DOCSLIB.ORG

Acting As One? Co-Ordinating Responses to the Landmine Problem

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acting As One? Co-Ordinating Responses to the Landmine Problem Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No 5, pp 855–871, 2003 Acting as one? Co-ordinating responses to the landmine problem KJELL ERLING KJELLMAN, KRISTIAN BERG HARPVIKEN, ANANDA S MILLARD & ARNE STRAND ABSTRACT This article looks at co-ordination within humanitarian mine action (HMA), and co-ordination between HMA and other humanitarian and development initiatives. The discussion focuses specifically on the role of UN-led Mine Action Centres (MACs) and the analysis draws on case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan. A contention throughout is that MACs often employ a rigid approach to co-ordination. This constricts the flexibility of mine action organisations, limits the development of creative initiatives and poses a barrier to co-ordination between HMA and other humanitarian initiatives. A second point pursued is that co-ordination arrangements are embedded in a broader institutional context, and this context has in turn the potential to impact on co- ordination. The analysis presented here suggests a number of implications for HMA in general, together with a number of policy considerations. The article concludes by offering some thoughts for the future on the importance of effective co-ordination arrangements both within HMA as a sector and between HMA and other sectors of humanitarian assistance. How can co-ordination practices facilitate more effective responses to the problem of landmines? How can actors involved in mine action facilitate co- ordination with other sectors of humanitarian assistance? Moreover, what constitute practical guidelines for improving co-ordination efforts in the future? One of the most acute issues facing regions that have experienced armed conflict is that of developing an adequate response to the problem of landmines. Because landmines are such an immediate danger to individuals and communities, an imperative has been to develop an encompassing set of activities designed to minimise their effects, which has become known as humanitarian mine action (HMA).1 Aside from the obvious physical dangers posed by landmine contamina- tion, landmines also represent a barrier both to long-term development efforts and to short-term emergency interventions. In the absence of a carefully designed and integrated overarching programme, the threat from landmines Kjell Erling Kjellman is in the Department of Sociology and Human Geography at the University of Oslo, PO Box 1096 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway. Email: [email protected]. Kristian Berg Harpviken is at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Fuglehauggata 11, NO-0260 Oslo, Norway. Email: [email protected]. Ananda S Millard is at the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD), 7bis avenue de la Paix, PO Box 1300, CH-1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Arne Strand is at the Christian Michelsen Institute (CMI), PO Box 6033 Postterminalen, NO-5892 Bergen, Norway. Email: [email protected]. ISSN 0143-6597 print/ISSN 1360-2241 online/03/050855-17 ᭧ 2003 Third World Quarterly DOI: 10.1080/0143659032000132894 855 KJELL ERLING KJELLMAN ET AL blunts effective humanitarian responses in complex emergencies and thwarts the impact of long-term development initiatives. An ongoing challenge for actors involved in HMA and other humanitarian sectors is for different sectors to work together in a way that recognises the unique character of mine action. Within both HMA and other sectors of humanitarian assistance, the concept of co-ordination has gained increasing favour among policy makers, government officials and donors as a way of organising the delivery of aid. In part, this reflects the complexity associated with humanitarian assistance. Humanitarian mine action and development efforts bring with them a parade of diverse actors, including various UN agencies, governmental and nongovernmental organisa- tions and, more recently, private commercial companies. Responses must be flexible and innovative on the one hand, while efficient and cost-effective on the other. Operations must ensure the safety of both operators and affected popula- tions. In order to be successful, interventions must find ways of meeting the needs of target groups and beneficiaries, while effectively utilising the unique assets different actors are able to bring to a situation. The sometimes conflicting political interests of international and national forces must be balanced and, not least, the preferences of donors must be accommodated. As a response to this myriad of challenges, ‘co-ordination’ has become a favourite buzzword within humanitarian assistance. Yet, there has been a growing realisation that co-ordination efforts have not always been particularly successful by any measurement, no matter how well intentioned they may have been. To even the most casual observer, it has become apparent that many humanitarian initiatives have failed to provide for the basic needs of target groups; it is also no secret that resources have been ineffectively used or that goals and strategies have often been dictated by political pressure. Co-ordination bodies have often been unable to reconcile the disparate goals and strategies actors have, and at times have proven rigid, reluctant or simply unable to adapt to the changing needs of dynamic contexts. For their part, donors have further complicated well-meant efforts through ill-timed increases or decreases in funding, or by pressuring for agendas that may not be suited to the needs of aid recipients. Within both HMA and other sectors of humanitarian assistance, the net outcome has been the ineffective delivery of assistance and wasted resources. Through a review of mine action in Afghanistan and Bosnia and Herzegovina, this article takes a critical look at some of the central issues within co-ordination. How have agencies and other key actors adapted to the unique challenges posed by HMA? To what extent has there been co-ordination between HMA and other forms of humanitarian assistance? What are some of the barriers preventing effective co-ordination, and what practical guidelines can be suggested for improving co-ordination efforts? There is a prevailing view that mine action must be governed by effective co-ordination mechanisms, and that co-ordination between mine action and other humanitarian initiatives is imperative in both short-term interventions and long-term development efforts. Effective co- ordination is viewed as crucial for several reasons. On the one hand, this stems from the very nature of HMA, which demands technical proficiency and the need for quality control by an independent actor. On the other hand, mine action has become politically attractive, and as a result has drawn large numbers of diffuse 856 CO-ORDINATING RESPONSES TO THE LANDMINE PROBLEM actors and involved the mobilisation of significant amounts of resources, increasing the demand for co-ordination in order to ensure an effective and efficient response. This has not only made co-ordination within HMA more important, but has also emphasised the need for creative and flexible co- ordination between HMA and other humanitarian and development efforts. There are, of course, many factors that serve to complicate co-ordination. In this article, we point to two broad sets of factors that are particularly fundamental. First, co-ordination arrangements contain the potential for the exercise of authority by a single actor, often leading to the development of rigid co-ordination bodies unable to adapt to changing circumstances. Second, co- ordination can be said to take place in a broader institutional setting that includes other inter-organisational principles aside from co-ordination, complicating the role of co-ordination bodies. A point emphasised throughout this article is that authority and the broader institutional context constitute particular challenges for co-ordination, and that an understanding of each of these aspects can help inform the planning of co-ordination efforts in the future. Contrasting experiences: Afghanistan and Bosnia and Herzegovina The discussion here looks at two of the more high-profile cases within HMA— Afghanistan and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) drawing on interviews with representatives from HMA and mine-affected populations conducted during field visits to each country. The analysis focuses on what has become the chief co- ordination mechanism within HMA—national Mine Action Centres (MACs) that are established and led by the UN. As part of their mandate, MACs are responsible for the co-ordination and quality control of all mine action within a country or region, are vested with the authority to accredit and delegate tasks to mine action agencies, and are partially responsible for facilitating co-ordination between HMA and other humanitarian and development initiatives. The analysis draws on fieldwork conducted during 2000 and 2001. The material gathered during visits to each country includes a relevant document review, interviews with UN, NGO and government representatives, and interviews with people affected by the presence of landmines in their communities. The timeframe for the analysis focuses primarily on the period before September 2001. While BiH can be said to have been characterised by relative stability since the cessation of armed conflict in 1995, the case of Afghanistan is considerably different, particularly in the wake of the US-led military intervention in the autumn of 2001. As is often typical in the aftermath of armed conflict, the situation in Afghanistan since
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Afghanistan's Religious Landscape: Politicising the Sacred
    NORWEGIAN PEACEBUILDING CENTRE No. 3 March 2010 Noref Policy Brief Afghanistan’s religious landscape: politicising the sacred Kaja Borchgrevink and Kristian Berg Harpviken Executive Summary Kaja Borchgrevink and Kristian Berg Harpviken Afghanistan’s thirty years of war have seen the gradual and heavy politicisation of religion. A number of new and distinct types of political move- Kaja Borchgrevink is a researcher at the ments – which can be characterised broadly as International Peace Research Institute (PRIO) “fundamentalists”, “Islamists” and “neo-fundamen- in Oslo, where her work focuses on the Afghan talists” – has emerged to challenge traditional peace process after 2001. From 2001 to 2006, expressions of Islam. This has transformed the Borchgrevink worked with civil-society develop- religious landscape in Afghanistan, which is as a ment in Afghanistan and Pakistan for the United result more variegated than ever before. The differ- Nations and the Aga Khan Foundation. Her re- ent attitudes of these new currents to questions of cent work include studies of the role of religious religious authority, political process, and the Afghan actors in Afghan civil society; civil society and statebuilding project need to be carefully distin- peacebuilding in Afghanistan; the Afghan justice guished. More generally, the appearance of such sector and the relationship between modern and movements highlights the way that the role of reli- traditional law; and the transnational aspects of gion, though often overlooked, is central to the religious education in Afghanistan and Pakistan. attempt since the regime-change of late 2001 to build a viable Afghan state. The impact of the new Kristian Berg Harpviken is the Director of actors (including the Taliban itself) is reflected in the the International Peace Research Institute Oslo way that President Hamid Karzai – struggling to (PRIO).
    [Show full text]
  • Ast, Conflict Trends in the Middle East, 1989–2019 1989–2019 - 14Ol,Norway Oslo, 0134
    Independent • International • Interdisciplinary PRIO PAPER 2020 Vi PO 9229Box Grønland, NO Oslo (PRIO) InstitutePeace Research siting Address: gateHausmanns 3 Conflict Trends in the Middle East, Conflict Trends in the Middle East, 1989–2019 1989–2019 - 0134 Oslo, Norway ISBN: www.prio.org 978 978 - - 82 82 - Over the past decade, the bulk Although the Islamic State (IS) - comparison with other regions, 343 343 - - 0152 of the world’s deadliest the Middle East has seen the was allegedly defeated in Syria 0151 - - 0 conflicts have been in the largest relative increase in the in 2019, the number of IS- 3 ( (print) Middle East. To examine this, number of state-based conflicts related conflicts increased online ) this PRIO Paper takes a closer over the last six years. In 2019, from 2018 to 2019 globally and look at trends in conflicts in the number of state-based remains high in the Middle the Middle East between 1989 conflicts decreased for the first East. Fatalities from one-sided and 2019 and compares them time since 2007. Battle-related violence increased in the to global trends, using data deaths are also declining, yet Middle East from 2018 to 2019, from the Uppsala Conflict Data internationalized conflicts have mostly due to violence Design: Medicineheads.com Program (UCDP). In addition, skyrocketed. While non-state perpetrated by Syrian the paper analyzes trends in conflicts have declined since insurgents, IS, and Iran. The conflict recurrence, ceasefires, 2014, they are still at a number of ceasefires in the and peace agreements during considerably higher level than region has increased, but peace the same period.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2006 101 Staff List 2006 (Staff Who Left in 2006 Are Listed in Grey Italics)
    Annual ReportAnnual 2006 PRIO Annual Report 2006 101 Staff List 2006 (Staff who left in 2006 are listed in grey italics) Director Sabrina Ramet Doreen Kuse Information Stein Tønnesson Gregory Reichberg Bethany Lacina Knut Sindre Åbjørsbråten Jan Ketil Rød Eric Neumayer Agnete Schjønsby Research Staff Øystein H. Rolandsen Magnus Öberg Martin Austvoll Kaushik Roy Marcelo Ochoa Editorial Staff Pavel Baev Sven Gunnar Simonsen Taylor Owen John Carville Morten Bergsmo Inger Skjelsbæk Roger Petersen Glenn Martin Helga Malmin Binningsbø Endre Stiansen James Pugel Marit Moe Kaja Borchgrevink Håvard Strand Rebecca Roberts Naima Mouhleb Marit Brochmann Trude Strand Bruce Russett Halvard Buhaug Kaare Strøm Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel Library J. Peter Burgess Henrik Syse Astrid Suhrke Olga Baeva Jørgen Carling Pinar Tank Jennifer Ziemke Odvar Leine Jeffrey Checkel Anne Thurin Indra de Soysa Torunn Tryggestad Administration Kendra Dupuy Ola Tunander Visiting Scholars Lars Even Andersen Jon Elster Henrik Urdal Vera Achvarina Lene Kristin Borg Scott Gates (CSCW Director) Hilde Henriksen Waage Trond Bakkevig Kai Robert Braaten Camilla Gjerde Hanne Fjelde Eystein Emberland Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Advisers Stein Erik Horjen Andrew Feltham Nils Petter Gleditsch Joachim Carlsen Pablo Kalmanovitz Damian Laws Kristian Berg Harpviken Ingeborg Haavardsson Kristoffer Lidén Svein Normann Wenche Hauge Gina Lende Nihara Ranjan Nayak Lorna Quilario Sandberg Håvard Hegre Maria Victoria Perotti Martha Snodgrass Helga Hernes Research Assistants Paul Roe Matilde Perez Herranz
    [Show full text]
  • Independent • International • Interdisciplinary Annual Report 2009
    T 20 09 R L REPO A ANNU Interdisciplinary • International International • Independent Independent Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) Editor: Agnete Schjønsby In front of a church in Port-au- PO Box 9229 Grønland, NO-0134 Oslo, Norway Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)7, Language Editor: Carville Language Services Prince, Haiti, 2009. Photo: Wenche Visiting Address: Hausmanns gate 7 PO Box 9229 Grønland, NO-0134 Oslo, Norway Design: Studio 7 www.studoisju.no Hauge, PRIO Visiting Address: Hausmanns gate 7 ISBN: 978-82-7288-345-3 Director’s Introduction P P RI Focus on Religion. Research on religion and its RI O For PRIO, 2009 was a year O A importance for peace has become increasingly A NNU of taking stock and looking central within PRIO’s research agenda over the past NNU few years. In this, we apply a range of methods, A A L including textual analysis, fieldwork and statistical L REPO forward. We celebrated REPO studies. Examining the promise – and limitations our 50th anniversary. We – of religious dialogue is particularly important now R R T 2009 that it is increasingly identified as a missing key T 2009 formulated a new strategy element in peacemaking diplomacy. Accordingly, in for 2010 to 2013. Once October 2009, PRIO and the Norwegian School of 2 Theology (MF) organized a conference on ‘Religious 01 again, our academic output Diversity in the Middle East: Building a Common Ground’, funded by the Norwegian Ministry of was tremendous. And we Foreign Affairs. Focused on religious education and family law, the event brought together academics continued to play a central from several Middle Eastern countries, Scandinavia, the UK and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • From “Refugee Warriors” to “Returnee Warriors” Militant Homecoming in Afghanistan and Beyond
    CENTER FOR Global Studies Project on Global Migration and Transnational Politics ISSN 1941-7594 From “Refugee Warriors” to “Returnee Warriors” Militant Homecoming in Afghanistan and Beyond Kristian Berg Harpviken Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) Global Migration and Transnational Politics Working Paper no. 5 March 2008 This paper relates to the larger project ‘Going Home to Fight? Explaining Refugee Return and Violence’ (2008-2011) which is funded by the Research Council of Norway’s program on Poverty and Peace (POVPEACE). The Center for Global Studies at George Mason University was founded to promote multidisciplinary research on globalization. The Center comprises more than 100 associated faculty members whose collective expertise spans the full range of disciplines. The Center sponsors CGS Working Groups, publishes the Global Studies Review, and conducts research on a broad range of themes. The Project on Global Migration and Transnational Politics, a partnership between CGS and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, investigates how political dynamics around the globe have been transformed by new patterns of human mobility and the development of innovative transnational social networks. The project sponsors research workshops, working papers, and conferences that all focus on developing a new research agenda for understanding how global migration has transformed politics. WEB: cgs.gmu.edu ISSN 1941-7594 Kristian Berg Harpviken From ‘Refugee Warriors’ to ‘Returnee Warriors’: Militant Homecoming in Afghanistan and Beyond By Kristian Berg Harpviken Why do some refugees, upon return to their countries of origin, engage in violent action? This paper takes as its point of departure that in some refugee situations all those who return do not necessarily reintegrate peacefully; rather, a significant share engage in militant action.
    [Show full text]
  • UNWELCOME GUESTS Iran’S Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights WATCH
    HUMAN RIGHTS UNWELCOME GUESTS Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights WATCH Unwelcome Guests Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-0770 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org NOVEMBER 2013 978-1-62313-0770 Unwelcome Guests Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights Map .................................................................................................................................... i Glossary/Abbreviations .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan's Response to Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance
    Third World Quarterly, Vol 23, No 5, pp 931–943, 2002 Breaking new ground: Afghanistan’s response to landmines and unexploded ordnance KRISTIAN BERG HARPVIKEN ABSTRACT Operating since the late 1980s, in an environment of shifting wars, the Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA) programme in Afghanistan has nonetheless been highly successful in reducing the impact of landmines. This article discusses three factors that have contributed to its success: the building of national capacity; the systematic application of surveys; and the ability to act flexibly and innovatively. Having operated under the auspices of the UN, but in the absence of a functioning government, the programme faces new challenges with the potential transition to peace in Afghanistan. Ultimately, however, the programme is a world leader in its field, and as one of the best functioning sectors in economic and humanitarian assistance to the country, it represents a key resource for a new internationally recognised Afghan government. Afghanistan’s programme in Humanitarian Mine Action ( HMA) has long been perceived as the best programme of its kind in the world. The Afghan programme, initiated in 1988, was also the first of its kind. The development of the HMA sector, with its short history, owes a lot to the experience gained in Afghanistan. This success was gained during a time when the country was still in a state of civil war, with no functioning government, and stands in marked contrast to the mixed results gained in other sectors of assistance to Afghanistan within the same period. This article will seek to identify the reasons for the success of the Afghan mine action programme, placing it in the context of the emergence and evolution of a new sector of humanitarian assistance, while also addressing possible shortcomings in the programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghan Refugees in Iran: from Refugee Emergency to Migration
    16 June 2004 Afghan Refugees in Iran: From Refugee Emergency to Migration Management This policy brief is written by Arne Strand and Astri Suhrke Iran, which has patiently hosted a large Afghan refugee population for (CMI), and Kristian some time, has been preparing to adjust its refugee policy in line with Berg Harpviken post-Taliban developments within Afghanistan. At the core of this (PRIO). adjustment is a demand that the refugees return to their country of origin. The new Iranian policy entails difficult political choices for the host government and possibly painful consequences for the Afghans in Iran. Iran demands that the To ease the transition, the Iranian government has been working on a Afghans return to regular basis with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Afghanistan. (UNHCR), and it recently decided to open up a broader dialogue with foreign refugee experts through a conference on the topic, jointly organized by the Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen (CMI), the The interests of Iran, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) and the Institute for Afghanistan and the 1 Political and International Studies, Tehran (IPIS). refugees must be heard. The conference, held in October 2003, surveyed the existing refugee situation – on which little information is generally available – and discussed ways of promoting solutions that reflect the interests of both the host state and the country of origin, as well as the refugees themselves. In addition, participants emphasized that the Afghan refugee situation in Iran is also affected by broader developments in the region (above all, the refugee policy of Pakistan, traditionally the other large hosting country for Afghan refugees), and in turn affects countries that are further from the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Nils Petter Gleditsch Nils Petter Gleditsch: Pioneer in the Analysis of War and Peace Springerbriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice
    SPRINGER BRIEFS ON PIONEERS IN SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 29 Nils Petter Gleditsch Nils Petter Gleditsch: Pioneer in the Analysis of War and Peace SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice Volume 29 Series editor Hans Günter Brauch, Mosbach, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10970 http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_PSP.htm http://afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_PSP_Gleditsch.htm Nils Petter Gleditsch Nils Petter Gleditsch: Pioneer in the Analysis of War and Peace Nils Petter Gleditsch Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Oslo Norway Acknowledgement: The cover photograph was taken by PRIO. The other photos is this book were taken (in the order they appear in the book) by Eva Koch, an unidentified news photographer, Nils Petter Gleditsch, Aage Storløkken at Scanpix, Arne Pedersen at Dagbladet, and Stein Tønnesson. All pictures are reprinted with permission. A book website with additional information on Nils Petter Gleditsch, including videos and his book covers is at: http://afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_PSP_Gleditsch.htm. ISSN 2194-3125 ISSN 2194-3133 (electronic) SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice ISBN 978-3-319-03819-3 ISBN 978-3-319-03820-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03820-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938731 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2015. The book is published with open access at SpringerLink.com. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncom- mercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silk Routes War and Change in Afghanistan Reflections on Research Priorities* Current Scandinavian Research KRISTIAN BERG HARPVIKEN on Central Asia
    Return to the Silk Routes War and Change in Afghanistan Reflections on Research Priorities* Current Scandinavian Research KRISTIAN BERG HARPVIKEN on Central Asia Insufficient knowledge of the social and political transformation in Afghanistan during the war is an obstacle to finding solutions to the conflict. This is the basic assumption of this paper, in which I will elaborate on some of the war-initiated processes that I consider to be insufficiently studied. New research on these processes could provide essential input to the building of peace. Recent publications on the peace process in Afghanistan have revealed EDITED BY the extent to which negotiators have had minimal insight into Afghanistan's social and political make-up. 1 To some extent the explanation is that I. Mirja Juntunen & Birgit N. Schlyter negotiations have taken place under a cold-war logic, according to which I only the international dimension of conflict was a legitilljlate concern. I However, no mediation processes have fully neglected the need for a domestic political solution. Academic interest in Afghanistan grew throughout the 1960s, resulting in a number of high-quality publications within history and social science. Research suffered a dramatic setback from the onset of war, as the indigenous academic environment became severely affected by the political conflict and the opportunities for foreigners to do fieldwork became increasingly constrained. Although the war led to a dramatic increase in publications on Afghanistan, many of the wartime analyses are severely biased, and they • I am grateful for comments on earlier versions of this paper from J. 'Bayo Adekanye, I Mohamad Ehsan and Arne Strand.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Select Bibliography: + Refugees and Displaced
    SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: + REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PEOPLE IN URBAN AREAS Prepared by Tim Morris1 Updated September 2012 Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, Diana Glazebrook &, Gholamreza Jamshidiha (2005), Return to Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Tehran, Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (2005), Afghans in Karachi: Migration, Settlement and Social Networks. Ahmar, Moonish (2009), Sindh’s Ethnic Predicament and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Ainsworth, Peroline (2007), Refugee Diet in a context of Urban Displacement, Forced Migration and Refugee Studies Program Working Paper No.8, American University in Cairo. Ajygin, Erin (2010), Livelihoods and Family Formation among Eritrean Refugees in Cairo, Center for Migration and Refugee Studies, American University in Cairo. Albuja, Sebastián & Marcela Ceballos (2010), “Urban displacement and Migration in Colombia”, Forced Migration Review, 34. Alexander, Amy (2009), “Without refuge: Chin refugees in India and Malaysia”, Forced Migration Review, 30. ALNAP & Provention Consortium (2009), Responding to urban disasters. Learning from previous relief and recovery operations. Apraxine,Pierre, Anne Duquenne, Sabine Fetta & Damien Helly (2012), Urban violence and humanitarian challenges Joint Report, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the European Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). Asylum Access, Boat People SOS & Conscience Foundation (2009), UNHCR Protection Challenges for Urban Refugees in Thailand: Report and Recommendations. Ati, Sara Hassan Abdel, & Susanne Jaspar (2011), City limits: urbanisation and vulnerability in Sudan - Port Sudan case study, Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute. Azorbo, Michelle (2011), Microfinance and refugees: lessons learned from UNHCR’s experience, New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper no 199, UNHCR. Bailey, Sarah (2004), Is Legal Status Enough: Legal Status and Livelihood Obstacles for Urban Refugees.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan in a Neighbourhood Perspective Perspective
    Independent • International • Interdisciplinary PRIO PAPER 7 gate Hausmanns Address: Visiting NO Grønland, 9229 PO Box (PRIO) Oslo Institute Research Peace Afghanistan in a Neighbourhood Afghanistan in a Neighbourhood Perspective Perspective - 0134 0134 Oslo, Norway Oslo, General overview and Conceptualisation General Overview and Conceptualisation Visiting Address: Hausmanns gate 7 gate Hausmanns Address: Visiting NO Grønland, 9229 PO Box (PRIO) Oslo Institute Research Peace War (CSCW) Civil of Study the for Centre For over three decades, Af- stan as the ‘core’ of a larger These concerns nonetheless ghanistan has been a battle- conflict formation. This paper inform their engagement in ground in which many of the takes the former perspective – Afghanistan, which comes to states of the larger neighbour- codified by Barry Buzan and reflect conflicts and cleavages hood have been involved. The Ole Wæver in the Regional specific to the region. One - importance of fostering a con- Security Complex approach – implication is that for Afghan- Norway Oslo, 0134 certed effort for Afghan peace as its starting point. It pursues istan, it may be a more prom- and stability is increasingly the security dynamics of each ising strategy to seek a unilat- agreed upon. Some analysts of the core regions surround- eral non-offensive or neutral emphasize states and their ing Afghanistan (South Asia, status, rather than security security relationships and see the Persian Gulf and South integration with its neigh- Afghanistan as an ‘insulator’ Asia), taking a comparative bours. While this would ne- 978 ISBN: 7 www.studoisju.n Studio Design: caught between different re- and historical perspective, cessitate a forum of Afghani- - 82 - gional state systems, each with with an emphasis on the peri- stan’s neighbours in order to 7288 - a strong dynamic of their own.
    [Show full text]