DOCSLIB.ORG

Soldiers of Christ : Evangelicals and India, 1784-1833

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Soldiers of Christ : Evangelicals and India, 1784-1833 This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Soldiers of Christ : evangelicals and India, 1784-1833. Carson, Penelope Susan Elizabeth The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 1 SOLDIERS OF CHRIST: EVANGELICALS AND INDIA, 1784-1833 Thesis submitted for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the University of London by PENELOPE SUSAN ELIZABETH CARSON King's College, London 1988. 2 ABSTRACT Much scholarship has been attracted to the history of missions, yet surprisingly scant attention has been paid to the early development of British policy towards missionary activity in India. This thesis provides the first detailed and systematic analysis of this policy, charting the changes that occurred from the early eighteenth century, when SPCK-sponsored missionaries were the only Protestant missionaries in India, to 1833, when there were twelve missionary societies at work. Central to this analysis is an examination of the Inclusion of a 'pious clause', affirming Britain's duty to provide for the moral and religious improvement of India, In the Company's 1813 charter. It will be argued that this inclusion was an ambiguous 'success' for the missionary lobby. The impact of 1813 can only be assessed by taking into account the two worlds in which decisions about India were made. The first was that of domestic politics in which Dissenters, Church Evangelicals, Government and the Company pursued complex aims which evolved into the compromise of 1813. The 1813 campaign was an episode In a long-running story of inter-Church and Church-Dissent politics. The second world was that of India. This was a world in which missionaries faced long years of toil and hostility. 3 Despite all efforts to the contrary, Christianity was increasingly resented by Indians as an arm of the colonial power and a threat to their religious, economic and social order. British officials were cautious in the face of this. Difficulties for the missionaries were compounded by the generally unhelpful attitudes of the new bishops, which reinforced High Church prejudices against evangelical missionaries. The 1813 political decision had little impact on the practicalities of the Indian situation and, far from being the resounding success that convention believes, was a circumscribed victory for the missionary lobby. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot commence my acknowledgements without a heart-felt thank-you to Peter Marshall, my supervisor. He has been generous with his time and advice and rigorous with his comments. These past four years have been a time of great learning and development for me. I particularly value Professor Marshall's enthusiasm and encouragement. I also owe a great debt to Doug Peers. We have had long conversations &bout 'militarism' and the influence of the 'Wellesley Kindergarten' . He has saved me time in the India Office by pointing me towards relevant references. Last, but not least, he has read my final draft and made valuable comments. I have also had many useful discussions with Barbara Schwegmann and am extremely grateful to her for reading and criticising my draft. John Dinwiddy has provided helpful advice and references, not to speak of encouraging me to embark on this PhD in the first place. I thank Teotonlo de Souza for directing me towards references on Catholic history, for his helpful comments on Chapter 8 and for many animated discussions on the 'imperial yoke and its aftermath'. Alan Scadding kindly proof-read my first four chapters. I am very grateful to the Irwin Fund of London University for a grant which enabled me to research in India for three 5 months. This has greatly enriched chapters 3,4, 5 and 8. The trip was invaluable for helping me understand the complexities of Indian society and the problems that were faced by the early missionaries In trying to propagate Christianity. I am also grateful to the British Academy for my three-year studentship, to the Historical Fund of the Institute of Historical Research for paying for the binding and copying of this thesis, and to Epsom College I or assisting me in Its final production. I should also like to thank the librarians and staff of the many archives and libraries in which I worked. I am also greatly indebted to many friends in India: to Bishop and Mrs Mani at Kottayani; to the Allenby's, Dr David and Fr Correia-Afonso in Bombay; to Fr Kathew and Rev Naidu and his family in Hyderabad; to Dr and Mrs John and Fr Kuriakose in Barigalore; to Rev Azariah in Madras; to Professor Ray, Dr John and Dinesh Dey in Calcutta and Dr Mukhopadhyay and Mr Chatterjee in Serampore. Last, and certainly not least, I thank Hugh, my husband, for his constant encouragement and support. He has found the time in a very busy work-schedule to read numerous drafts, to help me with my maps and photocopying the thesis. He must know nearly as much about missionaries as I do now. Finally, any errors that might remain are, of course, mine alone. 6 CONTENTS Abbrevi at loris 8 Introduction 10 1. The Wisdom of the Serpent and the Innocence of the Dove a. The Evangelical Army 15 b. The Early Years of British 19 Missionary Interest c. The Beginnings of Hostility: The Indian Situation 32 d. The Beginnings of Hostility: Changes in Britain 37 e. A Missionary Proposal for Bengal 39 2. T1e 1790s: A Time of Crisis a. The 1793 Renewal of the East India Company's Charter 51 b. The Impact of the French Revolution i In Britain 60 ii The Haldane Mission Proposal 63 iii On Evangelicals 68 iv On India 76 3 Missionary Activity in India 1793-1806 a. North India 91 b. South India 107 4. The Vellore Mutiny 117 5. The Troubled Years: 1807-12 a. The Persian Pamphlet Controversy 159 b. Missionaries and the Company, 1807-12 177 c. Church/Dissent Rivalry 187 6. The 1813 Renewal of the Company's Charter a. The Ground Laid 197 b. The Parliamentary Battle 213 c. The Battle Won: Whose Victory 238 7. Missions, Dissent and People: The Politics of Pressure a. The Popular Appeal of Missions 254 b. The Mobilisation of the People I Publicity 260 Ii The B&FBS: A society for All? 266 c. Missions, Dissent and Government 270 d. The Petitioning Campaign, April-June 1813 283 e. Trade and Christianity: An Alliance Against Monopoly? 297 7 f. Conclusion 301 8. The Walls of Jericho: Missionaries and India, 1813-1833. a. The Court of Directors 310 b. The Evangelical View 319 c. Bengal Presidency 322 d. Bombay Presidency 335 e. Madras Presidency i Tinnevelly 340 ii Travancore 346 iii Mysore 359 iv Tranquebar, Madras and the Northern Circars 364 Conclusion: Ezekiel's Dry Bones 387 Appendices 1. Map of Mission Stations 1813 400 2. Map of Mission Stations 1833 401 3. List of Missionaries 1706-1833 402 4. Chronology of Events 1812-13 409 5. Extracts from 53.GIII.c. 155 411 6. Petitions April-June 1813 412 Bibliography 413 8 ABBREVIATIONS a. General Add MSS Additional Manuscripts AL Angus Library B&FBS British and Foreign Bible Society BCL Bristol City Library BL British Library Bod Bodleian Library BNS Baptist Missionary Society CSBC College Street Baptist Church Commons Journals CMS Church Missionary Society CUL Cambridge University Library DRO Devon Record Office Eu r European EUL Edinburgh University Library DUL Durham Univeristy Library I DL India Office Library I OR India Office Records LNS [London] Missionary Society MS( S] Manuscript(s) NLS National Library of Scotland NLW National Library of Wales NRO Northants Record Office NUL Nottingham University Library Periodical Accounts The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803, Parliamentary Papers PSPRL Protestant Society for the Protection of Religious Liberty RTS Religious Tract Society SNS Scottish Missionary Society SPCK Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge SPG Society for the Propagation of the Gospel WMMS Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society b. Abbreviations for India Office Records H/Misc Home Miscellaneous L/Parl Parliamentary L/PS Political and Secret BPC Bengal Public Consultations BSC Bengal Secret Consultations MPC Madras Public Consultations MSC Madras Secret Consultations Bo niP C Bombay Public Consultations BomSC Bombay Secret Consultations Eccies Ecclesiastical 9 c. Abbreviations for the [London] Missionary Society MSS The Missionary Society did not change its name to the London Missionary Society until 1818. Common usage is to refer to it as the London Missionary Society or the LMS regardless of date. In this thesis I shall use the term Missionary Society when that Is the correct name chronologically, and LMS as the abbreviation, despite the date.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Church Missionary Society and the Christians of Kerala, 1813-1840
    Half-Brothers in Christ: The Church Missionary Society and the Christians of Kerala, 1813-1840 by Joseph Gerald Howard M. A. (History), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 2010 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Joseph Gerald Howard 2014 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2014 Approval Name: Joseph Gerald Howard Degree: Master of Arts (History) Title: Half-Brothers in Christ: The Church Missionary Society and the Christians of Kerala, 1813-1840 Examining Committee: Chair: Aaron Windel Assistant Professor of History Paul Sedra Senior Supervisor Associate Professor of History Derryl MacLean Supervisor Associate Professor of History Mary-Ellen Kelm Supervisor Professor of History Laura Ishiguro External Examiner Assistant Professor Department of History University of British Columbia Date Defended: August 28, 2014 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract In the 1810s, the Church Missionary Society (CMS) established the College at Cottayam in south India to educate boys intended for the priesthood in the local, indigenous church. While their goal was to help the church, their activities increased British power in the community. The results of CMS involvement included increasing interference of British officials in matters internal to the Malankara Church (e.g., episcopal succession), tacit recognition of the authority of colonial courts to resolve disputes in the church, and the fragmentation of the St. Thomas Christian community. These effects reshaped the church into something more consistent with British Christianity and more subject to British rule. Keywords: British Empire; Christianity; India; mission iv Dedication In memory of M.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on ACTIVITIES in CREATING AWARENESS and COOPERATION AMONG ORTHODOX and EVANGELICAL CHURCHES in INDIA Fr
    REPORT ON ACTIVITIES IN CREATING AWARENESS AND COOPERATION AMONG ORTHODOX AND EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN INDIA Fr. Dr. Jossi Jacob Holy Trinity Theological College, Addis Ababa The history of the interactions between the Orthodox Church in India and the Evangelical Traditions goes back to early nineteenth century. In spite of the ruptures and tremors of the past the relationship and interactions had reaped mutual benefits too. We could trace in-numerous events of mutual interactions which happened in the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty first centuries. Several of the events had gone without any written records. I would like to particularly highlight the travels made by two of our luminary bishops to the western countries in the first half of the twentieth century. Those visionary leaders of the Church travelled extensively in the western European countries to make contacts and interactions with the Churches of Protestant traditions. In turn they had visitors from these respective Churches visiting the Malankara Orthodox Church and staying in the monasteries which these two bishops had found. There attempts were before the formal inception of the international ecumenical bodies. Later on the founding of the World Council of Churches, in the inception of which the Orthodox Church in India has played a role too, has added momentum to the fraternal ties between the traditions. Exploring to the early part of the 19th century, it is made clear that the cooperation in the beginning was mainly made in publishing the Holy Scripture, and in promoting western form of education in Keralite1 society. Later it has developed into theological higher education.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Book
    "We do not to aspire be historians, we simply profess to our readers lay before some curious reminiscences illustrating the manners and customs of the people (both Britons and Indians) during the rule of the East India Company." @h£ iooi #ld Jap €f Being Curious Reminiscences During the Rule of the East India Company From 1600 to 1858 Compiled from newspapers and other publications By W. H. CAREY QUINS BOOK COMPANY 62A, Ahiritola Street, Calcutta-5 First Published : 1882 : 1964 New Quins abridged edition Copyright Reserved Edited by AmARENDRA NaTH MOOKERJI 113^tvS4 Price - Rs. 15.00 . 25=^. DISTRIBUTORS DAS GUPTA & CO. PRIVATE LTD. 54-3, College Street, Calcutta-12. Published by Sri A. K. Dey for Quins Book Co., 62A, Ahiritola at Express Street, Calcutta-5 and Printed by Sri J. N. Dey the Printers Private Ltd., 20-A, Gour Laha Street, Calcutta-6. /n Memory of The Departed Jawans PREFACE The contents of the following pages are the result of files of old researches of sexeral years, through newspapers and hundreds of volumes of scarce works on India. Some of the authorities we have acknowledged in the progress of to we have been indebted for in- the work ; others, which to such as formation we shall here enumerate ; apologizing : — we may have unintentionally omitted Selections from the Calcutta Gazettes ; Calcutta Review ; Travels Selec- Orlich's Jacquemont's ; Mackintosh's ; Long's other Calcutta ; tions ; Calcutta Gazettes and papers Kaye's Malleson's Civil Administration ; Wheeler's Early Records ; Recreations; East India United Service Journal; Asiatic Lewis's Researches and Asiatic Journal ; Knight's Calcutta; India.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    Numen 60 (2013) 135–154 brill.com/nu Book Reviews Protestantisch-westliche Mission und syrisch-orthodoxe Kirche in Kerala. Von den Anfängen bis 1840. By Reinhold Wagner. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz Verlag, 2011. 197 pp. ISBN 978–3447064279 (pbk.) Reinhold Wagner’s book is a welcome and well-researched study of a less- known chapter of the history of India. It focuses on the relations between the Syriac Orthodox Church in Kerala and Protestant missionaries in the eigh- teenth and nineteenth centuries (1750–1840). The study draws from rich docu- mentation, analyzed in much detail by the author, and provides a precise picture of the complex relations between Protestant missionaries from the Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) and the Syrian Orthodox Christians. In an opening chapter of the book (pp. 3–18), the author discusses the early contacts between Protestant missionaries and the Syriac Church of Kerala at the time of the Dutch occupation of the region. One of the fijirst documents about the South Indian Christian communities that was handed over to a Prot- estant group is a report written in Dutch and dating from approximately 1715. This text aside, Protestant missionaries based in Tranquebar had few relations with the Christian communities on the coast of Malabar. In a memorandum of 1810, and against the opinion of Anglican circles, two German missionaries expressed a reticence to hire members of Syriac Orthodox clergy as fellow mis- sionaries. This is a good example of the ambiguity of relations between Protes- tant missionaries and Syrian Orthodox Christians — an ambiguity that would persist during the whole period covered by the present book.
    [Show full text]
  • VOL 36, ISSUE 3 on Race and Colonialism WELCOME to THIS EDITION of ANVIL
    ANVIL Journal of Theology and Mission Faultlines in Mission: Reflections VOL 36, ISSUE 3 on Race and Colonialism WELCOME TO THIS EDITION OF ANVIL ANVIL: Journal of Theology and Mission Lusa Nsenga-Ngoy VOL 36, ISSUE 3 2 ANVIL: JOURNAL OF THEOLOGY AND MISSION – VOLUME 36: ISSUE 3 THE EDITORIAL While it is premature to assess the legacy of this year in history, we can certainly agree that 2020 has brought to the fore the imperative need to revisit the past, paying particular attention to societal and systemic fractures adversely impacting the lives of many around the globe. In the wake of George Floyd’s murder, millions of people took to the streets of our cities demanding radical change, and calling for the toppling of an old order and its symbols of power, objectification and commodification. This issue of Anvil is inspired by a willingness to Harvey Kwiyani’s article offers us a crystal-clear view of offer an introspective response to this global wave how white privilege and white supremacy have provided of protest calling for racial justice and asking with the buttresses for empire and have made mission in insistence whether black lives do indeed matter in our their own image. To illustrate this, he movingly weaves societies and institutions. It felt imperative to ask the his own story from his childhood in Malawi to living in question of Church Mission Society and its particular George Floyd’s city of Minneapolis to now forming part contribution to the subject both in its distant and more of the tiny minority of black and brown people who contemporary history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction of Scottish and English Evangelicals
    THE INTERACTION OF SCOTTISH AND ENGLISH EVANGELICALS 1790 - 1810 Dudley Reeves M. Litt. University of Glasgov 1973 ProQuest Number: 11017971 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11017971 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the following: The Rev. Ian A. Muirhead, M.A., B.D. and the Rev. Garin D. White, B.A., B.D., Ph.D. for their most valuable guidance and criticism; My wife and daughters for their persevering patience and tolerance The staff of several libraries for their helpful efficiency: James Watt, Greenock; Public Central, Greenock; Bridge of Weir Public; Trinity College, Glasgow; Baptist Theological College, Glasgow; University of Glasgow; Mitchell, Glasgow; New College, Edinburgh; National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; General Register House, Edinburgh; British Museum, London; Sion College, London; Dr Williams's, London. Abbreviations British and Foreign Bible Society Baptist Missionary Society Church Missionary Society London Missionary Society Ii§I I Ii§I Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home SSPCK Scottish Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Life of William Carey, Shoemaker and Missionary
    Life of William Carey, Shoemaker and Missionary Author(s): George Adam Smith Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: William Carey is often considered the ªfather of modern missionsº as his missionary work in India set the standard for Christian evangelism. This biography, written by George Smith within 50 years of Carey's death, tells the missionary's story. Smith's admiration of the author is obvious, but this partiality does not take away from the project as a whole. Along with taking the reader through Carey's life, he also in- cludes many of the missionary's personal letters and ser- mons, allowing readers to engage with Carey as intimately. Kathleen O'Bannon CCEL Staff Subjects: Practical theology Missions Missions in individual countries i Contents Title Page 1 Preface 2 Ch I. Carey’s College 3 Ch II. The Birth of England’s Foreign Missions 18 Ch III. India As Carey Found It 35 Ch IV. Six Years in North Bengal--Missionary and Indigo Planter 50 Ch V. The New Crusade--Serampore and the Brotherhood 68 Ch VI. The First Native Converts and Christian Schools 80 Ch VII. Calcutta and the Mission Centres from Delhi to Amboyna 96 Ch VIII. Carey’s Family and Friends 112 Ch IX. Professor of Sanskrit, Bengali, and Marathi 129 Ch X. The Wyclif of the East--Bible Translation 145 Ch XI. What Carey Did for Literature and for Humanity 166 Ch XII. What Carey Did for Science--Founder of the Agricultural and Horticultural 178 Society of India Ch XIII. Carey’s Immediate Influence in Great Britain and America 199 Ch XIV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legacy of Claudius Buchanan
    The Legacy of Claudius Buchanan Wilbert R. Shenk laudius Buchanan has been credited with playing the so as to allow missionaries to enter India. The antimissionary C decisive role in opening India to Christian missions in forces deflected this attempt, but the charter did require the the early years of the nineteenth century.' By the twentieth company to continue to provide chaplains to the expatriate century, however, he was largely forgotten.' Never commis­ Indian civil service and military. sioned a missionary himself, Buchanan worked to break down During his four years at CambridgeBuchanancorresponded the considerable barriers to missionary work that existed until regularly withJohn Newton. In 1792 he dined with Mr. and Mrs. 1813, and he contributed to the development of institutional Charles Grant in Cambridge and heard from Grant, a director of infrastructures that would sustain missions. Buchanan is a wor­ the East India Company, "various accounts of the apostolic spirit thy case study in evangelical activism. of some missionaries to the Indies.:" In 1794 Newton pressed on him the possibility of the India chaplaincy, still the only legal Family and Education basis for evangelical work in British India." Claudius Buchanan was born March 12, 1766, at Cambuslang, A Passion for Mission Scotland. His father, Alexander, was the local schoolmaster. His maternal grandfather, Claudius Somers, was an elder of the Upon graduation from Cambridge in 1795 Buchanan was or­ Cambuslang kirk when George Whitefield preached in the val­ daineddeaconandbecameNewton'scurate. In early1796Charles ley in 1742and thefamily cameundertheswayof the Evangelical Grant got Buchanan appointed a chaplain to the East India Revival.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIT 2 COLONIAL DISCOURSE* Indological Discourses
    UNIT 2 COLONIAL DISCOURSE* Indological Discourses Structure 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Colonial Perspective 2.3 The Missionary Perspective 2.4 The Administrative Perspective 2.4.1 Census and Survey 2.4.2 Villages and Cities 2.5 Influence of Discourse on Sociology of India 2.6 Let Us Sum Up 2.7 References 2.8 Specimen Answers to Check Your Progress 2.0 OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able to: discuss the study of Indian society and culture through systematic organisation of knowledge under the colonial rule; differentiate between the Missionary and the Administrative views under the Colonial Perspective on Indian society; and explain the specific influences of the colonial discourse in shaping the sociology of India. 2.1 INTRODUCTION In the previous unit, on Indological discourse, you learnt about how the Indological perspectives provided concepts, theories and framework, which emerged from the study of Indian civilisation by different scholars. They primarily adopted a historical and comparative approach. Their understanding of Indian society and its structure is largely based on their study of classical texts and literature, such as the Vedas, Upanishads and the Puranas. One View of Indian society derived from the study of texts with the help of Brahman scholars and presented Indian society as fixed, stagnant and timeless and with no socio-cultural variations. Indian society was seen as a set of rules which every Hindu followed. In this unit you will learn about the colonial discourse, i.e. the perspectives given by scholars on society in India during the colonial period when the Britishers ruled over India.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indian Christians of St. Thomas
    THE INDIAN CHRISTIANS OF ST THOMAS A SANCTUARY IN THE MIDST OF THE HEATHEN BY W. J. RICHARDS D. D. (Qatnell Hntnersitg %Iibtacg Jtlfata, UStta Inrb BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 Cornell University Library DA 163 .RSI Ind an Christians of St. Thomas : otherw 3 1924 029 361 379 olln The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029361379 The Indian Christians of St. Thomas Thk Most Rkv. Mar Thomas Athanasius. The Second Reforming Metrnn or Metropolitan. Succeeded 1877. Died 1893. THE INDIAN CHRISTIANS OF ST. THOMAS OTHERWISE CALLED The Syrian Christians of Malabar A Sketch of their History, and an Account of their Present Condition, as well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas BY The Rev. W. J. RICHARDS, D.D. Thirty-Jive years CMS. Missionary to the Hindus in Trtwancore etiui Cochin Hon. Chaplain to tJie Bishop With a Preface by EUGENE STOCK, Esq. Author of TJu History of the Church Missionary Society ^ LONDON BEMROSE & SONS LIMITED, 4 SNOW HILL, E.G. AND DERBY 1908 — This little book is dedicated to HIS GRACE THE RIGHT HONOURABLE AND MOST REVEREND RANDALL THOMAS DAVIDSON, D.D., Lord Archbishop of CEinterbmy, Primate of All England—the friend of the Assyrian Christians as a token of humble respect ; and to the RIGHT REVEREND NOEL HODGES, D.D., Rector of St. Cuthbert's, Bedford, Assistant Bishop of Ely and Honorary Canon of the Cathedral, during fifteen years Bishop of Travancore and Cochin — the constant friend of the Jacobite and the Reformed Syrians of Malabar (partly of the same stock as the Assyrians) — in acknowledgment of the greatest possible kindness received from his lordship by the Authoi PREFACE AT the request of my friend, the author of this book, I write these few lines to introduce him and his work.
    [Show full text]
  • Claudius Buchanan: Scotland's First Missionary to the Jews
    CLAUDIUS BUCHANAN: SCOTLAND'S FIRST MISSIONARY TO THE JEWS JOHNS. Ross, GREYFRIARS FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, INVERNESS THE REVIVAL BACKGROUND Jonathan Edwards, the great American Congregationalist theologian, saw revival movements such as the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century as part of a spiritual continuum, dating back to Pentecost, whereby Christian life is, from time to time, renewed and reinvigorated. 1 He held that God's work in the world was advanced not so much by the ordinary work of the Christian ministry, but by the extraordinary work of God's Spirit: Though there be a more constant influence of God's Spirit always in some degree attending his ordinances, yet the way in which the greatest things have been done towards carrying on this work, always have been by remarkable effusions, at special times of mercy .... 2 In his work A History of the Work of Redemption (1774) Edwards represented the revivals of the mid-eighteenth century as precursors of yet greater blessing to be experienced throughout the world, culminating in the millennium.3 This theory empowered by spiritual renewal resulted in evangelistic and missionary commitment. Indeed, during the 1742 Cambuslang revival somec people testified that they only found freedom in prayer when they 'ceased to be self-regarding and preoccupied with their own concerns' and prayed for the salvation of the wider world. 4 Cf., e.g., J. A. De Jong, As the Waters Cover the Sea (Kampen, 1970), pp. 119-21; I. H. Murray, The Puritan Hope (Edinburgh, 1971), pp. 48-55; David J. Bosch, Transforming Mission (Maryknoll, 1995), p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legacy of Robert Reid Kalley Joyce E
    The Legacy of Robert Reid Kalley Joyce E. Winifred Every-Clayton lthough he has been called the dancing doctor from cal missionaries. Subsequently, he applied to the London Mis­ AKilmarnock, the wolf from Scotland, and apostle to sionary Society (LMS), whose minutes of November 20, 1837, three continents, Robert Kalley remains largely an unknown record, "Mr R. R. Kalley, of the Church of Scotland, Kilmarnock, figure. This Scottish Presbyterian medical doctor and adven­ recommended by the minister of the same, and by the Rev. John turer, who learned Portuguese during a period of medical work Ward, minister of the Congregational Church in the town, was on the island of Madeira, off the coast of Morocco, founded the accepted as an assistant medical missionary."? first evangelical churches in Brazil and was the first Protestant to The LMS was "a Bible Society, a Tract and Book Society, a evangelize Brazilians in Portuguese. School Society, ... a Civilization Society, ... [and] a Society for Preaching the Cospel.:" It was founded in 1796, "not to send Formative Years Presbyterianism, Independency, Episcopacy, or any other form of ChurchOrder and Government, ... butthe Glorious Gospel of RobertReid Kalley (1809-88) wasbornin Glasgow, Scotland, and the blessed God to the Heathen.II7 At first the mission derived its was baptized in a Presbyterian church. After basic schooling he income from different denominations, but gradually it became entered Glasgow University, studying Latin during the aca­ restricted for its support (and candidates) to Congregational demic year 1823-24, but obstetrics, chemistry, surgery, and churches." But it certainly was the missionary society of the medicine in 1828-29.
    [Show full text]