Family 62. ROSACEAE Herbs, Shrubs Or Trees. Leaves Generally Alternate

ROSACEAE

Family 62. ROSACEAE

D .F. CHAMBERLAIN Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves generally alternate, simple or compound, stipulate. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, solitary or in simple or compound corymbs, cymes, fascicles or umbels. Receptacle flat, concave, convex or hollow, sometimes enlarged and fleshy in fruit. Sepals 4 or 5, sometimes with alternating epicalyx lobes. Petals 5 or rarely absent, free, inserted on the margin of the disc. Stamens 4 or numerous. Carpels one to many, free or united, sometimes fused with the receptacle (hypan thium). Styles as many as the carpels, freeor united. Ovules 1-2 per carpel, anatropous. Fruit an achene, follicle, drupe or pome (with the carpels adnate to and enclosed by the fleshyreceptacle), rarely a capsule.

1. Leaves simple, sometimes deeply lobed or dissected 2 + Leaves compound, palmate or imparipinnate 9 2. Herbs 8.Alchemilla + Trees or shrubs 3 3. Ovary superior; fruita drupe 10.Prunus + Ovary inferior; fruit a pome 4 4. Leaves entire 5 + Leaves toothed, sometimes also lobed 7 Leaves sparsely hairy or soon glabrescent beneath 5. 3. Pyros Leaves densely tomentose or villous beneath 6 6. Flowers 4-6cm diam.; fruit 3-12 cm long 2. Cydonia + Flowers to 1cm diam.; fruit 0.6---0.8cmlong 1. Cotoneaster 7. At least some leaves lobed; fruit walls woody S. Crataegus + Leaves not lobed; fruit fleshy 8 8. Fruit globose to pyriform, with numerous grit cells; styles free (the pear) 3. Pyros + Fruit globose, grit cells fewor absent (the apple) 4. Malus 9. Unarmed herb; flowers yellow 7. Potentilla + Spiny shrub; flowerswhite or pink to yellow IO 480 2. Cydonia

10. Carpels and fleshy fruit exposed on the receptacle 6. Rubus + Carpels enclosed in a flask-shaped hypanthium 9. Rosa

1. COTONEASTER Medicus Unarmed shrubs. Leaves deciduous, simple, entire. Stipules soon falling. Flowers small, solitary or in cymes or corymbs. Petals white or pink. Stamens c.20. Ovary semi-inferior, styles and carpels 2-5, ± free. Fruit globose or turbinate, with mealy flesh, containing 2-5 pyrenes (seeds), crowned by the persistent calyx.

1. C. nummularia Fischer & C. Meyer, Index sem. hort. petrop. 2: 34 (1836). Syn.: C. racemiflorus auct. non (Desf.) Bosse. Illustr.: Collenette (1985 p.425) as C. racemiflorus. Shrub, semi-prostrate or up to 2m. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 0.5-2 (-4)x0.5-1.2(-3.5)cm, the apex retuse or acute, thinly pilose or glabrescent above, densely pilose-tomentose beneath. Flowers in 3-7-flowered cymes. Pedicels, receptacle and sepals white-tomentose. Petals white. Fruit 6-8mm long when ripe, red at first, becoming purple or purplish black at maturity; pyrenes 2. Map 674, Fig. 93. Rocky hillsides and ravines in Juniperus woodland and evergreen bushland; 1700- 3000m. Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N), Oman. Crete, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Caucasia, Ethiopia. Records of C. racemiflorus (Desf.) Bosse from the Arabian Peninsula are assumed to refer to C. nummularia. The former was described from cultivated material and differs from C. nummularia in its 6-12-flowered inflorescences. None of the Arabian material seen shows this feature.

2. CYDONIA Miller Unarmed shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous, simple, entire. Stipules soon falling. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Petals white or pink. Stamens 15-25. Styles 5, free. Ovary inferior, 5-locular. Fruits pyriform or subglobose, with a leathery carpel wall and many seeds.

1. C. oblonga Miller, Gard. diet. ed. 8, no. 1 (1768). Syn.: Pyrus cydonia L., Sp. pi.: 480 (1753); Cydonia vulgaris Pers., Syn. pi. 2: corrigenda (1807). Large shrub or small tree, up to 8m. Leaves ovate to oblong, up to 10 x 7cm, entire, becoming glabrous above but with a dense white villous indumentum beneath; petioles l-2cm. Flowers 4-6cm diam. Sepals glandular, toothed, reflexed. Fruit (3-)5-12cm, yellowish, fragrant. Map 675.

481 ROSACEAE

Fig. 93. Rosaceae. A, Prunus arabica: Aa, fruiting and flowering branch (x 0.6); Ab, flower (x 2); Ac, section through flower (x 3). B, P. korshinskyii: Ba, fruit and leaves (x 0.6). C, Cotoneasternummularia: Ca, fruiting branch (x 0.6); Cb, flowers (x 0.6); Cc, section through flower (x 8). D, Rubus sanctus: Da, flowering branch (x 0.6); Db, fruit (x 1). E, R. arabicus: Ea, flowering branch (x 0.6); Eb, leaf from sterile branch (x 0.6).

482 4. Malus

Cultivated in the highlands for its edible fruits. Yemen (N). Native in Caucasia, N Iran and possibly N Iraq; cultivated elsewhere for its edible fruits (the Quince).

3. PYRUS L. Spiny or unarmed trees. Leaves deciduous, simple, entire or toothed. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Sepals deciduous or persistent; epicalyx absent. Petals white. Stamens 15-30. Carpels united with each other and with the receptacle; styles 2-5, free. Fruits fleshy, with numerous grit cells

1. P. communis L., Sp. pi.: 479 (1753). Unarmed tree. Leaves ovate-elliptic to ovate-orbicular, 3-5(-7)x 1.5-4cm, entire or toothed, sparsely hairy when young, becoming glabrous; petioles up to 5cm. Flowers 2-3cm diam. Fruit pyriform, up to 15cm long, yellowish-green; calyx persist ent. Map 676.

Cultivated in the highlands for its edible fruits. Yemen (N). P. communis is widely cultivated for its edible fruit (the pear) and may have arisen as a naturally occurring hybrid between P. nivalis Jacq. and P. cordata Desv. The cultivated pear belongs to subsp. sativa (DC.) Hegi. Subsp. communis occurs naturally in an area extending from Europe through Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran to C Asia and differs in its smaller fruits (2-4cm long) and spinescent habit.

4. MALUS Miller Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous, simple, toothed. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Petals clawed, white or pink. Stamens 15-50. Carpels 3-5, walls cartilaginous, united with each other and with the receptacle; styles 5, united below. Fruit a globose fleshy pome, with a depression at the base, without grit-cells.

1. M. sylvestris Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 8: no.l (1768). Syn.: Pyrus malus L., Sp. pi.: 479 (1753); M. communisPoir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: 560 (1804). Tree up to 12m, unarmed or spinescent when young. Leaves elliptic to sub-orbicular, 3-8 x 2-4cm, crenate or serrate, pilose when young, soon glabrescent. Flowers in 4- 6-flowered clusters, 3-4cm diam. Calyx densely tomentose-pilose, persistent. Fruit subglobose, up to 15cm diam., green, greenish yellow or reddish. Map 677. Cultivated in the highlands for its edible fruit. Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N). Native in Europe and NW Asia, now extensively cultivated for its edible fruit (the apple) and naturalized elsewhere.

483 ROSACEAE

5. CRATAEGUS L. Spiny shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple or lobed, entire or serrate. Flowers in corymbs, borne on spur shoots. Sepals persistent in fruit; epicalyx absent. Petals white. Stamens 20-25. Carpels 1-5, free at the apex, united on the inner margin, fused to the hypanthium; styles 1-5, free. Fruit fleshy, containing 1-2 bony pyrenes; flesh mealy.

1. C. sinaica Boiss., Diagn. pi. orient, ser. 2, 3(2): 48 (1856). Illustr.: Collenette (1985 p.426). Leaves obovate, up to 3 cm long, narrowly cuneate at the base, 3(-5)-lobed, occasionally with the lobes replaced by teeth, glabrous or with a few hairs on the lower surface of the midrib, upper surface shining. Flowers c.l5mm diam. Sepals triangular-lanceolate, reflexed, glabrous. Petals white. Styles 1-2. Fruit ovate-ellip soid, 6-8mm diam., glabrous. Map 678. Field margins; 2150 m. Saudi Arabia. Syria and Sinai. In Arabia only known from a single record.

6. RUBUS L. Shrubs, frequently armed with sharp prickles and acicles (needle-like prickles); veg etative stems (turions) arching or procumbent, with the usually ± erect flowering stems branching off* them. Leaves imparipinnate or ternate, the leaflets toothed. Flowers few to many, arranged in panicles. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate; epicalyx absent. Petals 5, white to pink, sometimes absent. Stamens many. Receptacle domed, bearing few to many 1-seeded carpels each developing into a fleshy druplet. A taxonomically difficult group owing to facultative apomixis. As a result there is a large number of microspecies that do not regularly reproduce sexually. The sexual species, R. caesius and R. sanctus are, however, clear-cut.

1. Leaflets green on both surfaces (concolorous) 2 + Leaflets green or grey-green above, whitish-grey to white beneath (dis- colorous) 4 2. Low shrub with procumbent turions; drupelets pruinose 1. R. caesius + Scrambling shrub up to 4m, with arching turions; drupelets pruinose or not 3 3. Inflorescences with up to 60 flowers; carpels and drupelets glabrous 3. R. arabicus + Inflorescences with up to 10 flowers; carpels and drupelets pilose 2. R. asirensis 4. Sepals acute to cuspidate; anthers glabrous 4. R. apetalus + Sepals acute, not cuspidate; anthers pilose 5. R. sanctus

484 6. Rubus

1. R. caesius L., Sp. pi.: 493 (1753). Low shrub; turions usually procumbent, terete, pruinose, usually glabrous; prickles slender, short, straight or curved; flowering stems erect, 15^0cm, pubescent. Leaves ternate (the upper sometimes simple); leaflets broadly ovate, 3-6x2.5-5cm, some times lobed below, bicrenate-serrate, concolorous, upper surface glabrescent, lower surface laxly pilose; stipules linear to narrowly lanceolate. Flowers 6-10, in lax simple or compound corymbs. Pedicels stipitate-glandular and densely pubescent, with a few acicles. Sepals ovate, 8-10mm, cuspidate, densely pubescent, sometimes also glandular. Petals white, 8-10mm. Fruit with few (2-20) large black pruinose glabrous drupelets. Map 679.

Damp shaded rocks; 1800-3000m.

Yemen (N). Most of Europe, extending through the Caucasus and SW Asia to the Altai.

2. R. asirensis D.F. Chamb. in Edinb. J. Bot. 51 (1): 57 (1994). Illustr.: Collenette (1985 p.427) as R. cf. canescens. Type: Saudi Arabia, Collenette 3668 (E). Large scrambling shrub, 3.5-4m, with long tangled turions; flowering stems ridged, pilose-tomentose, with scattered minute red glands; prickles flattened, broad-based, curved. Leaves ternate; leaflets ovate to elliptic, the terminal often broader, the laterals 3-6 x 2.7—5.5cm, the apex shortly cuspidate, sharply biserrate, sometimes lobed towards the petiole, concolorous, upper surface sparsely pilose or glabrescent, lower surface densely pilose, especially on the veins; stipules linear. Flowers 8-10, in lax compound corymbs. Pedicels and calyx densely tomentose with slender prickles and a few stipitate glands. Sepals 7-10mm, including the long (up to 3mm) cuspidate point. Petals white, 7-10mm . Stamens with glabrous anthers. Carpels several, pilose. Map 680.

River banks and on walls; 1800-2500m.

Saudi Arabia. Endemic. The illustration cited above may be of the type specimen. It was originally referred to R. cf. canescens DC, a species that differs in several important aspects. A specimen from Saudi Arabia (J. Raidah, Collenette 5161), which differs in its glabrous carpels, and leaves with more rounded teeth and acute apex, may belong to this species, but, without more material, the significance ofthe differences mentioned above cannot be ascertained.

3. R. arabicus (Deflers) Schweinf. (1896 p.204). Syn.: R. glandulosus Bell. var. arabicus Deflers (1889 p. 136). Type: Yemen (N), Deflers 375 (P). Scrambling shrub up to 2m; turions long and trailing, not ridged, villous; prickles curved. Leaves ternate or imparipinnate and then with 5 leaflets; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, 5-10x3.5-8cm, the apex acute to cuspidate, sometimes lobed below, serrate to biserrate, concolorous, laxly pilose on both surfaces; stipules linear. Flowers 10-60, in lax compound corymbs. Pedicels densely tomentose, with varying numbers

485 ROSACEAE of stipitate glands, acicles and prickles. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 6-8mm, cuspidate, densely tomentose, with at least some stipitate glands, sometimes also with a few acicles, especially at the base. Petals white to pale pink, 6-8mm, emarginate. Fruit with 5-10 large black and shining glabrous drupelets. Map 681, Fig. 93.

Banks by streams, coffee plantations, etc.; 900-2750m.

Yemen (N). Endemic. A variable species closely allied to R. apetalus and possibly hybridizing with it (q.v.).

4. R. apetalus Poir., Encycl. 6: 242 (1804). Syn.: R. petitianus A. Rich. (1847 p.256). Illustr.: in Lam., Fl. Ethiopia 3: 32 (1989). Scrambling shrub; turions long and arching, ridged or sulcate, thinly pubescent; prickles stout, from a wide base, curved. Leaves ternate or imparipinnate and then with 5 leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate, 2-5 x 1.7-4cm, the apex acute, biserrate, the upper surface laxly pilose, the lower surface with a grey to whitish-pubescent indu mentum interspersed with longer villous hairs and also with some red punctate glands especially on the veins; stipules linear. Flowers up to 20, in cylindrical compound corymbs. Pedicels densely tomentose, with a few slender prickles and minute red punctate glands. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4-5mm long, acute to shortly cuspidate, with an indumentum like that of the pedicels. Petals absent or up to 5mm, white to pale pink. Fruit with c.50 small black glabrous drupelets. Map 682.

Terrace-walls, swampy undergrowth etc.; 1600-2800 m.

Yemen (N). C, N and NE tropical Africa. Allied to R. arabicus. Two specimens from Yemen (J. Wood 2812 and 2117) are intermediate between R. apetalus and R. arabicus, having the inflorescence indu mentum of the former and the leaf indumentum of the latter. It is not clear whether these are referable to a distinct species or whether they have a hybrid origin.

5. R. sanctus Schreber, Icon, descr. pi.: 15, t.18 (1766). Illustr.: Fl. Iraq 2: 121 (1966); Collenette (1985 p.427). Shrub, 1-2 m; turions arching, rooting at the tips, angled, grooved, densely covered with a white compacted tomentum and prickles, eglandular; prickles stout, hooked, flattened and broad-based. Leaves ternate or palmate and then with 5 leaflets; leaflets broadly obovate, 2-4(-10)x 1.7-3.5cm, the apex obtuse to truncate, biserrate, the upper surface greyish-green, arachnoid-tomentose, the lower surface greyish-white with a dense tomentose indumentum interspersed with pilose hairs on the veins; stipules linear. Flowers 10-50, in lax compound racemes. Pedicels and calyx densely tomentose, eglandular. Sepals ovate, 4-5mm, acute but not cuspidate. Petals 8-13mm, normally pink, often intensely so. Stamens with pilose anthers. Fruit with few black, scarcely juicy, glabrous drupelets. Map 683, Fig. 93.

486 7. Potentilla

Terrace-walls etc.; 2000-2150m. Saudi Arabia. W&C Europe, the Mediterranean region, extending through SW Asia to the western Himalayas. A variable species and, like the closely allied European R. ulmifolius, a sexual species. In Arabia it is restricted to the Western Escarpment mountains of Saudi Arabia.

7. POTENTILLA L. Erect or creeping perennial herbs (in Arabia). Leaves digitate or imparipinnate. Flowers solitary or in dense terminal cymes, 5-merous. Epicalyx present. Petals yellow. Stamens c.20. Carpels numerous, inserted on a convex or conical receptacle. Fruit a head of achenes; styles terminal, long-filiform, deciduous as the achenes ripen.

1. Plants erect; flowers in 8-20-flowered cymes 1. P. dentata + Plants creeping; flowers solitary in the leaf axils 2. P. reptans

1. P. dentata Forsskal (1775 p.98). Syn.: P. pennsylvanica auct non L.; P. hispanica auctt. non Zimmet. Illustr.: Collenette (1985 p.426) as P. hispanica; Fl. Ethiopia 3: 36 (1989). Type: Yemen (N), Forsskal 1602 (C). Perennial herb; flowering stems 30-50cm, arising from a thick rhizome. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 7-10(-15), 10-40 x 5-15mm, coarsely dentate, sparsely pilose and glandular. Flowers in 8-20-flowered lax or dense cymes. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, densely pilose and glandular; epicalyx segments narrowly lanceolate. Petals yellow, 8-12mm. Map 684, Fig. 94. Rocky slopes and terraces, often by water; 2100-3500m. Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N). Ethiopia, Kenya. This species has been confused with P. hispanica and P. pennsylvanica, to both of which it is closely allied. References to Arabian records ofP. viscosa Donn., a species endemic to the Urals, date back to Lehmann (Rev. Potentilla, 1856) who incorrectly treated P. dentata as a synonym of P. viscosa.

2. P. reptans L., Sp. pi.: 499 (1753). Perennial herb, with persistent rosettes from which creeping stems up to lm long arise. Leaves digitate; leaflets 5-7, 5-20(-50) x 3-10(-23)mm, dentate, glabrous above, thinly pilose beneath especially on the midrib and margins. Flowers solitary in the leafaxils; pedicels 1-10cm. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4-5mm, pilose; epicalyx segments lanceolate. Petals yellow, 8-12mm. Map 685, Fig. 94. By streams and springs, in grassland and in woodland margins; 1500-3000m. Yemen (N). A widespread species, throughout Europe and N Africa, extending to C Asia.

487 ROSACEAE

8. ALCHEMILLA L. Perennial ascending herbs (in Arabia). Leaves palmately lobed; stipules of cauline leaves foliaceous. Inflorescence a compound cyme. Flowers small, greenish. Sepals 4, inserted on the rim ofa flask-shaped receptacle, alternating with 4 epicalyx segments. Petals absent. Stamens 4, alternating with the sepals. Carpels (l-)5-8(-20), enclosed by the receptacle. Fruit a group of achenes, included within the receptacle.

1. A. cryptantha Steud. ex A.Rich. (1847 p.259). Stems herbaceous, up to 50cm, rooting at the nodes. Leaves reniform, 15- 20xc.25mm, sparsely villous; lobes 5-7, truncate, each with 8-15 crenate-serrate teeth. Inflorescence few-flowered, spreading-hairy. Calyx lobes c.lmm. Achenes 5-8. Map 686, Fig. 94. Damp ground by streams, etc.; 2400-3500m. Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N). Mountains of tropical Africa and Madagascar.

9. ROSA L. Shrubs, generally deciduous; stems armed with stout prickles, sometimes also with stalked glands. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets elliptic to broadly ovate-lanceolate, serrate. Flowers solitary or in corymbs. Sepals 5, cuspidate, reflexed in fruit. Epicalyx absent. Petals 5, large, white to pale yellow or reddish-purple. Stamens numerous. Styles numerous, free or fused into a stylar column. Receptacle flask-shaped, enclosing the numerous carpels, becoming fleshy and coloured when ripe. Widespread in temperate and subtropical parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Cul tivated and much hybridized as ornamentals. Rosa x damascena Miller, in particular, is cultivated as a source for Attar of Roses and Rose-water. Boulenger, G.A. (1933). Les Roses du Yemen. Verh. Naturfi Ges. Basel 44: 275- 284.

1. Leaflets 10-45mm long; sepals to 18mm 1. R. abyssinica + Leaflets 48-75mm long; sepals to 13mm 2. R. barbeyi

1. R. abyssinica Lindley, Ros. monogr. 116, t.13 (1820). Syn.: R. moschata Herrm. var. abyssinica (Lindley) Crepin in Bull. Roy. Soc. Bot. Belgique 28(2): 47 (1889); R. bottaiana Boulenger, op. cit.: 280 (1933); R. schweinfurthii Boulenger, op. cit.: 283 (1933). Illustr.: Collenette (1985 p.427). Shrub up to 3m; stems with curved prickles, occasionally also with stalked glands. Leaflets 5-7, elliptic to broadly ovate-lanceolate, 10-45 x 7-16mm, crenate-serrate, the teeth gland-tipped and sometimes also with 1-2 lateral glands, glabrous or with hairs restricted to the main veins beneath. Flowers (1—)3—20, in dense corymbs; pedicels 1.5-3.5cm, glabrous to densely villous. Sepals ovate with cuspidate tips, usually simple, 10-18mm, glabrous or villous (rarely glandular) on the back; petals white to pale yellow, 1.2-2.6cm; stylar column hairy. Fruit red or orange-red when

488 9. Rosa

Fig. 94. Rosaceae. A, Potentilla dentata:Aa, habit (x 0.3); Ab, flower (x 1.5). B, P. reptans: Ba, habit (x 1). C, Alchemilla cryptantha: Ca, flowering shoot (x 0.6). D, Rosa abyssinica: Da, flowering shoot (x 1); Db, fruiting shoot (x 1). Neuradaceae. E, Neuradaprocumbens: Ea, habit (x 0.6); Eb, fruit (x 2).

489 ROSACEAE ripe, 0.7-1.8cm long. Map 687, Fig. 94. Thickets, hillsides, terrace-walls, etc.; (800-)1800-2800m. Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N). Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan. A variable species that shows some geographical variation in the Arabian Peninsula. All the Saudi Arabian material seen has broad leaflets that are usually less than 2cm long and hairy (often densely so) pedicels. The material seen from Yemen often has narrower leaflets, 2.5-3.5cm long, with glabrous pedicels, though one specimen from near Manakhah has leaflets up to 4.5cm long and sparsely hairy pedicels. Boulenger recognized three species in Yemen: R. abyssinica, R. bottaiana and R. schweinfurthii. These are reduced to a single species in this account as there is complete overlap between them. See also Browicz, K. & Zielihski, J. (1991). On the geographical distribution of Rosa abyssinica. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 36, 1: 51-55. 2. R. barbeyi Boulenger, op. cit.: 281 (1933). Type: Yemen (N), Schweinfurth 584 (K). Differs from R. abyssinica in its larger leaves with leaflets 48-75mm long; flowers 3(M0mm diam.; pedicels glabrous; sepals up to 13mm. Map 688. c.1000m. Yemen (N). Endemic. Closely allied to R. abyssinica and possibly only a well-grown form of that species.

10. PRUNUS L. Evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, serrate or rarely entire, petio late; stipules free, usually deciduous. Flowers 5-merous, solitary or in clusters. Recep tacle concave or cup-shaped. Sepals deciduous. Petals pink or white. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1, style simple. Fruit a drupe containing a hard 1-seeded stone. The genus Prunus has been split up into a series of segregate genera by several recent authors.

1. Flowers pedicellate, usually appearing with the leaves; fruits and ovaries glabrous 1. P. x domestica + Flowers sessile or subsessile, usually appearing before the leaves; fruits and ovaries hairy 2 2. Broom-like shrub or small tree; twigs ribbed; leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 5mm broad 3. P. arabica + Shrub or tree, not broom-like; twigs not ribbed; leaves more than 10mm broad 3 3. Leaves broadly ovate 2. P. armeniaca + Leaves linear or lanceolate to narrowly oblong, at least twice as long as broad 4 4. Petals bright pink or red; fruits fleshy; stone deeply furrowed and pitted 4. P. persica

490 10. Prunus

+ Petals pink or white; fruits leathery; stones finely pitted 5

5. Unarmed shrub or small tree up to 8m; leaves 2.5-9(-12)cm long 5. P. dulcis + Subspiny shrub or tree up to 5m; leaves up to 2.5(-3)cm long 6. P. korshinskyi

1. P. xdomestica L., Sp. pi.: 475 (1753). Deciduous shrub or tree up to 10m. Leaves obovate to elliptic, 3-10 x 2-6cm, acute or obtuse, crenate-serrate, pubescent beneath. Flowers in clusters of 2-3, appearing with the leaves; pedicels 5-20mm. Petals white, 7-12mm. Fruit globose to oblong, 3- 8cm long, purple, red, yellow or green, glabrous, fleshy; stone somewhat rugose or pitted. Map 689.

Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N), Oman. Cultivated in the highlands (no specimens have been seen). Grown for its edible fruit (the plum) throughout the temperate regions ofthe world.

2. P. armeniaca L., Sp. pi.: 474 (1753). Syn.: Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Encycl. 1: 2 (1783). Deciduous shrub or small tree up to 8m. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-10 x 5-8cm, acute or shortly acuminate, crenate-serrate, rounded or subcordate at the base, glabrescent. Flowers subsessile, solitary or occasionally in pairs, appearing before the leaves. Petals white or pale pink, 10-15mm. Fruit subglobose, 3-5cm long, yellowish orange, shortly velutinous, fleshy; stone smooth. Map 690.

Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N), Oman. Cultivated in the highlands. Originally a native of W and C Asia, now commonly cultivated for its edible fruit (the apricot) which is usually used dried.

3. P. arabica (Oliv.) Meikle in Kew Bull. 19: 229 (1965). Syn.: Amygdalus arabica Oliv., Voy. emp. Othoman 3: 460 (1804). Illustr.: Fl. Iraq 2: 159 (1966); Western (1989, p.88) as Amygdalus arabicus. Broom-like shrub or small tree up to 4m; twigs green, ribbed. Leaves often absent, linear-lanceolate, 10-30(-40)x0.5-3(-5)mm, acute, entire to crenulate-serrate, gla brous or thinly pubescent. Flowers solitary, sessile, appearing before the leaves. Petals white or pale pink, 5-10mm. Fruit ovoid, 1.5-2.5cm long, brownish, pubescent, leathery; stone smooth. Map 691, Fig. 93. Dry rocky slopes and wadi-sides, sometimes cultivated as a windbreak; (300-)500- 2000m.

Saudi Arabia, Oman, UAE. Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Jordan.

4. P. persica (L.) Batsch, Beytr. Entw. Gewachsreiche 1: 30 (1801). Syn.: Amygdalus persica L., Sp. pi.: 472 (1753). Shrub or small tree up to 8m. Leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong, 5-15 x 1-

491 ROSACEAE

3cm, acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrescent. Flowers solitary, rarely paired, sub sessile, usually appearing before the leaves. Petals deep pink or red, 10-15mm. Fruit globose, 4-8cm, yellow or pale green, velutinous, fleshy; stone deeply furrowed and pitted. Map 692.

Cultivated in the Highlands; 1000-2300m.

Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N & S), Oman. Probably a native ofChina now widely cultivated for its edible fruit (the peach and nectarine) throughout southern Asia and Europe.

5. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb in Feddes Repert. 74: 24 (1966). Syn.: Amygdalus communis L., Sp. pi.: 473 (1753); Amygdalus dulcis Miller, Gard. diet. ed. 8, no. 2 (1768); Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Beytr. Entw. Pragm. Gesch. Natur-Reiche, 1: 30 (1801); Prunus communis (L.) Arcang., Comp. fl. ital. ed. 1: 209 (1882) non Huds. (1778). Shrub or tree up to 8m. Leaves narrowly ovate to oblong, 3.5—6(—10) x l-2.5cm, acute, crenate-serrate, glabrescent. Flowers solitary but often congested along the twigs, subsessile, usually appearing before the leaves. Petals pink or white, 15-20mm. Fruit ovoid, 3-6cm long, grey-green, tomentose, leathery; stone finely pitted. Map 693.

Cultivated in the Highlands.

Saudi Arabia, Yemen (N), Oman. A native of SW and C Asia, now widely cultivated elsewhere for its edible fruits (the almond) and as an ornamental.

6. P. korshinskyi Hand.-Mazz. in Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 27: 711.2 f.l (1913). Syn.: Amygdalus korshinskyi (Hand.-Mazz.) Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 31(2): 212 (1914). Illustr.: Mout., Nouv. Fl. Lib. Syr. Atlas 2: t.74 f.6 (1970) as Amygdalus korshinskyi. Shrub or small tree up to 5m; shoots subspiny. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, up to 2.5(-3) x l(-1.5)cm, glandular-crenate, sparsely pubescent at first, soon glabrous. Flowers solitary but congested along the twigs and so appearing paired, subsessile, usually appearing before the leaves. Petals pale pink, c.l5mm. Fruit ovoid, up to 3cm long, grey-green, tomentose, leathery; stone pitted in the lower part, sometimes with the pits running into short grooves. Map 694, Fig. 93.

Granite gullies and steep rocky hillsides; 1650-2300m.

Saudi Arabia. Turkey, Syria, Lebanon. Closely allied to P. dulcis but distinguished by its smaller size and spinescent habit. The records of this species in Saudi Arabia, close to the GulfofAqaba, represents an interesting extension of its range; the specimens seen are a good match with material from Turkey.

492 Distribution Maps

Map 674. Cotoneaster nummu Map 675. Cydonia oblonga laria

Map 676. Pyrus communis Map 677. Matus sylvestris Map 678. Crataegus sinaica

Map 679. Rubus caesius Map 680. R. sp. nov Map 681. R. arabicus

571 Distribution Maps

Map 682. R. apetalus Map 683. R. sanctus Map 684. Potentilla dentata

Map 685. P. reptans Map 686. Alchemilla cryptantha Map 687. Rosa abyssinica

Map 688. R. barbeyi Map 689. Prunus x domestica Map 690. P. armeniaca

572 Distribution Maps

Map 691. P. arabica Map 692. P. persica Map 693. P. dulcis

Map 694. P. korshinskyi

573