Chinesische Kunstmusik Der 1980Er Jahre

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Chinesische Kunstmusik Der 1980Er Jahre Chinesische Kunstmusik der 1980er Jahre Aushandlung, Transformation und Transzendenz von „Eigenem und Fremdem“ Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Hannes Jedeck aus Hamburg Bonn 2020 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Martin Aust (Prüfungsvorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Tobias Janz (Betreuer und Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Michael Friedrich (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Christine Siegert (weiteres prüfungsberechtigts Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26.06.2019 Vorwort und Danksagung Wenn Doktoranden die Zeit ihrer Dissertation mit einer weiten Reise vergleichen, kommt es einem bisweilen wie eine leere Floskel vor. Doch gerade im Nachhinein erscheint mir der Vergleich als überaus passend: Einem ausgiebigen Pläneschmieden und vielen Gedanken folgten die ersten Schritte, die ersten Sätze auf dem weißen Papier, nicht ahnend, was alles noch kommen würde, welche Schwierigkeiten und welche Freuden warten würden. Zeitweise schien das Ziel der fertigen Dissertation im Nebel unendlicher Ferne zu verschwinden, dann – oft ohne erkennbare Veränderung – wieder in greifbare Nähe zu rücken. Beides erwies sich letztendlich als trügerisch und so war wohl jeder geplante Schritt ein wichtiger in Richtung der erfolgreichen Promotion. Zur Metapher passt auch, dass die Zeit, in der ich an der Dissertation gearbeitet habe, von ganz realen Reisetätigkeiten geprägt war. Hierzu zählen die zwei Besuche des erst kürzlich größtenteils an die Universität Heidelberg übertragenen CHIME-Archivs in Leiden, bei denen ich die Freude hatte, Frank Kouwenhoven kennen zu lernen, der mir Zugang zu seiner über Jahrzehnte aufgebauten Sammlung asiatischer Musik und damit zu einem großen Teil des in der Dissertation verwendeten Quellenmaterials verschafft hat. Der riesige Fundus an Interviewtranskriptionen, Partituren und Aufnahmen war gerade für den Beginn meiner Forschung überaus wertvoll. Zwei weitere Reisen führten mich für längere Zeit nach China. Am Zentralen Konservatorium für Musik war es der Komponist Prof. Jia Guoping, der mich empfangen und mir mit seinen zahlreichen Kontakten zu Komponisten und Kulturschaffenden in Peking viele Türen geöffnet hat. Am Shanghaier Konservatorium gab mir der Musikwissenschaftler Prof. Chen Hongduo wichtige Literaturhinweise und erleichterte mir den Zugang zu vielen chinesischsprachigen Quellen. Die letzte Bekanntschaft verdanke ich Prof. Chen Xiaoyong aus Hamburg, dem an dieser Stelle ebenfalls recht herzlich gedankt sei. Großer Dank gilt auch und vor allem dem Erstbetreuer meiner Dissertation, Prof. Dr. Tobias Janz, der mir von Anfang an mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand, mir immer wieder wertvolles Feedback gab und mich dazu ermutigte, mehrere Kapitel meiner Doktorarbeit im Forschungskolloqium vorzustellen. Die Reise nach Taipeh im Rahmen des DFG- Projekts Global Modernity / Cultural Regions. Comparing East Asia and Europe within Music History und der Austausch mit den japanischen, taiwanischen, koreanischen und deutschen Musikwissenschaftlern werden mir stets in sehr guter Erinnerung bleiben. Daneben gilt mein Dank meinem Zweitgutachter, Prof. Dr. Michael Friedrich, der mich motiviert hat, mit einer Dissertation zu beginnen, mich stets ermuntert und mir in seinen Sprechstunden durch seine Erfahrung und seinen sinologischen Blick immer wieder neue Perspektiven eröffnet hat. Bedanken möchte ich mich weiterhin bei der Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, die mir mit einem dreijährigen Stipendium die zeitaufwändige Forschung an diesem besonderen Thema erst ermöglicht hat. Schließlich bin ich dankbar über die vielen Unterstützer und Weggefährten, die täglich für mich da waren und ohne deren Zuspruch in schwierigen Zeiten ich diese Arbeit nicht hätte fertigstellen können. Mit Anna Vogt, Elena Kirchner, Annika Glaser, Olga Hansen, Jennifer Emmerich, Richard Kuckhoff und Florian Lipp verbinde ich die Zeit in der Staatsbibliothek Berlin, in der wir uns täglich trafen. Die gemeinsamen Schreibwochen am abgeschiedenen Bauernsee in Brandenburg sowie in Lübeck und in Freising waren wohl die konzentriertesten Arbeitsphasen an der Dissertation überhaupt. Zu guter Letzt möchte ich mich bei meiner Freundin Sophia Baalmann bedanken, die all meine Schwierigkeiten und Bedenken sowie meine Stimmungsschwankungen während der Zeit der Dissertation scheinbar mühelos ausgehalten und mich durch ihr Lachen und ihre fröhliche Art immer wieder auf neue Gedanken gebracht hat. Heidelberg, 01.12.2019 Vorbemerkungen Für die Umschrift chinesischer Begriffe wurde in dieser Arbeit das heute international gebräuchliche System Hanyu pinyin (Hanyu pinyin 汉语拼音) verwendet. Dies gilt sowohl für Namen, Fachbegriffe, Verlage und Bücher als auch für Werktitel. Diese wurden der Verständlichkeit halber zusätzlich ins Deutsche übersetzt. Lediglich dort, wo bereits englische Titel vorhanden waren – wie beispielsweise bei Tan Duns Komposition On Taoism (Daoji 道极) – wurde auf eine weitere Übersetzung ins Deutsche verzichtet. Die Namen chinesischer Autoren folgen auch in den Fußnoten der Reihenfolge Nachname, Vorname. Diejenigen Autorennamen, die eine von der Pinyin-Umschrift abweichende Schreibweise aufweisen, wie es unter anderem in Taiwan und Hong Kong üblich ist, wurden in ihrer jeweiligen Umschrift übernommen.1 Bei Zitaten chinesischer Texte und deren Übersetzung ins Deutsche wurde der chinesische Teil vorangestellt, um deutlich zu machen, dass es sich hierbei um die Originalquelle handelt. Dabei wurden – wie auch an allen anderen Stellen der Arbeit – ausnahmslos die in der Volksrepublik China üblichen „Kurzzeichen“ (jiantizi 简体字) verwendet. 1 Zum Beispiel „Liu Ching-chih“ statt „Liu Jingzhi“ oder „Chou Wen-chong“ statt „Zhou Wenzhong“. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung: Chinesische Kunstmusik – eine Frage der Perspektive ......................... 12 1.1 Der chinesische Kontext ................................................................................. 12 1.2 Imaginäre Grenzen? ........................................................................................ 17 1.3 Neue chinesische Musik ................................................................................. 18 1.4 Perspektiven der bisherigen Forschung .......................................................... 21 1.5 Ziel und Aufbau der Dissertation ................................................................... 28 2 Die chinesische Kunstmusik der 1980er Jahre: Generationskonflikte, Aushandlungsprozesse und Neubestimmung .................................................................. 33 2.1 Die ältere Generation chinesischer Komponisten in den 1980er Jahren ........ 33 2.1.1 Historische Voraussetzungen ..................................................................... 33 2.1.2 Li Yinghais Die Han-chinesischen Skalen und ihre Harmonik ................. 35 2.1.3 Exkurs: Zum Begriff pentatonic romanticism ............................................ 45 2.1.4 Du Mingxins Violinkonzert (Xiaotiqin xiezouqu 小提琴协奏曲) für Violine und Orchester (1982) ............................................................................................... 47 2.1.5 Du Mingxins Position innerhalb der Diskussion um die Zukunft chinesischer Musik in den 1980er Jahren .................................................................................... 55 2.2 Die jüngere Generation: Chinas „Neue Welle“ (xinchao 新潮)..................... 57 2.2.1 Wang Anguos Verständnis der xinchao ..................................................... 57 2.2.2 Die xinchao im Diskurs der 1980er Jahre .................................................. 63 2.2.3 Versuch einer chinesischen Perspektive ..................................................... 81 2.3 Der Komponist Qu Xiaosong. Vorstellungen chinesischer Natürlichkeit und eklektizistische Ausdeutung musikalischer Sinnhorizonte ......................................... 81 2.3.1 Qu Xiaosong und sein Selbstbild vom „naturverbundenen Komponisten“ 81 2.3.2 Qu Xiaosongs frühe Werke ........................................................................ 86 2.3.3 Zwischen chinesischer Volksmusik, George Crumb und Zeichentrickfilm: Neue Perspektiven auf das Ensemblewerk Mong Dong (1984) .............................. 99 2.4 Der Komponist He Xuntian. Individualität und die Frage nach chinesischen Traditionen ................................................................................................................ 124 2.4.1 Leben in Sichuan und das Selbstbild vom „individuellen“ Komponisten 124 2.4.2 Die Dabo River Caprice (Dabohe suixiangqu 达勃河 随 想 曲 ) für chinesisches Orchester (1982): Anknüpfung an eine „erfundene Tradition“? ...... 130 2.4.3 Sounds of Nature (Tianlai 天籁) für gemischtes Kammerensemble (1986): Individuelle Instrumentierung und Klangfarbendisposition ................................. 145 2.4.4 Four Dreams (Meng size 梦四则) für Orchester und elektrische Erhu (1986): Zhuangzi und das Programm vom „Traum im Traum“......................................... 166 2.4.5 Fazit: Chinesische Traditionen und kompositorische Individualität ........ 177 2.5 Die Komponistin Chen Yi. Aushandlung kultureller Grenzen..................... 179 2.5.1 Auf der Suche nach der „eigenen Sprache“.............................................. 179 2.5.2 Chen Yis frühe Kompositionen: Variations on „Awariguli“ für Klavier Solo (1978) und Fisherman’s song für Violine und Klavier
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