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Afghanistan: a Political Economy Analysis

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Afghanistan: a Political Economy Analysis Afghanistan: A Political Economy Analysis Arne Strand, Kaja Borchgrevink and Kristian Berg Harpviken Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publisher: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2017 ISSN: 1894-650X The report has been commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They should not be interpreted as reflecting the views, official policy or position of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. The text may not be printed in part or in full without the permission of the authors. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2d Address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep. NO-0033 Oslo, Norway Internet: www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 Afghanistan: A Political Economy Analysis: Arne Strand, Kaja Borchgrevink and Kristian Berg Harpviken Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs December 2017 Contents Map of Afghanistan ............................................................................................................. VI About the report .................................................................................................................. VII List of acronyms ................................................................................................................... VIII Executive summary .............................................................................................................. X 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. The study: scope and methods ......................................................................... 1 1.2. A note on data ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3. The Afghan case ................................................................................................. 1 1.4. Norway in Afghanistan ....................................................................................... 3 2. The politics of the state .............................................................................................. 5 2.1. Background ......................................................................................................... 5 2.2. The 2001 transition and the new elites ............................................................. 6 2.3. The post-2001 state ........................................................................................... 7 2.4. The 2014 transition ............................................................................................ 8 2.5. Religion and ideology ........................................................................................ 9 2.6. Conclusion: the politics of the state ................................................................. 9 3. The regional dimension .............................................................................................. 11 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 11 3.2. South Asia and Afghanistan .............................................................................. 11 3.3. The Persian Gulf and Afghanistan ..................................................................... 12 3.4. Central Asia and Afghanistan ............................................................................ 13 3.5. Conclusion: the regional political economy ..................................................... 14 4. The politics of the economy ....................................................................................... 16 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 16 4.2. Status on economy and development ............................................................... 16 4.3. A continued war economy .................................................................................. 17 4.4. Women and the economy ................................................................................... 19 4.5. Conclusion: the politics of the economy ........................................................... 20 5. Women’s position, rights and gender equality ........................................................ 21 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 21 5.2. Gender norms and practices .............................................................................. 21 5.3. Women’s position through history .................................................................... 21 5.4. Women’s rights ................................................................................................... 22 5.5. Women, violence and insecurity ........................................................................ 23 5.6. Women’s public and political participation ...................................................... 23 5.7. Conclusion: the politics of gender .................................................................... 24 6. Security and reforms ................................................................................................... 25 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 25 6.2. Looking back ....................................................................................................... 25 6.3. Women in security forces ................................................................................... 27 6.4. Conclusion: the politics of security ................................................................... 27 7. Peace processes .......................................................................................................... 29 7.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 29 7.2. Peace negotiations ............................................................................................. 29 7.3. Peacebuilding ..................................................................................................... 30 7.4. Women’s participation in peace processes ...................................................... 31 7.5. Conclusion: the politics of peace ...................................................................... 31 8. The judiciary system ................................................................................................... 33 8.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 33 8.2. Justice Sector reform .......................................................................................... 33 8.3. Women’s access to justice ................................................................................. 34 8.4. Conclusion: the politics of justice reform ......................................................... 35 9. Human rights ............................................................................................................... 36 9.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 36 9.2. Human rights: laws and institutions ................................................................. 36 9.3. Human rights violations and crimes of war ...................................................... 37 9.4. Media freedom and freedom of expression ...................................................... 37 9.5. Conclusion: the politics of human rights .......................................................... 38 10. Development and humanitarian aid ........................................................................... 39 10.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 39 10.2. Status and handling capacity ............................................................................ 39 10.3. Key development programs: NSP and the Citizens Charter ............................ 40 10.4. Norwegian development priorities ................................................................... 40 10.5. Provision of humanitarian assistance ............................................................... 41 10.6. Unequal distribution and aid as counter insurgency ....................................... 41 10.7. Migration and internal displacement ................................................................ 42 10.8. Aid fueling corruption ........................................................................................ 43 10.9. Conclusion: the politics of aid ........................................................................... 44 11. Bargaining over the Afghan state .............................................................................. 45 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 47 C A m H 64 u 66 68 70 72 Mur 74 H ° D ° ° ° a-ye ° gho ° ar y b INA y r INA a UZBEKISTAN ofAfghanistan Map a AFGHANISTAN D Qurghonteppa TAJIKISTAN Kerki (Kurgan-Tyube) Mary Kiroya iz M rm Dusti Khorugh u e BADAKHSHAN r T g a Keleft Rostaq FayzFayzabad Abad b ir Qala-I-Panjeh Andkhvoy Jeyretan am
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