Guide to Archival Sources Relating to the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
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Leaders in Grassroots Organizations
Crossing Boundaries: Bridging the Racial Divide – South Africa Taught by Rev. Edwin and Organized by Melikaya Ntshingwa COURSE DESCRIPTION This is a contextual theology course based on the South African experience of apartheid, liberation and transformation, or in the terms of our course: theological discourses from South Africa on “bridging the racial divide”. The course has developed over years – its origins go back to the Desmond Tutu Peace Centre of which the course founder, Dr Judy Mayotte was a Board member. We will look first at the South African experience of Apartheid and try to understand how it was that Christians came to develop such a patently evil form of governance as was Apartheid. We will explore several themes that relate to Apartheid, such as origins, identity, experience, struggle and separation. Then you will have a chance to examine your own theology, where it comes from and how you arrived at your current theological position. In this regard the course also contains sources that deal with Catholic approaches to identity and race. Together we shall then explore issues relating to your own genesis, identity, experience, struggle and separation – all issues common to humankind! All of this we will do by seeking to answer various questions. Each question leads to discussion in class and provides the basis for the work you will be required to do. In the course we examine the nature of separateness (apartheid being an ideology based on a theology of separateness). We will explore the origins of separateness and see how it effects even ourselves at a most basic and elementary level. -
Zapiro : Tooning the Odds
12 Zapiro : Tooning The Odds Jonathan Shapiro, or Zapiro, is the editorial cartoonist for The Sowetan, the Mail & Guardian and the Sunday Times, and his work is a richly inventive daily commentary on the rocky evolution of South African democracy. Zapiro’s platforms in the the country’s two largest mass-market English-language newspapers, along with one of the most influential weeklies, give him influential access to a large share of the national reading public. He occupies this potent cultural stage with a dual voice: one that combines a persistent satirical assault on the seats of national and global power with an unambiguous commitment to the fundamentally optimistic “nation-building” narrative within South African political culture. Jeremy Cronin asserts that Zapiro "is developing a national lexicon, a visual, verbal and moral vocabulary that enables us to talk to each other, about each other."2 It might also be said that the lexicon he develops allows him to write a persistent dialogue between two intersecting tones within his own journalistic voice; that his cartoons collectively dramatise the tension between national cohesion and tangible progress on the one hand, and on the other hand the recurring danger of damage to the mutable and vulnerable social contract that underpins South African democracy. This chapter will outline Zapiro’s political and creative development, before identifying his major formal devices and discussing his treatment of some persistent themes in cartoons produced over the last two years. Lines of attack: Zapiro’s early work Zapiro’s current political outlook germinated during the State of Emergency years in the mid- eighties: he returned from military service with a fervent opposition to the apartheid state, became an organiser for the End Conscription Campaign, and turned his pen to struggle pamphlets. -
South Africa: Economic Progress and Failures Since 1994
Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue Moderne per la Comunicazione e la Cooperazione Internazionale Classe LM-38 Tesi di Laurea South Africa: economic progress and failures since 1994 Laureando Relatore Monica Capuzzo Prof. Antonio Covi n° matr.1061228 / LMLCC Anno Accademico 2014 / 2015 South Africa: economic progress and failures since 1994 1 INTRODUCTION….…………………………………………………….. p. 1 2 SOUTH AFRICA: A GENERAL OVERVIEW..………………………... p. 3 2.1 A brief geographical description ………………………………………… p. 3 2.2 Historical background……………………………………………………. p. 5 2.2.1 The colonial age………………………………………………….. p. 6 2.2.2 The rise of Apartheid…………………………………………….. p. 7 2.2.3 The end of Apartheid and the birth of democracy……………….. p. 8 2.3 Political institutions and their historical development…………………... p. 9 2.3.1 Government structure during Apartheid…………………………. p. 9 2.3.2 South Africa’s Constitution………………………………………. p. 10 2.3.3 Institutions supporting democracy………………………………… p. 13 2.4 Social and economic consequences of Apartheid………………………… p. 15 2.4.1 Demography and racial discrimination……………………………. p. 16 2.4.2 GDP per capita and poverty rate…………………………………... p. 22 2.4.3 Income inequality and the gap between the rich and the poor…….. p. 28 2.4.4 Life expectancy and health care…………………………………… p. 30 2.4.5 Primary education…………………………………………………. p. 37 2.4.6 Employment……………………………………………………….. p. 40 2.4.7 The Human Development Index (HDI)…………………………… p. 44 3 SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY SINCE THE END OF APARTHEID… p. 51 3.1 Economic structure today………………………………………………… p. 51 3.2 Economic reforms………………………………………………………… p. 60 3.2.1 Land and agrarian reform…………………………………………. -
Plant a Tree
ADDRESS BY THE MINISTER OF WATER AFFAIRS & FORESTRY, RONNIE KASRILS, AT A TREE PLANTING IN MEMORY OF THE MURDER OF THE GUGULETHU SEVEN & AMY BIEHL Arbor Day, Gugulethu, 31st August 1999 I am very honoured to have this opportunity to greet you all. And today I want to extend a special message to all of you who experienced the terrible events that happened here in Gugulethu in the apartheid years. And also, after the disaster that struck early on Sunday morning, the great losses you are suffering now. I am here today in memory and in tribute of all the people of Gugulethu. I salute the courage you have shown over the years. And I want to express my deep sympathy and concern for the plight of those who have lost their family and friends, their homes and their property in the last few days. This commemoration has been dedicated to eight people. Eight people who were senselessly slaughtered right here in this historical community. The first event took place at about 7.30 in the morning on 3 March 1986 when seven young men were shot dead at the corner of NY1 and NY111 and in a field nearby. There names were Mandla Simon Mxinwa, Zanisile Zenith Mjobo, Zola Alfred Swelani, Godfrey Miya, Christopher Piet, Themba Mlifi and Zabonke John Konile. All seven were shot in the head and suffered numerous other gunshot wounds. Every one here knows the story of how they were set up by askaris and drove into a police trap. Just seven and a half years later, on 25 August 1993, Amy Elizabeth Biehl drove into Gugulethu to drop off some friends. -
Cradock Four
Saif Pardawala 12/7/2012 TRC Cradock Four Amnesty Hearings Abstract: The Amnesty Hearing of the Truth and Reconciliation show the connection between the South African Apartheid state and the mysterious disappearances of four Cradock political activists. The testimonies of members of the security police highlight the lengths the apartheid state was willing to go to suppress opposition. The fall of Apartheid and the numerous examples of state mandated human rights abuses against its opponents raised a number of critical questions for South Africans at the time. Among the many issues to be addressed, was the need to create an institution for the restoration of the justice that had been denied to the many victims of apartheid’s crimes. Much like the numerous truth commissions established in Eastern Europe and Latin America after the formation of democracy in those regions, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was founded with the aims of establishing a restorative, rather than punitive justice. The goal of the TRC was not to prosecute and impose punishment on the perpetrators of the state’s suppression of its opposition, but rather to bring closure to the many victims and their families in the form of full disclosure of the truth. The amnesty hearings undertaken by the TRC represent these aims, by offering full amnesty to those who came forward and confessed their crimes. In the case of Johan van Zyl, Eric Taylor, Gerhardus Lotz, Nicholas van Rensburg, Harold Snyman and Hermanus du Plessis; the amnesty hearings offer more than just a testimony of their crimes. The amnesty hearings of the murderers of a group of anti-apartheid activists known as the Cradock Four show the extent of violence the apartheid state was willing to use on its own citizens to quiet any opposition and maintain its authority. -
The Promise of Forgiveness Inner Healing Is a Path to Social Revolution
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE The Promise of Forgiveness Inner Healing is a Path to Social Revolution Sarah Elizabeth Clark would she ever want to? Why does this move and inspire us? What can we learn from this amazing story and from welve years ago, near Cape Town, South Africa, four others like it? T South African men, Easy Nofemela, Ntobeko Peni, The process of forgiveness is not merely sentimental, it and two others, murdered Amy Biehl, a white American is extremely transformative. It is transformative because it Fulbright scholar. When South Africa’s Truth and creates a new relationship between the perpetrator and Reconciliation Commission granted the men amnesty for the victim. Through the act of forgiveness, an individual is their crime in 1998, Amy Biehl’s parents supported the able to overcome his or her victimhood, feel empathy for decision. their ‘enemy,’ and ultimately re- Linda Biehl, Amy’s mother, humanize the person who did wrote in an article called “Forgiveness is not just an occasional them wrong. As we will also “Making Change” in the Fall act; it is a permanent attitude.” see, the act of forgiveness on 2004 issue of Greater Good -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. community, national and inter- magazine, “Easy and Ntobeko national levels can even pro- needed to confess and tell the mote a new political world truth in order to receive amnesty, and there was a genuine order based on cooperation and dialogue, rather than quality to their testimony. I had to get outside of myself threat and violence. and realize that these people lived in an environment that I’m not sure I could have survived in. -
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United -
The Church As a Peace Broker: the Case of the Natal Church Leaders' Group and Political Violence in Kwazulu-Natal (1990-1994)1
The Church as a peace broker: the case of the Natal Church Leaders’ Group and political violence in KwaZulu-Natal (1990-1994)1 Michael Mbona 2 School of Religion and Theology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Abstract Moves by the state to reform the political landscape in South Africa at the beginning of 1990 led to increased tension between the Inkatha Freedom Party and the African National Congress in the province of Natal and the KwaZulu homeland. Earlier efforts by the Natal Church Leaders’ Group to end hostilities through mediation had yielded minimal results. Hopes of holding the first general democratic election in April 1994 were almost dashed due to Inkatha’s standoff position until the eleventh hour. This article traces the role played by church leaders in seeking to end the bloody clashes taking place at that time by engaging with the state and the rival political parties between 1990 and 1994. Despite the adoption of new strategies, challenges such as internal divisions, blunders at mediation, and the fact that the church leaders were also “political sympathisers”, hampered progress in achieving peace. While paying tribute to the contribution of other team players, this article argues that an ecumenical initiative was responsible for ending the politically motivated brutal killings in KwaZulu-Natal in the early years of 1990. Introduction The announcement in 1990 by State President FW de Klerk about the release of political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, and the unbanning of all political parties was a crucial milestone on the journey towards reforming the South African political landscape.3 While these reforms were acclaimed by progressive thinkers within and outside South Africa, tension between 1 This article follows on, as part two, from a previous article by the same author. -
From Apartheid to Neoliberalism
From Apartheid to Neoliberalism - A study of the Economic Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa By Thomas Bakken Abstract This thesis describes the social and economic development in Post-Apartheid South Africa and the role of neoliberal advocates in the shaping of the country‘s broader developmental path after 1994. South Africa‘s ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), inherited a two folded legacy. On the one hand it took over the most developed economy on the African continent. On the other, a legacy of massive inequality and racial segregation. This thesis describes why a neoliberal trajectory was triumphant in the crossroad where the ANC had the choice between following a progressive developmental path or a neoliberal one, and its impact on South Africa‘s social and economic system. i ii Acknowledgements - I thank Professor Moses for his patience, comments and insights in helping this thesis to completion. - I also thank my one and only: Nina iii iv Content 1.1 - Background and motivation ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 - My argument .................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 - Problem statement ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 - Research aims ................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 - Research design and methodology -
South Africa Biological Chronology
South Africa Biological Chronology 2005-2000 | 1999-1996 | 1995-1990 | 1989-1970 | 1969-1936 Last update: May 2010 As of May 2010, this chronology is no longer being updated. For current developments, please see the South Africa Biological Overview. This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here. Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation 2005-2000 28 January 2005 The United Kingdom releases its third quarterly report on Strategic Export Controls, covering the period 1 July to 30 September 2004. The report notes the issuing of licences for export to South Africa of the following items: "components for biological agent detection equipment, NBC respirators, components for NBC respirators, NBC clothing, NBC decontamination equipment, components -
SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL EXILE in the UNITED KINGDOM Al50by Mark Israel
SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICAL EXILE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Al50by Mark Israel INTERNATIONAL VICTIMOLOGY (co-editor) South African Political Exile in the United Kingdom Mark Israel SeniorLecturer School of Law TheFlinders University ofSouth Australia First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-14925-4 ISBN 978-1-349-14923-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14923-0 First published in the United States of Ameri ca 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division. 175 Fifth Avenue. New York. N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22025-9 Library of Congre ss Cataloging-in-Publication Data Israel. Mark. 1965- South African political exile in the United Kingdom / Mark Israel. p. cm. Include s bibliographical references and index . ISBN 978-0-312-22025-9 (cloth) I. Political refugees-Great Britain-History-20th century. 2. Great Britain-Exiles-History-20th century. 3. South Africans -Great Britain-History-20th century. I. Title . HV640.5.S6I87 1999 362.87'0941-dc21 98-32038 CIP © Mark Israel 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1999 All rights reserved . No reprodu ction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publicat ion may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provision s of the Copyright. Design s and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency . -
3. Cradock Four Issued Notice of Motion And
91 91 hereto marked "LC33". In this document the Deputy Director of Community Communications made certain recommendations which were then sent for approval to senior officials in the Education and Training Department. 207 This memo deals with the reappointment of Goniwe. It does not disclose who the author was, but it was sent in the name of the Deputy Director of Community Communications of the Department of Education and Training to the Department of Education Personnel Service. Curiously at paragraph 5.2 it says, "we as an education department are not a political instrumenf'. This memorandum disclosed the following: 207 .1 Goniwe's reappointment was discussed at a GBS meeting chaired by Adriaan Vlok on 6 June 1985. An appointment was recommended on 13 June 1985. The person who recommended this re-appointment is not disclosed. An assurance was given to the Cradock community that Goniwe would be re-appointed and Goniwe expressed an interest in being reappointed. 207 .2 The problem statement in this note was that Goniwe was a full-time Rural Organiser for the UDF and was able to devote his attention to political activities. It was necessary to re-channel his energy into activities which will not allow him to exercise his political activities on a large scale. 207.3 The proposed solution was to reappoint him as a teacher at a school that was in a chaotic condition which will force him to devote all his time to the school and his work. The benefit, it was recorded, would be that 92 92 the community would see his reappointment as a correction of a previous injustice of him being requested to transfer to Graaff Reinet.