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The Role of the Soviet Union

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The Role of the Soviet Union THE SOVIET UNION AND THE INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND STRUGGLES: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND A CASE STUDY OF THE SOVIET WOMEN’S COMMITTEE (1941-1991) By Yana Knopova Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Matilda-European Master in Women’s and Gender History Supervisor: Professor Francisca de Haan CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2011 Anna Levin, the head of the Israeli-Palestinian department in Kvinna till Kvinna foundation, was sitting with me on the balcony of a pastoral Christian hotel in Nazareth. We had come together, Swedish, Palestinian and Jewish women activists for a follow- up session for a seminar which I had co-facilitated with Jelena Djordjevic, the deputy director of the Anti- Trafficking Center in Belgrade in Istanbul few months before. We were discussing my thesis, and the richness of cross-national history of women’s struggles. "You know,” Anna said, “Alexandra Kollontai was one of the pillars of the early twentieth century women’s movement in Sweden." "Actually, no,” I said, “I never heard that". It was an intriguing statement. Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1954) was the mother of much of the Soviet legacy within the women's rights domain, and a valuable gender philosopher for Russian feminist movements and beyond. I knew that she had, in fact, been "sent away" to become a Soviet ambassador in Sweden by the Bolshevik Party in 1927. Given the depth of her engagement, it is reasonable to assume that she wasn’t spending her time in Sweden just sightseeing in Stockholm's islands. "Yes,” Anna told me, “she is referred to in Swedish feminist historiography as an integrative part of our legacy, a very significant part". "That's amazing,” I answered, and I was indeed stunned, certainly not about the fact that Alexandra Kollontai had a significant contribution to the development of the women’s movement at the place of her exile, but stunned to realize that this idea had never crossed my mind before… Nazareth, Palestine-Israel, October, 2010. CEU eTD Collection ii Abstract This research is inspired by the work of Third World feminist Chandra Talpede Mohanty and influenced by the work of Central European academic Francisca de Haan. It suggests a revision of the imaginative mapping of international women’s history. The research addresses the question, ‘What role was played by the Soviet Union (SU) within the international domain of women’s rights and struggles, and how can this role be conceptualized?’ The subsequent research question is, ‘What were the specific ways and mechanisms of the SU’s direct engagement as this was carried out by the Soviet Women’s Committee (1941-1991). I suggest that the role of the SU in the history of the international domain of women’s rights and struggles can be conceptualized as consisting of motivational and active dimensions. The active dimension, in turn, consisted of direct and indirect engagements. I use the concept of engagement to encompass the idea that regardless of the exact motivations of the socialist super power, its actions had the potential of real, although not necessary always positive, impact within the history of the international domain of women’s rights and struggles. In order to answer the main research question, I focus on the direct active engagement of the SU and discuss in depth the mechanisms employed by the SU and its actor, the Soviet Women’s Committee. My research aims to contribute to the critical insights of the Chinese-American scholar Wang Zheng and the Romanian scholar Raluca Maria Popa, supporting their argument that we need a significantly more complex approach to the history of socialist state-supported women’s organizations. My research is based on primary archival materials found in both traditional and online archives. My secondary sources include materials issued by Soviet sources, such as the journal Soviet Woman, as well as various other brochures and books. I also base my research on three CEU eTD Collection interviews, most importantly with Samira Khoury, a life long leader of Tandi, a women’s organization that was closely related to the SWC and which still operates in Israel, along with a few additional short interviews with women who were familiar with the work of the Soviet Women’s Committee. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This was among the longest journeys in my life. There are no words to express how essential the support of my community, friends, family, colleagues and comrades has been to the accomplishment of this thesis. My gratitude to You all is eternal. Naama Nagar, you brought me to the light of this day; Khulood Badawi, you stood with me during the hardest of all times; my dear chosen family in Budapest - Karina Gavrikova, Azra Causevic, Zhenya Belyakov and Karina Worku, you made my journey loving and joyful; Rédai Dorottya, your spiritual support made me going, our friendship made me happy; lovely Elena Panican and Asim Jucic the time we had together gave me power more than I can express. Friends and comrades Veronika Kozma and JD, María Lis Baiocchi, Ali Abdi, Lŋrincz Péter, you didn’t let me forget the political world around; Tamara Traubman, your kind and most generous support kept me going and smile. Assia Istoshina our growth and mutual learning were beyond significant. Sarah Lippek, your wisdom and critical insights were essential. Adriana Qubaia, you love and support were beyond gratitude I can possibly express; Abir Kopty, I cherish our friendship and I am grateful for your help with archival materials; Ivy Sichel, your wisdom was inspiration for me. Dorit Abramovish, your passion was essential. Olga Echevskaya, your humor made me going, your valuable comments, advice and help with the body of the thesis were invaluable. Kim Yuval, I felt your love and care. Ron Kordonsky and Sejla Sehabovic, you kept reminding me of Art and beauty. Elisha Alexander (Shuki) and Joana (Joe) Maoz, your friendship and also your help with the organization of research materials were indispensable. Vera Reider and Michael Dorfman, beloved friends and journalists, your help with understanding, conceptualizing and contextualizing the raw materials gave extraordinary support to my work. Dr. Yali Hashash, dr. Chriss Corrin, Eslisha Baskin, Irina Costache, Dina Alterman, Maria Dion, dr’ Adi Kuntsman Tamar Freed, Elisha Baskin, Yi-Xing Hwa, your comments, advice, editing suggestions and technical support were extremely valuable. To Hatfaludi Judit and the queer community in Israel-Palestine – you made me laugh and cry in joy, you support was enormous and valued. I am grateful to the women of Fora and the Coalition of Women for Peace and to all my colleges and friends in the many projects I was involved in parallel, among them Michael Szporluk and Ihor Tsymbalisty of Disability Rights Foundation and beloved Jelena Djordjevic. I am grateful to Central European University for the full fellowship I enjoyed during my studies. I am indebted to the CEU History Department. First of all to the one and only Anikó Molnár, as well as to professors László Kontler, Karl Hall, Marsha Siefert, Balazs Trencsényi, Constantin Iodarchi, I enjoyed your knowledge and advice enormously. I will also cherish gratitude to the Department of Gender Studies – prof’ Erzsébet Barát, your lessons were a political vacation for my mind, prof’ Hadley Z. Renkin, your political insights were challenging. I am indebted to prof ’ Susan Zimmerman for introducing me to a quality scholarship, and above all to prof ’ Jasmina Lukic, the Head of department, your intellectual and emotional richness as well as humor and sincere care were beyond valuable. I am beyond grateful to the Gender Studies in Sofia University - Maya Bogdanova, Polly Mukanova and prof’ Krassimira Daskalova, my days with you were full of joy. I did not deserve your kindness and generosity. My sister Raya Knopova was a symbol of dignity, dedication and loyalty through this journey. My mother, Irina Knopova, was supportive, humoristic and caring. My mentor and beloved friend Gila Svirsky and her wife Judit Kirshner were the light of kindness and generosity and care - words will ever fall short to describe the gratitude I feel towards you for supporting me at the hardest periods of my life. To my interviewee and comrade Samira Khoury, learning about your life was a highest honor and inspiration. Above all and before all I am indebted to my supervisor professor Francisca de Haan - I am fully aware how hard it is to supervise a student with ADHD, how much effort, patience, generosity and kindness this CEU eTD Collection required. You have given me all of it and beyond. You taught me historical craft, but more importantly you taught me the love and joy in it. Working under your mentorship was beyond learning and pleasure. There are no possible words and I could not express in a hundred pages my eternal gratitude to You. While I was writing and moving around the globe, hundreds lost their lives in the struggle against Israeli occupation, among them dear friends and comrades. I miss them deeply. This work is dedicated to them. iv Table of Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.......................................................................................................................VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: THE HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND STRUGGLES, AND OF THE COLD WAR COMPETITION........................ 7 1.1. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND STRUGGLES .... 7 1.2 LOST BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN OF OUR MINDS: TOWARD A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ROLE OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND STRUGGLES ..9 1.2.1 The Short twentieth century, the Cold War and the Iron Curtain...................................................................
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