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1 Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset 1 1.1 Core principles ...... 1 1.2 Writing high-quality articles ...... 2 1.3 Getting along with other editors ...... 2 1.4 Working efficiently together ...... 3 1.5 More information ...... 3 1.6 See also ...... 3

2 Help:Editing 4 2.1 Editing ...... 4 2.1.1 Talk (discussion) pages ...... 5 2.1.2 Minor edits ...... 5 2.1.3 Major edits ...... 5 2.1.4 “View source” – protected pages ...... 5 2.1.5 Adding references ...... 5 2.2 markup ...... 6 2.3 More information on editing wiki pages ...... 6 2.3.1 Getting started ...... 6 2.3.2 Policies and conventions ...... 6 2.3.3 Helpful tips ...... 6 2.3.4 Naming and moving ...... 6 2.3.5 Style and layout ...... 6 2.3.6 Tools ...... 6 2.3.7 See also ...... 6

3 Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing 7 3.1 Edit summary ...... 7 3.2 Show preview ...... 7 3.3 Save the page ...... 8 3.4 Further information ...... 8

i ii CONTENTS

3.5 Alternative method of editing ...... 8 3.6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses ...... 9 3.6.1 Text ...... 9 3.6.2 Images ...... 12 3.6.3 Content license ...... 12 Chapter 1

Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset

Various shortcuts redirect here. You may be looking for 1.1 Core principles Wikipedia:Avoid self-references, Wikipedia:Soft redirect, or Wikipedia:Simple . While theoretically anything can be changed, the commu- nity up to this point has been built on certain principles. Wikipedia is a free, volunteer-created , con- Much thought has been put into them, and they are unlikely sisting of articles written in a particular style. Wikipedia is to change in the future. They've worked for us so far, so a continuous process with no end. If you write something give them a fair shake before attempting radical reform or good, it could be around for centuries and read all over the leaving the project. world. It might also be improved or incorporated into new revisions by other editors. Part of the fun and challenge of 1. Five pillars: The foundations of the Wikipedia com- editing here is watching what happens to your contributions munity are summarized in 5 simple ideas: Wikipedia over time. is an online encyclopedia; it has a neutral point of view; it is that anyone can edit and distribute; all The continues to evolve as well. Wikipedians should interact in a respectful and civil Over time, policies and customs have developed which re- manner; and Wikipedia does not have firm rules. flect the experience of thousands of editors who are con- stantly learning and refining how to create balanced, well- 2. Founding principles: The , sourced, informative articles, and how to work with others the global organization that oversees Wikipedia and and resolve conflict when it arises. While there are rules or other projects like it, is based on important guidelines that cover almost any situation, a few are really ideas as well: Neutrality is mandatory; anyone can edit important. If you learn about our policies and practices, (most) articles without registration; we make decisions you will likely be treated with kindness and respect. through the “wiki process” of discussion; we want to A great place to start learning is with Wikipedia’s approach work in a welcoming and collaborative environment; to sources. Wikipedia does not have its own views, or de- our content is freely licensed; and we leave room for termine what is “correct”. Instead, editors try to summarize particularly difficult problems to be resolved by an au- what good sources have said about ideas and information. thority. On English Wikipedia the Arbitration Com- Differing views are presented objectively and without mittee (ArbCom) has power to make certain binding, as they are reported in reliable sources—sources that have a final decisions. reputation for being accurate. Good sources are the base of 3. : Wikipedia uses opensource licensing un- the encyclopedia, and anyone must be able to realistically der a Creative Attribution-Sharealike li- check whether contributions can be backed up by one. This cense and the GNU Free Documentation License. is generally done by citing where you found information. Content on Wikipedia can be used and re-used freely, With reliable sources at the center of what we do, editors’ as long as attribution is given; it can even be modified original ideas, interpretations, and research are not appro- and used for profit, as long as all future re-users can priate here. do the same. Everything editors contribute must be Don't worry too much if you don't understand everything at compatible with Wikipedia’s licenses and cannot vi- first. And don't hesitate to ask questions. As time goes on, olate others’ , except under very particular you'll learn how to be a great contributor to Wikipedia! circumstances. 4. (IAR): Rules on Wikipedia are not fixed in stone. The spirit of the rule trumps the letter

1 2 CHAPTER 1. WIKIPEDIA:SIMPLIFIED RULESET

of the rule. The common purpose of building an en- 2. Assume good faith: Do please try to consider the per- cyclopedia trumps both. This means that any rule can son on the other end of the discussion as a thinking, be broken for a very good reason, if it ultimately helps rational being who is trying to positively contribute to to improve the encyclopedia. It doesn't mean that any- Wikipedia. Even if you're convinced that they're an thing can be done just by claiming IAR, or that discus- [insert insult of your choice], still pretend that they're sion is not necessary to explain one’s decision. acting in good faith. Ninety percent of the time you'll find that they actually are acting in good faith (and the other ten percent of the time a negative attitude won't 1.2 Writing high-quality articles help anyway). Be gracious. Be liberal in what you ac- cept, be conservative in what you do. Try to accommo- date other people’s quirks as best you can, while trying : Wikipedia:The perfect article to be as polite and straightforward as possible.

1. Neutral point of view: Write from a neutral point of 3. Discuss contentious changes on the talk page: Mu- view. Make a fair representation of the world as re- tual respect is the guiding behavioral principle of liable sources describe it. All articles should be bal- Wikipedia. Although everyone knows that their con- anced to convey an impression of the various points of tributions may be edited by others, it is easier to accept view on a subject. Some views may get more attention changes when you understand the reasons for them. than others, depending on the attention they receive Discussing changes on the article’s talk page before in reliable sources. Wikipedia has no “opinion” of its you make them can help reach consensus even faster, own; it just accurately summarizes reliable sources. especially on controversial subjects. We have all the time in the world, so always make an effort to explain 2. Verifiability: Articles should contain only material changes to other editors, and feel free to ask them to that has been published by reliable sources. These are do the same. sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accu- racy, like newspapers, academic journals, and books. 4. Undo others’ edits with care: Undoing someone’s Even if something is true our standards require it be work is a powerful tool, hence the three-revert rule that published in a reliable source before it can be included. an editor should never undo the same content more Editors should cite reliable sources for any material than three times in twenty-four hours (ideally, even that is controversial or challenged, otherwise it may less). Try not to revert changes which are not obvious be removed by any editor. The obligation to provide vandalism. If you really can't stand something, revert a reliable source is on whoever wants to include mate- once, with an edit summary like “I disagree, I'll explain rial. why on Talk”, and immediately take it to the accom- 3. No original research: Articles may not contain previ- panying talk page to discuss. If someone reverts your ously unpublished arguments, concepts, data, or theo- edits, do not just add them back without attempting ries, nor any new analysis or synthesis of them if it discussion. advances a position. In other words, you can't make a point that hasn't already been directly made some- 5. Try to understand why your article or edit was where else in a reliable source. You can summarize, deleted: Many topics do not meet our inclusion guide- but it has to be based in the sources. lines. Some of the same bad article ideas show up and get deleted frequently through processes such as 4. Be bold in updating pages! Go ahead, it’s a wiki! No articles for deletion, proposed deletion and speedy mistake can break Wikipedia, because any edit can be deletion. New editors may benefit from the Articles undone. Encourage others, including those who dis- for creation helper. Other contributions are often just agree with you, to likewise be bold! If you find your- not neutral or just not well-sourced. In general, finding self disagreeing with someone’s boldness or they with better, more reliable sources and summarizing them yours, discuss it on the talk page. neutrally is almost always the best response.

6. Resolve disputes: Disagreements are common but 1.3 Getting along with other editors they need not be ugly. Find out what others think about an issue and try to address it. If you still dis- 1. Be civil to other users at all times. If you have a criti- agree, seek input from other editors informally, or cism, comment about content and specific edits, don't through a third opinion, mediation, or an open request make negative remarks about other editors as people. for comment. 1.6. SEE ALSO 3

1.4 Working efficiently together • List of guidelines – a comprehensive descriptive list of guidelines. 1. Use clear edit summaries to allow others to under- • Manual of Style contents – a comprehensive de- stand your thinking—and even you may need a re- scriptive list of the pages which make up the minder months later. Please state what you changed Manual of Style. and why. If the explanation is too long, use the Talk page. • Community standards and advice – a quick directory of community norms and related 2. Sign your posts on talk pages (using ~~~~, which guidance essays. changes to your username plus a timestamp when you hit “save page”). But don't sign in articles themselves. • Advice pages – about advice pages written by . 3. Preview your changes with the show preview button before saving. Followon edit fixing errors in earlier Related essays edits clutters the page’s history, which makes it hard for others to see what, overall, you changed. • Wikipedia:The rules are principles 4. Use noticeboards to get input: Certain kinds of is- sues have designated noticeboard where editors of- • Wikipedia:Reasonability Rule ten discuss related topics. If you are unsure what to • Wikipedia in Brief do, or run into conflict with another editor, use them. WP:NPOVN is for neutrality issues, WP:RSN is for • Wikipedia:Trifecta reliable sources, WP:ANI is for specific issues need- ing administrator input; others are listed at the notice- • Wikipedia:Writing better articles board page and at the bottom of this page as well. 5. Join the community: Find out what’s going on in the 1.6 See also community. The Community Portal is a good start- ing place, where you can find ongoing community dis- cussions, the weekly Wikipedia newspaper, and plenty of tasks that need work. There are also mailing lists which feature project and organization-wide discus- sions, and relay chat for a variety of topics. WikiProjects are places editors gather to work on spe- cific areas of the encyclopedia; they're also good places to ask for input. New ideas are often put forth at the Village pump, and hot-topics at Jimbo’s talk page. 6. Ask for help: You are almost surely not the first per- son to have a particular question, idea or problem. You can ask for help anytime by placing {{help me}} on any talk page along with an explanation of your prob- lem. Great places for assistance are the new contrib- utor’s help page, the Help Desk, and help chat. Also, WP:Questions and WP:FAQ for the most common ar- eas and queries.

1.5 More information

• Contributing to Wikipedia – a page that provides in- formation and resources on the basics needed to use, comment on, and contribute to Wikipedia. • List of policies – a comprehensive descriptive list of policies. Chapter 2

Help:Editing

This is a general introduction on how to edit. For the editing : You can use the sandbox to experiment with page policy, see Wikipedia:Editing policy, For the article on how editing. and where you can contribute see Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia. "Wikipedia:How" redirects here. For other Wikipedia how-to guides, see Wikipedia:How-to. Wikipedia is a wiki, meaning that anyone can edit any 2.1 Editing

Editing most Wikipedia pages is simple. Simply click on the "edit" tab at the top of a Wikipedia page (or on a section-edit link). This will take you to a new page with a text box containing the editable text of the current page.

Editing tutorial for Wikipedia unprotected page and improve articles immediately for all readers. You do not need to register to do this. Anyone who has edited is known as a "Wikipedian" and, no matter Edit box showing the wiki markup as of August 2nd 2012. how trivial the edit may seem, can be proud that he or she has helped make Wikipedia what it is. All of these edits In this box, you can type in the text that you want to add, add up! Wikipedia uses two methods of editing: the new using wiki markup to format the text and add other elements VisualEditor (VE), and classic editing through wiki markup like images and tables. The toolbar above the text box can (wikitext). The explanations on this page deal with wikitext help with formatting. A quick reference to wiki markup can editing (the method most used). For instructions on using be opened by clicking 'Help' in this toolbar. VisualEditor see the VisualEditor user guide. Never start a line with a leading space unless you want the Some pages are protected from editing. These pages are special formatting it causes. Paragraphs can be separated denoted by a lock icon on the top right of the page and have with a blank line. The Wikipedia community has devel- a View source tab instead of an Edit tab. You can still edit oped style guidelines to make articles and facts appear in a these pages indirectly, by submitting an "edit request" – an standardized form, and Wikipedia easier to use as a whole. editor with the ability to edit the protected page will respond to your request. You can submit a request by clicking on the If you add information to a page, please provide references, View source tab on that page and using the “Submit an edit as unreferenced statements are subject to removal. request” link at the bottom right. Edit summary (Briefly describe your changes)

4 2.1. EDITING 5

☐ This is a minor edit ☑ Watch this page All editors are encouraged to be bold, but there are several By clicking the “Save page” button, you agree to the Terms things that a user can do to ensure that major edits are per- of Use and you irrevocably agree to release your contribu- formed smoothly. Before engaging in a major edit, a user tion under the CC BY-SA 3.0 License and the GFDL with should consider discussing proposed changes on the article the understanding that a or URL is sufficient for discussion/talk page. During the edit, if doing so over an CC BY-SA 3.0 attribution. extended period, the {{In use}} tag can reduce the likeli- hood of an edit conflict. Once the edit has been completed, Save page Show preview Show changes Cancel the inclusion of an edit summary will assist in documenting When you have finished editing, you should write a short the changes. These steps will help all to ensure that major edit summary in the small field below the edit-box. You edits are well received by the Wikipedia community. may use shorthand to describe your changes, as described A major edit should be reviewed to confirm that it is con- in the legend. To see how the page looks with your edits, sensual to all concerned editors. Therefore, any change that press the "Show preview" button. To see the differences affects the meaning of an article is major (not minor), even between the page with your edits and the previous version if the edit is a single word. of the page, press the "Show changes" button. If you're satisfied with what you see, be bold and press the "Save There are no necessary terms to which you have to agree page" button. Your changes will immediately be visible to when doing major edits, but the recommendations above all Wikipedia users. have become best practice. If you do it your own way, the likelihood of your edits being reedited may be higher. Note: Do not sign the Edit Summary line with your ~~~~ , as it does not work there. When performing a large edit, it is suggested that you pe- riodically, and before pressing 'save page', copy your edits into an external (preferably one without format- 2.1.1 Talk (discussion) pages ting, such as Notepad). This ensures that in the case of a browser crash you will not lose your work. If you are adding Further information: Help:Using talk pages and substantial amounts of work, it is also a good idea to save Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines changes in stages.

Talk pages have a “new section” tab to start a new section, in addition to a tab to edit the whole page. Sign your con- tributions to a Talk page by using four tildes (~~~~), which 2.1.4 “View source” – protected pages produces your username and a time/date stamp. Some pages are protected from editing. These pages have a View source tab instead of an Edit tab. You can still edit 2.1.2 Minor edits these pages indirectly, by submitting an "edit request" – an editor with the ability to edit the protected page will respond Further information: Help:Minor edit to your request. You can submit a request by clicking on the View source tab on that page and using the “Submit an edit A check to the “minor edit” box signifies that only superfi- request” link at the bottom right. cial differences exist between the version with your edit and the previous version: typo corrections, formatting and pre- sentational changes, rearranging of text without modifying content, etc. A minor edit is a version that the editor be- 2.1.5 Adding references lieves requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute. The “minor edit” option is one of several options See also: Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners and available only to registered users. Editors should not feel Wikipedia:Citing sources that marking a change as minor devalues their effort.

There is the Wikipedia:refToolbar 2.0 tool built into the 2.1.3 Major edits top of the edit box that makes it easier to add and properly format references. The tool can use a single piece of data, Further information: Wikipedia:Editing policy § Talking such as the PMID or ISBN, to fill in the rest of the details. and editing This tool however only works occasionally. A more reliable tool can be found here: , but currently this is broken. 6 CHAPTER 2. HELP:EDITING

2.2 Wiki markup 2.3.6 Tools • Main page: Help:Wiki markup Text editor support

Wiki markup is the information not displayed in the finished 2.3.7 See also article. Wiki markup is only visible in the edit section and instructs the software on the display of the article. A basic • WikiProjects, if you are writing an article about some- list of Wiki markup can be found on the cheatsheet. thing that belongs to a group of topics, check here first! • Wikimedia Bookshelf, learning materials, videos, and 2.3 More information on editing handouts wiki pages

2.3.1 Getting started

• Starting an article

2.3.2 Policies and conventions

Make sure that you submit information which is relevant to Wikipedia’s specific purpose, or your content might be deleted. You can always use the talk pages to ask questions or check to see if your idea will be accepted. Please make note of the license your contributions will be covered by.

• Policies and guidelines

2.3.3 Helpful tips

• FAQ/Editing • Cheatsheet • If you have problems editing a long article • If the article is protected from editing • About page history

2.3.4 Naming and moving

• Moving a page to a new name • Article titles • Namespace

2.3.5 Style and layout

• Layout • Manual of Style • Annotated article Chapter 3

Wikipedia:Tutorial/Editing

• Help menu (Directory) facts to articles. If you add information to an article, please provide references, because unreferenced facts can be re- • About Wikipedia (Welcome) moved. • Contributing (Tutorial) To practice editing, go to the sandbox and click the "Edit" tab. An editing window that contains the text for that page • FAQ will be displayed. Type in something, or make changes to the text you'll find there. Then click the Save page button • Asking questions (Help desk and see what the result looks like.

• Reference desk)

• Glossary 3.1 Edit summary • Wikicode help (Tools) If you edit a page that people will read, you should follow two additional steps: First, any time you edit a page, it is considered good etiquette (or “Wikiquette”) to enter an explanation of your changes in the Edit summary box, which you'll find below the edit window. It’s okay for your explanation to be quite short. For example, if you are making a spelling correc- tion, you might just type “typo”. Also, if the change you have made to a page is minor, such as correcting a spelling Click the “Edit” tab to change an article or grammar error, check the box “This is a minor edit" (this box is only available if you have logged in). In the sandbox page, click the “Edit” tab again and write “Testing” in the Edit summary box.

3.2 Show preview

Editing tutorial for Wikipedia using classic wiki markup The "Show preview" button is right next to the “save page” button and below the edit summary field. With the exception of a few protected pages, every page has an "Edit " tab which lets you edit the page you are looking Second, you should always use the Show preview but- at. This feature allows you to make corrections and add ton. After you've entered a change in the edit box for the

7 8 CHAPTER 3. WIKIPEDIA:TUTORIAL/EDITING

sandbox, click the Show preview button instead of Save Page. This lets you see what the page will look like af- ter your edit, before you actually save. We all make mis- takes; this feature helps you catch them before other people see them. Using Show preview before saving also lets you try format changes and other edits without cluttering up the page history. Do not forget to save your edits after preview- ing, though!

3.3 Save the page

Done the edit summary? Previewed the page? Then you're ready for the final step: click the Save page button.

Try editing in the sandbox

3.4 Further information

Main page: Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia

3.5 Alternative method of editing

VisualEditor (VE) is a way to edit pages without need- ing to learn wikitext markup. It is only available to reg- istered logged-in users if they opt-in, by changing your preferences. For instructions on using VisualEditor, see Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide. (Note: VisualEditor is in the beta testing stages and does not currently work with Internet Explorer). Continue the tutorial with Formatting → 3.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 9

3.6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

3.6.1 Text

• Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia%3ASimplified%20ruleset?oldid=636056173 Contributors: The Anome, Slrubenstein, Enchanter, Shii, Mkmcconn, Elian, Dcljr, Axlrosen, GTBacchus, Timwi, Jeffq, Zyephyrus, Tlogmer, Altenmann, Mirv, Hadal, Seth Ilys, Centrx, Kim Bruning, Netoholic, FeloniousMonk, Ezhiki, Yath, Beland, Jossi, MacGyverMagic, RetiredUser2, Nsand- wich, Zondor, Lacrimosus, Lubaf, Mindspillage, FT2, Horkana, Paul August, Zy26, MBisanz, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Bobo192, Apyule, Homer- jay, Boredzo, Borisblue, PatrickFisher, Demi, SlimVirgin, Curious1i, Cromwellt, Omphaloscope, IMeowbot, Dave.Dunford, Galaxiaad, Starwiz, Whitehorse1, Carcharoth, TheoClarke, MONGO, Mangojuice, Radiant!, , Elvey, Kbdank71, BorgHunter, Ian Page, Fwend, Kinu, Quid- dity, Linghow, Redwolf24, Evilphoenix, Stephen Compall, YurikBot, Leidiot, JustinLong, PeepP, Lomn, Mind Surfer, BraneJ, Geoffrey.landis, HereToHelp, Anclation, Amberrock, Lawrencekhoo, Xaosflux, Alicejenny, Saros136, AndrewRT, SheeEttin, Valich, Avb, Harvestman, Jon Awbrey, Kendrick7, Seriema, The Neokid, Nvw, JoshuaZ, Tim Q. Wells, Manifestation, Samael775, H, Tbeddab, Jc37, Color probe, CBM, Eric, Zerobelow100, Aawak, Korky Day, Cityreflex, Ramitmahajan, Rikriel Rezier, Starionwolf, Gonzo fan2007, Ryan Schmidt, Ultimus, LeoTrottier, Srose, Qp10qp, Fayenatic london, Seasalt, Deadbeef, Bongwarrior, Father Goose, Ling.Nut, Jillianleila, Just H, Bcajieren, Sweet2, JuliaRowan, Aark, Skava, Angelannabanana, SolitaryWolf, Rettetast, Unimaginative Username, Cpiral, Akalanaki, REX, VolkovBot, Xeltifon, Hersfold, Majoreditor, Riffraffselbow, IllaZilla, Melsaran, Seb26, Wordsmith, DoctorLew, Wnuk-pl, Newbyguesses, Calliopejen1, Frans Fowler, Moonriddengirl, MarcFoster, Drianmcdonald, This, that and the other, Flyer22, BenoniBot, Nn123645, Tomd89, Hadseys, Kotniski, Xavex- goem, Ordinaterr, OrBot, Romaine, Pepeelpenguino, EEng, , Addbot, Digital athena, SimsFan, Suntag, Chiral Resolution, A More Perfect Onion, MauritsBot, Gbchaosmaster, Shirik, NobelBot, Moxy, Gypsy77, Ebe123, Ocaasi, Wdchk, MerlIwBot, MonkWork, Theoldsparkle, Mr. Stradivarius on tour, Gurjot kishanpura, Nathan2055, Eman2129, LuizM, Frosty, Tylergeb, Nlkraut1, YiFeiBot and Anonymous: 37 • Help:Editing Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help%3AEditing?oldid=635682348 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Lee Daniel Crocker, CYD, Ansible, Brion VIBBER, Eloquence, Mav, Uriyan, The Anome, Tarquin, Stephen Gilbert, Koyaanis Qatsi, AstroNomer, -- April, Mark, RK, Gorm, Karl E. V. Palmen, Scipius, Danny, Gsl, XJaM, Hari, Christian List, Toby Bartels, Enchanter, Avery, FvdP, Ktsquare, Tom- Cerul, Zoe, Dieter Simon, AdamRetchless, David spector, Camembert, Dwheeler, Icarus, Montrealais, Zippy, KF, Hephaestos, Mbecker, Chuq, Ram-Man, Leandrod, Xoder, Stevertigo, Rbrwr, Lir, Patrick, Olrick, Infrogmation, Chas zzz brown, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, Erik Zachte, Zocky, TimShell, JakeVortex, Anil atluri, Dante Alighieri, Jtdirl, Norm, Dan Koehl, Tenbaset, Shyamal, Lousyd, MartinHarper, Gabbe, SGBailey, Tannin, Wapcaplet, Ixfd64, Dcljr, Sannse, Pia, TakuyaMurata, Delirium, Dori, Paddu, Minesweeper, CesarB, 168..., Aho- erstemeier, Mac, Jimfbleak, ZoeB, Arwel Parry, Docu, William M. Connolley, Muriel Gottrop, Theresa knott, Snoyes, CatherineMunro, Doug Pardee, TUF-KAT, Marumari, Plop, Notheruser, Angela, Den fjättrade ankan, Nanobug, Brettz9, Jdforrester, Setu, Александър, LittleDan, Salsa Shark, Ugen64, Djinn, Djmutex, Bogdangiusca, Cyan, Tkinias, IMSoP, Kwekubo, Rotem Dan, Jiang, Jeandré du Toit, Evercat, Harvester, Mxn, Skyfaller, Smack, Silverfish, Conti, Schneelocke, Nikola Smolenski, Arteitle, Mpt, Adam Bishop, Timwi, Ralesk, Andrevan, RickK, Paul Stansifer, Dysprosia, Fuzheado, Rednblu, PeterGrecian, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Quoting mungo, ThomasStrohmann, Maximus Rex, Morwen, Bulgarian, Saltine, Taxman, Fernkes, JJ Effix, SEWilco, Miterdale, Omegatron, Bevo, Quoth, Betterworld, Piha, Joy, Fvw, Stormie, Raul654, Diddi, Wetman, Pakaran, Secretlondon, Jerzy, Jusjih, Johnleemk, Jamesday, Banno, Finlay McWalter, Francs2000, Sewing, Denelson83, Jni, Espo111, Phil Boswell, Nufy8, Paranoid, Spoax, Lambda, Fredrik, PBS, Chris 73, Scott McNay, Nyh, Bernhard Bauer, WormRunner, ZimZa- laBim, Peak, Yelyos, Seglea, Cryptographite, Naddy, Chris Roy, Tim Ivorson, Mirv, Merovingian, Sverdrup, Alexblainelayder, Interval, Jahs, Academic Challenger, Jo.G, Flauto Dolce, Hemanshu, Texture, Meelar, Blainster, LGagnon, Rasmus Faber, Davodd, Moink, Hadal, JesseW, Qwm, David Edgar, Michael Snow, Mushroom, Ruakh, Drstuey, Lupo, Diberri, Guy Peters, Jleedev, Nick Pisarro, Jr., Peter L, Alan Liefting, David Gerard, Weialawaga, Vaoverland, Ancheta Wis, Decumanus, Jacoplane, ScudLee, Laudaka, Isam, Elf, SBernheart, Sj, Palapala, Nat Krause, Robin Patterson, Inter, Nunh-huh, Lee J Haywood, Reub2000, Zigger, Spencer195, Dissident, Bradeos Graphon, No-body, Everyking, Lord KRISHNA, No Guru, EnginGunduz, Curps, Gamaliel, Rick , Niteowlneils, Leonard G., Jfdwolff, Quinwound, Andris, Guanaco, Ans, Tom-, Aalahazrat, Saaga, Mboverload, Gracefool, Siroxo, Douglas Milnes, Eequor, Harikishore, Brockert, Rparle, Kowh, SWAdair, Deus Ex, Alan Au, Dave2, Lucky 6.9, ALargeElk, Peter Ellis, Gyrofrog, Nomeata, Mmm, Kennethduncan, PenguiN42, Gadfium, Utcursch, Pgan002, Jasper Chua, CryptoDerk, SarekOfVulcan, Knutux, Slowking Man, Ajith h, Antandrus, Beland, OverlordQ, Stoop, Jossi, MountainSplash, Rd- smith4, Mzajac, Anárion, CBDroege, One Salient Oversight, Mike Storm, Kevin B12, Mysidia, Icairns, Purpleiffic, Mozzerati, Sayeth, Mariana, TreyHarris, Testing, Asbestos, Gary D, Neutrality, Urhixidur, Marcus2, Joyous!, Jcw69, Kareeser, Dcandeto, Syvanen, Karl Dickman, Picapica, Vijaykumar, Grm wnr, Zondor, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Grunt, Eisnel, Ericg, Canterbury Tail, Kate, Mike Rosoft, Kmccoy, Brianjd, Ta bu shi da yu, Freakofnurture, ClockworkTroll, Poccil, Stocksy, DanielCD, RedWordSmith, EugeneZelenko, A-giau, Moverton, Discospinster, ElTyrant, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Guanabot, Iainscott, FT2, Gadykozma, Pj.de.bruin, Ckessler, Shinglor, Pjacobi, Luqui, Rspeer, Ardonik, Strib, Murtasa, Ratatosk, Nvj, Rummey, 1pezguy, AlanBarrett, Paul August, Blade Hirato, Rjo, Dmr2, Android79, MattTM, Zy26, Kaisershat- ner, AdmN, Plugwash, Petersam, Christopherleesimons, Evice, Aranel, *drew, El C, Robert P. O'Shea, Carlos.aguayo, Shanes, Sietse Snel, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Acanon, Landist, Warpozio, Femto, Pooman, Kaveh, Jpgordon, Causa sui, Irate, Bobo192, Spalding, AidepikiW, Whosyour- judas, Trousers, Mike Schwartz, Smalljim, John Vandenberg, C S, BrokenSegue, Viriditas, Dtremenak, Kylemacd, R. S. 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WIKIPEDIA:TUTORIAL/EDITING

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Waddell, Kiloaman, Siva4leap, Gtg204y, Maryamt, Calidore Chase, Midwestern Demigod, Yecril, Iandoh2, Cody1192, Napoleonrising, Dkreisst, Destruction 1236, Specter01010, Qwertyyqwe, Llrbaf, ThePointblank, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Xnuala, Missjaclyn, Split Infinity, James Kidd, Black Kite, Hd- cjfhewofhqewhf, Lights, Luchalibre, King Lopez, CWii, Thedjatclubrock, A.Ou, Jfk00ca, Temporarily Insane, S341999, Sidni, Damianxxx, Leebo, Ottomaan23, Hersfold, Jeff G., Whmlfdo, Cjreasoner, Ray Steele, GoldenDragon69.com, Hellabella, Jayaprasad.murthy, Helenalex, Lo- pitex, JayEsJay, Lord Lubbuka Das, Person123123, Archaxyl, Sharebandit, Pokemonw00t, Bramanuj, Tumblingsky, GillesAuriault, Lilpistol22, QueenOfHell, Wikipedia spa mer, Tomanddan, Dhiren.probably, Aaron3-16, Mcsreddy, Patricia zhang, Miranda, Kefikefi, Tmasonmi5, Anony- mous Dissident, Amolvvv, HarryAlffa, Woodsstock, Braziliancontemporarymusic, Meet2kunal, BJBot, Elimerl, Mahhhh091238, Qxz, Jump Loose, Kurzhaar, Drhh, Alex Smotrov, Poopmansex, Sintaku, Rich Janis, Mmoustafa1, Davekeeling, Jhmijyt, Airwalkalman, Chr9277eu, Dick- iday, Wordsmith, Slysplace, Kirkland sk8er, ArborealCrustacean, Jake 3325, Laxtwiggy12, Scoooooty, Megadethnut, Prometheusfloga, Toodle- doo3, UnitedStatesian, BotKung, Wandering canadian, Hiellohelo, Hrundi Bakshi, Dr jj10, Swerky896, Isis4563, Undetectable K, Lexiloo04, Enochjli, Pnechoir, Jamesedwarddillard, Suriel1981, Eubulides, Yung Ken, W00tfest99, Nos399, Cybermexican, Bhavisha2, Himesman47, Jdj013, Edugeek, Syscommsolutions, Gio12, Street Mob, Sophie1110, Kenners518, Nocturnal Wanderer, Riku.Harada, Old.spice16, Ian Gjert- son, Janakiraman1, Vector Potential, Hitari0, Hay dude 2222, Debsuls, Cellfire, Softlavender, EAWF, Chandler69, Razgriz 10000, Smiley hippo, Nid iii, Spinningspark, Zougwar, T-GUTTA561, Diddlydumb, Iusspavia, Mallikarjunwiki, Djmckee1, Lethal-oder, Jeanmychal, Cjoiner40, Pyro pows, Brianga, Codymgballer, Shire 2007, Jevon12, Jackbars, LittleBenW, Doc James, Im2sexy4unot, Sully1331, Sumchiho, Mandy ray101, Rock2e, Resurgent insurgent, NHRHS2010, HAH123, EmxBot, Jenser, Jennaiel, Noneemac, Crystalabrillantsea, Cbab, Demmy, Tugbug, Blan- knothingoknaruto, Newbyguesses, Thw1309, Teamferby, The Rock And Roll Pirate, Returnofsnowmanman, Cell777, 1337 H4XZ0R, François Bourgeois, SMC89, Irvingdallas1, Kyosuke420, Jimmyr6, Bharatkumarverma, Brenont, Freezepop123, Emcee Brick, Kallu sunilkumar, Young- 3.6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 11

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Patterson, Brainmachine, Quantumobserver, Spiritualism, Dexterwu, QueenCake, Nazrani, Hunnjazal, Usuallylucid, Aruk Besadii Aora, DaleSpudWooder, Kkhanal8932, Donpayette, Almabot, Moxy, Mxipp, A1maxmad, Elendaíl, Xxglennxx, AstaBOTh15, Mloron- iclipse150, Pelmeen10, MastiBot, Gregkaye, Il Dorico, Nickduenas99, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Hyperskier96, Grayline88s, Rttrttyan, Cmedi- torial, Bulldog73, Oldhegelian, Rezabot, Tramu, Matthew9543RBLX, Larsen.Libby, AsherPicklebutt, Mike Beardsley, Bayarban,keroun hamro gau, Arystanbek, XapApp, OMI KASHYAP, Karsad147, Ppsathyan, GZWDer, David J Hu face, Godhulii 1985, YiFeiBot, Whatamidoing 12 CHAPTER 3. WIKIPEDIA:TUTORIAL/EDITING

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3.6.2 Images

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3.6.3 Content license

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