Mikkelin Luonto Ja Arvokkaat Luontokohteet

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Mikkelin Luonto Ja Arvokkaat Luontokohteet MIKKELIN LUONTO JA ARVOKKAAT LUONTOKOHTEET Mikkelin kaupungin julkaisuja 2009 ISBN 978-952-5691-10-8 ISSN 1459-1790 Tilaukset Mikkelin Seudun Ympäristöpalvelut Kiiskinmäenkatu 5-7, 50130 Mikkeli [email protected] tai (015) 194 4700 Painopaikka: Savilahden Kirjapaino Ky Kannen valokuva: Kurjenmiekka Hanhilammen luonnonsuojelualueella; Timo J. Lehtonen 2 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO ESIPUHE.............................................................................................................................5 1 JOHDANTO .................................................................................................................6 2 YLEISPIIRTEITÄ MIKKELIN LUONNOSTA................................................................6 2.1 Korkeussuhteet sekä maa- ja kallioperä......................................................................................................7 2.2 Vesistöjen syntyhistoriasta...........................................................................................................................7 2.3 Vesistöt .........................................................................................................................................................8 2.4 Veden laatu...................................................................................................................................................8 2.5 Suot.............................................................................................................................................................14 2.6 Harjut.........................................................................................................................................................15 2.7 Metsät.........................................................................................................................................................15 2.8 Kasvillisuuden ja eläimistön yleispiirteitä .................................................................................................15 3 IHMISEN VAIKUTUS KASVILLISUUTEEN JA ELÄIMISTÖÖN................................16 3.1 Ihmisasutuksen leviäminen ja pitäjän historia..........................................................................................16 3.2 Metsästys....................................................................................................................................................16 3.3 Kaskeaminen ja tervanpoltto.....................................................................................................................17 3.4 Nykyaikainen maanviljely..........................................................................................................................18 3.5 Metsätalous.................................................................................................................................................19 4 KASVILLISUUS .........................................................................................................20 4.1 Harvinaisten ja uhanalaisten kasvien esiintymät ......................................................................................20 4.2 Kasvierikoisuuksia.....................................................................................................................................22 5 ELÄIMISTÖ................................................................................................................22 5.1 Luontodirektiivin liitteen IVa) lajit ...........................................................................................................22 5.2 Linnut.........................................................................................................................................................24 5.2.1 EU:n lintudiretiivin lajien esiintyminen....................................................................................................24 5.3 Kalat...........................................................................................................................................................27 5.4 Selkärangattomat.......................................................................................................................................28 5.5 Muita Mikkelissä esiintyviä uhanalaisia ja harvinaisia lajeja...................................................................28 5.6 Muita kiinnostavia eläinlajeja ........................................................................................................................... 28 6 ARVOKKAAT LUONTOKOHTEET........................................................................... 29 6.1 Valtion maille perustetut luonnonsuojelualueet........................................................................................ 29 6.1.1 Asetuksella perustetut kohteet.................................................................................................................. 29 6.2 Lääninhallituksen tai Etelä-Savon ympäristökeskuksen päätöksellä suojellut kohteet ........................... 29 6.3 Luonnonsuojelulain 29 §:n perusteella annetut päätökset suojelluista luontotyypeistä........................... 42 6.4 Muut luonnonsuojelualueet ....................................................................................................................... 43 6.5 Luonnonsuojelulain 26 §:n perusteella rauhoitetut luonnonmuistomerkit .............................................. 44 6.6 Natura 2000 -kohteet.................................................................................................................................. 50 6.7 Valtakunnallisten suojeluohjelmien kohteet.............................................................................................. 56 6.7.1 Soidensuojeluohjelma.............................................................................................................................. 56 6.7.2 Rantojensuojeluohjelma .......................................................................................................................... 56 6.7.3 Vanhojen metsien suojeluohjelma............................................................................................................ 57 6.7.4 Lehtojen suojeluohjelma.......................................................................................................................... 58 6.7.5 Lintuvesien suojeluohjelman kohteet ....................................................................................................... 58 6.8 Vahvistettavana olevan maakuntakaavan suojelualuevaraukset.............................................................. 60 6.9 Maakuntakaavasta poisjätetyt seutukaavan suojelualuevaraukset.......................................................... 64 6.10 Kunnan osayleiskaavoihin sisältyvät kohteet............................................................................................ 66 7 ARVOKKAAT MAISEMAKOHTEET ......................................................................... 73 7.1 Arvokkaat maisema-alueet........................................................................................................................ 73 7.2 Arvokkaat perinnemaisemat ..................................................................................................................... 74 7.3 Valtakunnallisesti arvokkaat kallioalueet ................................................................................................. 77 7.4 Valtakunnallisesti arvokkaat moreenimuodostumat ................................................................................ 80 LÄHTEET:.............................................................................................................................................................. 82 LIITE 1 Lista Mikkelin kaupungissa havaituista kasvilajeista .............................................................................. 88 LIITE 2 Mikkelin perhoslajisto............................................................................................................................... 99 LIITE 3 Mikkelissä havaitut matelijat, sammakkoeläimet ja kalalajit................................................................ 111 LIITE 4 Mikkelissä havaitut lintulajit .................................................................................................................. 112 LIITE 5 Mikkelin nisäkäslajisto............................................................................................................................ 116 4 ESIPUHE Mikkelin kaupungin alue on 2000-luvulla tapahtuneiden kuntaliitosten seurauksena kasvanut suuresti. Nyt oli mielestäni oikea aika koota entisen Anttolan, Haukivuoren, Mikkelin maalaiskunnan ja Mikkelin kaupungin luontotieto yhteen julkaisuun. Julkaisussa on ensin kuvaus Mikkelin luonnon yleispiirteistä; kallio- ja maaperän yleispiirteistä, vesistöistä, metsien rakenteesta, kasvillisuudesta ja eläimistöstä. Sen jälkeen on kuvattu kaikki virallisesti perustetut suojelualueet ja esitelty eri suojeluoh- jelmiin kuuluvat kohteet. Julkaisuun on otettu mukaan myös mielenkiintoinen, pää- osin Wirilandereiden teksteihin perustuva historiallinen kuvaus ihmisen toiminnan vaikutuksista Mikkelin seudun kasvillisuuteen ja eläimistöön. Julkaisun on laatinut Joensuun yliopistossa biologiaa opiskeleva Julia Hämäläinen, jolle esitän lämpimät kiitokset mittavasta ja perusteellisesta työstä. Kuten julkaisun lähdeluettelostakin ilmenee, on työtä varten käyty läpi kymmenittäin erilaisia luon- toselvityksiä ja tietokantoja. Linnustotiedot perustuvat lintuharrastajien ylläpitämään Tiira-tietokantaan,
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