEL TOTAL Mediterranean coast from the foot of Mount Length (km) 200 40 150 390 Carmel in Israel, through the Palestinian Gaza Strip into the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt (see Width (km) 40-130 7-12 12-45 7-130 Overview Map). The Mediterranean coastline Area (km2)a 12,950 365 (Gaza Strip) 5,006 18,365 forms the natural western and northern 49 (West Bank)c boundaries of this aquifer. Inland, the aquifer Population 395,000b 1,644,000d 3,816,000e 5,628,000 thins out to the east and south. Population density 31 4,504f 762 307 The Coastal Aquifer is comparatively shallow, (inhab./km2) renewable and mainly unconfined. The basin’s Source: Compiled by ESCWA-BGR. productive zone forms a narrow strip along (a) The basin outline in Israel and Gaza is based on Bartov, 1994. (b) The population estimate for the area of the basin situated in Egypt is based on CAPMAS, 2012. the coast, with groundwater generally flowing (c) According to the 1948 boundary, the map shows that the outcrop of the aquifer in the West Bank is from the hinterland towards the sea. Direct 49 km2 (Messerschmid, 2011). transboundary dynamics and interlinkages exist (d) Projection for 2012 by PWA, 2012. The last population census in Gaza was carried out in 2007 and published by PCBS, 2012. It states a population of 1,416,966. The population estimate for the area of mainly in the central section of the aquifer, the basin situated in Israel is based on Central Bureau of Statistics in Israel, 2006; Central Bureau of where the Gaza Strip is located in a groundwater Statistics in Israel, 2010. flow position downstream of Israel and where (e) The population estimate for the area of the basin situated in Israel is based on Central Bureau of Statistics in Israel, 2006; Central Bureau of Statistics in Israel, 2010. lateral effects across the political borders may (f) Only the population in the Gaza Strip is included in the count based on data availability. occur.1 While providing general information on the Coastal Aquifer Basin as a whole wherever possible, this Inventory focuses on the section CLIMATE that lies in the Gaza Strip and nearby areas in Egypt and Israel. Annual precipitation diminishes from north to south, with approximately 600 mm in central Israel and less than 50 mm in Egypt. AREA Precipitation levels also gradually decline away from the coast. The Gaza Strip receives In an all-inclusive approach, based on the 200-400 mm/yr, with a mean value of overall extent of the aquiferous Pleistocene- 302-345 mm/yr.3 Holocene deposits, the Coastal Aquifer Basin covers a total area of 18,370 km2, of which around 71% lies in Egypt, 27% in Israel and POPULATION 2% in Palestine, mainly in the Gaza Strip (see Overview Map).2 The total population in the Coastal Aquifer Basin is estimated at about 5.6 million, with The majority of the literature on the Coastal about 3.8 million inhabitants in the Israeli part Aquifer Basin focuses on the aquifer in Gaza of the basin and 1.6 million in the Gaza Strip. and Israel, extending only marginally into Egypt. The Egyptian part of the basin which is mostly Therefore, estimates from the literature on made up of desert comprises 395,000 people. the basin area are usually lower than in this Population density in the Coastal Aquifer Basin Inventory. varies immensely, with density rates in the Gaza Strip 145 times higher than in Egypt and nearly From a transboundary perspective, a small six times higher than in Israel (Table 1). sub-section is most relevant, comprising the Gaza Strip and adjacent areas in Egypt and Israel, whereby the hinterland is of particular OTHER AQUIFERS IN THE AREA importance.
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