Ecography ECOG-03917 Brehm, G., Zeuss, D

Ecography ECOG-03917 Brehm, G., Zeuss, D. and Colwell, R. K. 2018. Moth body size increases with elevation along a complete tropical elevational gradient for two hyperdiverse clades. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.03917

Supplementary material

Appendix 1 Supplementary material Table A1: List of sampling sites with elevations, geographical coordinates and average wing lengths of males (m) and females (f) of Geometridae and Arctiinae. sp = species-based approach. ass = assemblage-based approach. EG = Elevation gradient. LT = Light traps. n.a = not analysed. *see Brehm et al. (2007). **see Brehm (2007) for details on sampling sites and collecting methods.

Mean Mean Elevation Site Study Latitude Longitude Temperature Rainfall Mean EVI Mean wing length (mm) (m a.s.l.) (°C) (mm) Geometridae Arctiinae sp m ass m sp f ass f sp m ass m sp f ass f 1 40 EG* 10.3267° -084.0783° 24.07 3936 0.547 12.9 10.7 11.7 10.4 14.2 13.4 14.3 13.9 2 45 EG* 10.3250° -084.0808° 24.05 3946 0.548 13.3 11.0 12.0 10.5 14.4 13.1 15.6 14.7 3 525 EG* 10.3261° -084.0789° 21.55 4525 0.530 14.1 15.8 13.5 11.8 16.6 14.8 16.9 16.1 4 550 EG* 10.3266° -084.0802° 21.42 4557 0.539 14.0 14.7 12.4 11.1 17.1 15.2 17.8 16.8 5 1070 EG* 10.2683° -084.0851° 18.72 4922 0.462 14.9 17.6 14.5 12.9 18.8 17.0 19.7 18.0 6 1115 EG* 10.2646° -084.0844° 18.48 4861 0.460 15.5 17.4 14.2 13.3 19.0 17.7 23.5 18.6 7 1710 EG* 10.2069° -084.1152° 15.49 3842 0.521 15.7 18.1 15.4 14.3 20.0 21.6 21.9 19.8 8 1690 EG* 10.2089° -084.1161° 15.39 3807 0.521 15.6 17.7 14.9 13.8 19.4 22.0 20.9 19.2 9 2140 EG* 10.1698° -084.1128° 13.41 3409 0.498 15.8 18.1 16.3 15.9 22.1 22.8 23.3 21.5 10 2090 EG* 10.1741° -084.1117° 13.15 3368 0.510 15.0 17.3 15.4 14.7 21.6 21.7 22.7 22.7 11 2725 EG* 10.1335° -084.1155° 10.08 2894 0.526 15.5 17.0 16.0 15.3 24.1 22.7 24.4 22.1 12 2730 EG* 10.1383° -084.1000° 10.08 2894 0.489 15.3 16.6 16.1 15.7 25.5 22.3 26.7 24.7 23 525 LT 10.3266° -084.0802° n.a. n.a. n.a. 14.1 14.2 11.5 11.4 15.5 13.6 19.3 19.3 24 525 LT 10.3266° -084.0802° n.a. n.a. n.a. 14.7 14.0 12.6 12.6 16.7 14.3 17.1 16.9 25 50 LT ** 10.4252° -084.0044° n.a. n.a. n.a. 14.4 14.8 10.9 10.7 13.8 12.9 19.3 17.0 26 50 LT ** 10.4252° -084.0044° n.a. n.a. n.a. 13.1 10.9 9.9 8.5 13.7 13.7 13.9 13.9 27 40 LT ** 10.4327° -084.0098° n.a. n.a. n.a. 12.8 12.9 12.2 11.3 14.8 13.1 15.1 15.1 28 40 LT ** 10.4327° -084.0098° n.a. n.a. n.a. 12.3 10.9 8.3 8.3 12.5 13.9 10.0 10.3 29 45 LT ** 10.4318° -084.0114° n.a. n.a. n.a. 13.2 13.0 11.4 10.4 14.0 12.8 12.9 12.9 30 45 LT ** 10.4318° -084.0114° n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.5 11.2 9.1 9.2 14.3 14.9 11.7 11.7

1 Supplementary material Table A2: Diversity of Geometridae and Arctiidae. Calculated with EstimateS, version Mac910 (Colwell, 2013, http://purl.oclc.org/estimates). S(obs): Observed species richness. Data from Brehm et al. (2007).

Geometridae Shannon Site Elevation ACE Completeness Alpha Alpha SD Shannon Simpson Site Individuals S(obs) Singletons Doubletons Chao1 Mean Exponential code (m) Mean (Sobs / Chao1) Mean (analytical) Mean Inv Mean Mean 1 LS a 40 424 89 44 15 147.99 147.99 0.60 34.35 2.69 3.62 37.27 20.81 2 LS b 45 401 91 49 10 197.64 197.64 0.46 36.72 2.94 3.68 39.53 22.64 3 EC a 525 399 147 86 27 277.21 277.21 0.53 84.07 6.73 4.32 75.30 34.32 4 EC b 550 528 150 78 30 246.69 246.69 0.61 69.88 4.82 4.32 74.91 42.77 5 MS a 1070 1224 213 87 36 314.03 314.03 0.68 74.54 3.52 4.50 89.73 48.18 6 MS b 1115 1413 237 100 34 378.33 378.33 0.63 81.46 3.60 4.64 103.11 58.81 7 FG a 1710 1474 258 96 47 352.94 352.94 0.73 90.54 3.89 4.65 104.76 43.08 8 FG b 1690 1377 231 81 42 306.29 306.29 0.75 79.4 3.56 4.43 84.32 31.57 9 SR a 2140 1702 224 61 43 265.57 265.57 0.84 69.04 2.90 4.31 74.09 24.22 10 SR b 2090 1647 247 98 37 372.00 372.00 0.66 80.58 3.36 4.36 77.93 28.20 11 V a 2730 1291 132 41 20 171.02 171.02 0.77 36.82 1.88 3.82 45.71 21.60 12 V b 2730 1908 132 37 15 173.60 173.60 0.76 32.21 1.49 3.85 46.9 26.15 Arctiinae Shannon Elevation Singletons Doubletons ACE Completeness Alpha Alpha SD Shannon Simpson Site Site Individuals S(obs) Chao1 Mean Exponential (m) Mean Mean Mean (Sobs / Chao1) Mean (analytical) Mean Inv Mean Mean 1 LS a 40 201 36 15 7 49.06 49.06 0.73 12.78 1.48 2.74 15.47 9.04 2 LS b 45 191 43 21 8 66.21 66.21 0.65 17.27 2.00 2.90 18.18 10.01 3 EC a 525 195 67 34 14 104.21 104.21 0.64 36.08 4.11 3.69 40.04 25.20 4 EC b 550 190 61 37 6 155.64 155.64 0.39 31.10 3.58 3.45 31.52 18.03 5 MS a 1070 396 73 37 13 120.45 120.45 0.61 26.29 2.17 3.30 27.10 13.55 6 MS b 1115 490 67 26 10 96.49 96.49 0.69 20.99 1.63 3.16 23.63 11.63 7 FG a 1710 343 48 18 8 64.95 64.95 0.74 15.19 1.41 3.01 20.24 12.22 8 FG b 1690 213 43 23 4 93.36 93.36 0.46 16.24 1.80 2.66 14.29 5.79 9 SR a 2140 319 35 14 4 53.14 53.14 0.66 10.03 1.01 2.78 16.05 9.68 10 SR b 2090 350 33 9 6 38.13 38.13 0.87 8.94 0.89 2.73 15.36 10.45 11 V a 2730 41 8 1 2 8.00 8.00 1.00 2.97 0.75 1.82 6.16 5.14 12 V b 2730 105 11 2 2 11.33 11.33 0.97 3.10 0.55 1.82 6.16 4.29

2 Supplementary material Table A3: Overview of numbers of specimens and species analysed. Boldface: significant change (p < 0.05).

Geometridae % Arctiinae % SPECIMENS Wing length measured 13850 92.0% 3.909 93.8% estimated 1197 8.0% 258 6.2% Males 10782 71.7% 3.271 78.5% Females 4265 28.3% 897 21.5% Elevational gradient males 9959 2.309 females 3829 726 total 13788 91.6% 3.035 72.9% Lowland light traps total 1259 8.4% 1.132 27.1% SPECIMEN TOTAL 15047 100% 4,167 100%

SPECIES (all specimens) Only males present 207 26.0% 123 39.9% Only females present 130 16.3% 49 15.9% Males and females present 457 57.6% 136 44.2% Males larger 99 21.7% 22 16.2% Females larger 329 72.0% 107 78.7% Sexes equal 29 6.3% 7 5.1% SPECIES TOTAL 794 100% 308 100%

COMMON SPECIES ≥ 10 individuals measured males 190 100% 62 100% females 100 100% 20 100%

FWL CHANGE WITH ELEVATION Increase (bold: significant) males 148 (66) 77% (34%) 37 (15) 60% (24%) females 74 (18) 74% (18%) 15 (4) 75% (20%)

Decrease (bold: significant) males 42 (6) 22% (3%) 25 (4) 40% (6%) females 26 (0) 26% (0%) 5 (0) 25% (0%)

3 Supplementary material Table A4: Forewing length, weight, and forewing area of 57 species of male Geometridae moths. Species ID Sampling site Elevation Date FWL (mm) Weight (mg) FW area (sqmm) Hind wing area (sqmm) Total wing area (sqmm) Wing loading log wing area log FWL log Weight number 27486 1153 1 40 18/04/03 13 7.9 69 62 262 0.03 2.42 1.11 0.90 31315 1203 1 40 21/04/03 8 2.4 25 13 76 0.03 1.88 0.90 0.38 30524 1625 1 40 18/04/03 4 0.6 8 6 28 0.02 1.45 0.60 -0.22 27582 1152 2 45 25/05/03 7 1.7 22 18 80 0.02 1.90 0.85 0.23 25736 1237 3 525 03/06/03 17 20.8 110 89 398 0.05 2.60 1.23 1.32 31183 1150 4 550 19/04/03 14 16.5 77 64 282 0.06 2.45 1.15 1.22 26608 1186 4 550 03/06/03 11 5.5 40 32 144 0.04 2.16 1.04 0.74 31340 1198 4 550 03/06/03 11 6.9 40 27 134 0.05 2.13 1.04 0.84 25942 1213 4 550 19/04/03 14 4.3 69 66 270 0.02 2.43 1.15 0.63 36438 1461 4 550 10/02/04 12 9 60 53 226 0.04 2.35 1.08 0.95 34628 1219 5 1070 18/02/04 18 19.8 122 99 442 0.04 2.65 1.26 1.30 28437 1314 5 1070 23/05/03 17 17.6 103 71 348 0.05 2.54 1.23 1.25 34471 1323 5 1070 14/03/04 17 11.2 103 77 360 0.03 2.56 1.23 1.05 29211 1389 5 1070 22/05/03 20 14.5 158 134 584 0.02 2.77 1.30 1.16 27567 1417 5 1070 22/05/03 13 8.9 70 53 246 0.04 2.39 1.11 0.95 34415 1315 6 1115 19/02/04 19 24.2 153 115 536 0.05 2.73 1.28 1.38 27422 1318 6 1115 23/05/03 13 18 68 51 238 0.08 2.38 1.11 1.26 29262 1380 6 1115 22/05/03 36 57.5 445 407 1704 0.03 3.23 1.56 1.76 37371 1720 6 1115 18/02/04 9 2.4 26 16 84 0.03 1.92 0.95 0.38 26074 1247 7 1710 05/05/03 33 101.8 383 286 1338 0.08 3.13 1.52 2.01 27239 1292 7 1710 05/05/03 14 15 76 65 282 0.05 2.45 1.15 1.18 34424 1316 7 1710 15/02/04 19 27 131 95 452 0.06 2.66 1.28 1.43 28409 1332 7 1710 05/05/03 16 9.5 90 69 318 0.03 2.50 1.20 0.98 35130 1348 7 1710 15/02/04 14 7.7 73 58 262 0.03 2.42 1.15 0.89 28097 1353 7 1710 05/05/03 11 2.5 45 37 164 0.02 2.21 1.04 0.40 26340 1522 7 1710 05/05/03 17 15.7 63 48 222 0.07 2.35 1.23 1.20 26163 1217 8 1690 29/05/03 25 57.5 247 210 914 0.06 2.96 1.40 1.76 33191 1236 8 1690 29/05/03 19 32.5 134 103 474 0.07 2.68 1.28 1.51 28804 1254 8 1690 06/05/03 21 54.5 162 98 520 0.10 2.72 1.32 1.74 39941 1484 8 1690 17/03/04 21 31 178 135 626 0.05 2.80 1.32 1.49

Table A4 continued

Species Sampling FW area Hind wing area Total wing log wing ID Elevation Date FWL (mm) Weight (mg) Wing loading log FWL log Weight number site (sqmm) (sqmm) area(sqmm) area

29625 1548 8 1690 06/05/03 17 18.3 101 77 356 0.05 2.55 1.23 1.26 35425 1686 8 1690 16/02/04 11 3.3 42 28 140 0.02 2.15 1.04 0.52 35562 1216 9 2140 12/02/04 22 17.7 190 113 606 0.03 2.78 1.34 1.25 34904 1267 9 2140 12/02/04 22 35.9 188 151 678 0.05 2.83 1.34 1.56 26865 1289 9 2140 18/05/03 23 25.9 173 135 616 0.04 2.79 1.36 1.41 29518 1514 9 2140 18/05/03 17 10.6 109 83 384 0.03 2.58 1.23 1.03 25696 156 10 2090 25/04/03 12 5.8 56 44 200 0.03 2.30 1.08 0.76 25901 1232 10 2090 19/05/03 16 13.9 101 77 356 0.04 2.55 1.20 1.14 27279 1257 10 2090 25/04/03 35 83.3 490 418 1816 0.05 3.26 1.54 1.92 26581 1303 10 2090 25/04/03 19 33.6 120 100 440 0.08 2.64 1.28 1.53 30382 1539 10 2090 25/04/03 15 17.8 86 70 312 0.06 2.49 1.18 1.25 29390 1570 10 2090 19/05/03 15 15.1 80 61 282 0.05 2.45 1.18 1.18 31047 1576 10 2090 19/05/03 10 3.9 33 20 106 0.04 2.03 1.00 0.59 25741 1238 11 2725 27/04/03 13 4.6 61 44 210 0.02 2.32 1.11 0.66 25679 1243 11 2725 26/05/03 19 26.5 146 113 518 0.05 2.71 1.28 1.42 26568 1297 11 2725 26/05/03 22 32.1 179 150 658 0.05 2.82 1.34 1.51 27342 1211 12 2730 28/04/03 19 16.3 153 111 528 0.03 2.72 1.28 1.21 27232 1294 12 2730 28/04/03 19 11.3 119 97 432 0.03 2.64 1.28 1.05 28453 1329 12 2730 28/04/03 19 17 144 107 502 0.03 2.70 1.28 1.23 29416 1365 12 2730 28/04/03 15 10.4 112 90 404 0.03 2.61 1.18 1.02 27949 1406 12 2730 28/04/03 15 7.9 86 63 298 0.03 2.47 1.18 0.90 34600 1535 12 2730 24/03/04 21 22.5 176 138 628 0.04 2.80 1.32 1.35 30302 1538 12 2730 28/04/03 14 6.8 76 56 264 0.03 2.42 1.15 0.83 25173 91 25 50 29/06/03 21 25.6 145 118 526 0.05 2.72 1.32 1.41 25176 1165 26 50 29/06/03 24 55.1 232 229 922 0.06 2.96 1.38 1.74 25137 1166 26 50 29/06/03 7 1.8 18 12 60 0.03 1.78 0.85 0.26 44517 1159 31 45 01/03/04 21 26.3 146 113 518 0.05 2.71 1.32 1.42

5 Supplementary material Table A5: Forewing length, weight, and forewing area of 57 species of female Geometridae moths. Species Sampling FW area Hind wing area Total wing area log wing ID Elevation Date FWL (mm) Weight (mg) Wing loading log FWL log Weight number site (sqmm) (sqmm) (sqmm) area 27447 1150 2 45 23/04/03 15 16.2 96 77 346 0.047 2.54 1.18 1.21 27480 1153 2 45 20/06/03 13 8.8 63 50 226 0.039 2.35 1.11 0.94 31289 1203 2 45 20/06/03 8 3.4 21 15 72 0.047 1.86 0.90 0.53 36505 1152 3 525 21/03/04 9 3.2 32 25 114 0.028 2.06 0.95 0.51 25735 1237 3 525 03/06/03 19 35.6 145 117 524 0.068 2.72 1.28 1.55 26617 1186 4 550 03/06/03 12 9.8 50 43 186 0.053 2.27 1.08 0.99 34290 1303 5 1070 14/03/04 21 39.4 156 123 558 0.071 2.75 1.32 1.60 34338 1318 5 1070 19/02/04 14 16.8 73 56 258 0.065 2.41 1.15 1.23 29418 1323 5 1070 23/05/03 19 11.7 129 90 438 0.027 2.64 1.28 1.07 29268 1380 5 1070 23/05/03 39 96.7 541 474 2030 0.048 3.31 1.59 1.99 29209 1389 5 1070 23/05/03 24 20.7 204 163 734 0.028 2.87 1.38 1.32 27560 1417 5 1070 01/05/03 17 14.7 123 98 442 0.033 2.65 1.23 1.17 26593 91 6 1115 22/05/03 22 36.3 156 131 574 0.063 2.76 1.34 1.56 26006 1165 6 1115 23/05/03 30 86.4 384 300 1368 0.063 3.14 1.48 1.94 34416 1315 6 1115 19/02/04 22 35 182 121 606 0.058 2.78 1.34 1.54 29325 1353 6 1115 22/05/03 10 2.5 41 28 138 0.018 2.14 1.00 0.40 27835 1461 6 1115 22/05/03 14 8.7 87 64 302 0.029 2.48 1.15 0.94 27263 1292 7 1710 05/05/03 15 6.7 90 73 326 0.021 2.51 1.18 0.83 34504 1314 7 1710 18/03/04 18 17.9 109 74 366 0.049 2.56 1.26 1.25 34495 1329 7 1710 15/02/04 21 17.5 182 130 624 0.028 2.80 1.32 1.24 33466 1484 7 1710 30/05/03 24 57.3 239 173 824 0.070 2.92 1.38 1.76 34758 1522 7 1710 15/02/04 19 12 79 59 276 0.043 2.44 1.28 1.08 37392 1720 7 1710 18/03/04 9 3.9 33 21 108 0.036 2.03 0.95 0.59 26871 1289 8 1690 06/05/03 24 50.1 192 148 680 0.074 2.83 1.38 1.70 35123 1365 8 1690 16/02/04 16 12.6 96 72 336 0.038 2.53 1.20 1.10 25718 156 9 2140 18/05/03 14 12.7 82 63 290 0.044 2.46 1.15 1.10 34863 1254 9 2140 12/02/04 23 68.4 189 121 620 0.110 2.79 1.36 1.84 27284 1257 9 2140 24/04/03 45 178.9 788 658 2892 0.062 3.46 1.65 2.25 34775 1514 9 2140 12/02/04 20 18.9 138 98 472 0.040 2.67 1.30 1.28 30337 1538 9 2140 24/04/03 14 9.4 78 61 278 0.034 2.44 1.15 0.97 30389 1539 9 2140 18/05/03 15 15.1 92 71 326 0.046 2.51 1.18 1.18

Table A5 continued

Species Sampling FW area Hind wing area Total wing area log wing ID Elevation Date FWL (mm) Weight (mg) Wing loading log FWL log Weight number site (sqmm) (sqmm) (sqmm) area 30960 1576 9 2140 24/04/03 12 8 50 28 156 0.051 2.19 1.08 0.90 27145 1686 9 2140 18/05/03 12 5.5 50 34 168 0.033 2.23 1.08 0.74 25432 1217 10 2090 25/04/03 27 107.2 287 218 1010 0.106 3.00 1.43 2.03 25878 1232 10 2090 19/05/03 16 12.4 108 77 370 0.034 2.57 1.20 1.09 25555 1247 10 2090 19/05/03 35 142.8 493 365 1716 0.083 3.23 1.54 2.15 28406 1332 10 2090 25/04/03 15 8.8 92 65 314 0.028 2.50 1.18 0.94 29337 1348 10 2090 25/04/03 14 10.2 86 67 306 0.033 2.49 1.15 1.01 29399 1570 10 2090 19/05/03 15 21.2 92 63 310 0.068 2.49 1.18 1.33 25830 1216 11 2725 26/05/03 25 23.3 234 158 784 0.030 2.89 1.40 1.37 37500 1238 11 2725 23/02/04 13 9.6 79 54 266 0.036 2.42 1.11 0.98 26021 1267 11 2725 26/05/03 26 50.7 266 199 930 0.055 2.97 1.41 1.71 27223 1294 11 2725 26/05/03 19 14.3 143 109 504 0.028 2.70 1.28 1.16 34604 1535 11 2725 25/03/04 23 36 191 143 668 0.054 2.82 1.36 1.56 27984 1211 12 2730 28/04/03 20 31.5 154 116 540 0.058 2.73 1.30 1.50 34629 1219 12 2730 22/02/04 22 38.2 180 128 616 0.062 2.79 1.34 1.58 29159 1243 12 2730 28/04/03 19 22.4 143 104 494 0.045 2.69 1.28 1.35 26576 1297 12 2730 28/04/03 24 49.1 230 167 794 0.062 2.90 1.38 1.69 27398 1316 12 2730 28/04/03 18 21.3 118 76 388 0.055 2.59 1.26 1.33 33353 1406 12 2730 27/05/03 16 10.7 96 72 336 0.032 2.53 1.20 1.03 33309 1548 12 2730 27/05/03 22 40.7 186 129 630 0.065 2.80 1.34 1.61 31342 1198 25 50 29/06/03 11 5.6 42 29 142 0.039 2.15 1.04 0.75 34371 1166 27 40 24/02/04 8 3.1 27 18 90 0.034 1.95 0.90 0.49 37000 1625 28 40 21/02/04 5 1 9 6 30 0.033 1.48 0.70 0.00 44516 1159 31 45 29/02/04 23 48.7 169 126 590 0.083 2.77 1.36 1.69 44544 1213 31 45 30/06/03 13 7 64 52 232 0.030 2.37 1.11 0.85 Rafael 44522 1236 2020 19/05/03 23 66 192 135 654 0.101 2.82 1.36 1.82 Refugio

7 Supplementary material Table A6: Forewing length, weight, and forewing area of 27 species of male Arctiinae moths.

Alas Species Sampling FW area Hind wing area Total wing Wing log wing log ID Elevation Date FWL (mm) Weight (mg) log FWL Number number site (sqmm) (sqmm) area (sqmm) loading area Weight 3642276 42276 36 1 40 21/05/03 15 22.1 68 30 196 0.11 2.29 1.18 1.34 3641130 41130 137 2 45 22/04/03 16 25.4 78 47 250 0.10 2.40 1.20 1.40 3642143 42143 45 3 525 21/03/04 15 18.4 66 37 206 0.09 2.31 1.18 1.26 3642065 42065 111 3 525 10/02/04 12 11 35 22 114 0.10 2.06 1.08 1.04 3641223 41223 304 3 525 02/06/03 17 58.9 92 30 244 0.24 2.39 1.23 1.77 3641107 41107 212 5 1070 22/05/03 13 20.5 45 14 118 0.17 2.07 1.11 1.31 3642197 42197 288 5 1070 19/02/04 32 115.4 393 299 1384 0.08 3.14 1.51 2.06 3642202 42202 291 5 1070 14/03/04 40 286.5 556 400 1912 0.15 3.28 1.60 2.46 3642243 42243 107 6 1115 15/03/04 21 48.2 130 90 440 0.11 2.64 1.32 1.68 3640593 40593 229 6 1115 18/02/04 44 348.7 555 320 1750 0.20 3.24 1.64 2.54 3640816 40816 8 7 1710 05/05/03 21 98.3 140 78 436 0.23 2.64 1.32 1.99 3642298 42298 100 7 1710 15/02/04 20 55.4 104 57 322 0.17 2.51 1.30 1.74 3641913 41913 150 7 1710 15/02/04 17 14.7 70 23 186 0.08 2.27 1.23 1.17 3641926 41926 192 7 1710 15/02/04 17 20.8 86 54 280 0.07 2.45 1.23 1.32 3640735 40735 182 8 1690 06/05/03 15 15.7 62 41 206 0.08 2.31 1.18 1.20 3640383 40383 19 9 2140 24/04/03 34 173.1 328 219 1094 0.16 3.04 1.53 2.24 3641183 41183 223 9 2140 18/05/03 24 57 176 119 590 0.10 2.77 1.38 1.76 3641826 41826 168 10 2090 11/03/04 19 18.7 103 85 376 0.05 2.58 1.28 1.27 3640558 40558 175 10 2090 25/04/03 18 42.6 100 48 296 0.14 2.47 1.26 1.63 3642556 42556 330 10 2090 13/02/04 15 7.2 63 60 246 0.03 2.39 1.18 0.86 3641258 41258 49 21 500 31/05/03 13 21 55 30 170 0.12 2.23 1.11 1.32 3640506 40506 34 24 500 20/04/03 16 52 84 28 224 0.23 2.35 1.20 1.72 3640071 40071 39 26 50 01/07/03 15 18.9 53 33 172 0.11 2.24 1.18 1.28 3642398 42398 55 28 40 28/03/04 9 3.2 27 22 98 0.03 1.99 0.95 0.51 3642079 42079 113 28 40 28/03/04 11 8.1 34 12 92 0.09 1.96 1.04 0.91 3644119 44119 6 31 45 30/06/03 25 153 215 150 730 0.21 2.86 1.40 2.18 3644170 44170 120 31 45 17/04/03 17 36 60 30 180 0.20 2.26 1.23 1.56

8 Supplementary material Table A7: Forewing length, weight, and forewing area of 27 species of female Arctiinae moths.

Alas Species Sampling FW area Hind wing area Total wing Wing log wing log ID Elevation Date FWL (mm) Weight (mg) log FWL Number number site (sqmm) (sqmm) area (sqmm) loading area Weight 3642220 42220 39 1 40 11/02/04 16 14.7 72 39 222 0.07 2.35 1.20 1.17 3642245 42245 107 1 40 09/03/04 22 37.7 150 93 486 0.08 2.69 1.34 1.58 3642068 42068 111 1 40 11/02/04 13 17.8 37 22 118 0.15 2.07 1.11 1.25 3641117 41117 120 2 45 25/05/03 20 62.4 108 59 334 0.19 2.52 1.30 1.80 3640505 40505 34 3 525 03/06/03 19 96 119 53 344 0.28 2.54 1.28 1.98 3642274 42274 36 3 525 09/02/04 20 32.2 127 56 366 0.09 2.56 1.30 1.51 3642201 42201 291 4 550 09/02/04 46 479.7 747 536 2566 0.19 3.41 1.66 2.68 3641225 41225 304 4 550 20/04/03 21 38.9 118 53 342 0.11 2.53 1.32 1.59 3640753 40753 182 5 1070 23/05/03 15 22.5 77 48 250 0.09 2.40 1.18 1.35 3642196 42196 288 5 1070 19/02/04 33 186.1 459 351 1620 0.11 3.21 1.52 2.27 3642337 42337 8 7 1710 15/02/04 26 120.8 220 101 642 0.19 2.81 1.41 2.08 3640591 40591 229 7 1710 15/02/04 46 541.9 573 339 1824 0.30 3.26 1.66 2.73 3644151 44151 192 8 1690 17/03/04 18 23.6 89 48 274 0.09 2.44 1.26 1.37 3641185 41185 223 9 2140 18/05/03 28 110.4 235 148 766 0.14 2.88 1.45 2.04 3640384 40384 19 10 2090 25/04/03 35 133 351 210 1122 0.12 3.05 1.54 2.12 3642295 42295 100 10 2090 11/03/04 22 55.7 100 61 322 0.17 2.51 1.34 1.75 3640956 40956 150 10 2090 25/04/03 18 23.6 77 26 206 0.11 2.31 1.26 1.37 3642508 42508 168 10 2090 13/02/04 21 29 123 97 440 0.07 2.64 1.32 1.46 3640370 40370 330 10 2090 19/05/03 15 8.8 57 56 226 0.04 2.35 1.18 0.94 3640559 40559 175 12 2730 28/04/03 25 68 200 110 620 0.11 2.79 1.40 1.83 3640255 40255 6 23 500 19/04/03 35 110.8 403 250 1306 0.08 3.12 1.54 2.04 3640107 40107 45 25 50 01/07/03 13 19.7 58 36 188 0.10 2.27 1.11 1.29 3642078 42078 113 26 50 04/03/04 12 11 38 14 104 0.11 2.02 1.08 1.04 3642089 42089 212 26 50 13/03/04 13 13.7 41 14 110 0.12 2.04 1.11 1.14 3642403 42403 55 27 40 21/03/04 12 6.6 43 33 152 0.04 2.18 1.08 0.82 3641918 41918 137 28 40 28/02/04 14 29.1 66 37 206 0.14 2.31 1.15 1.46 3642266 42266 49 29 45 20/03/04 14 29 63 31 188 0.15 2.27 1.15 1.46

9 Supplementary material Table A8: Polynomial spatial regressions of FWLs (assemblage-based approach) of Geometridae and Arctiinae. Significant values are indicated in boldface. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed with the Spatial Structure Analyses module of SAM. In the great majority of cases, Moran’s I for regression residuals lay within the 95% confidence interval of zero, and significance values were therefore not affected.

Morans I: Residuals for all 6 distance r p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero? GEOMETRIDAE Temperature Species approach Geo m 0.885 <0.001 23.04 yes Geo f 0.97 <0.001 19.87 yes Assemblage approach Geo m 0.802 0.002 52.68 yes Geo f 0.978 <0.001 20.95 yes Rainfall Species approach Geo m 0.274 0.389 40.44 1 outside Geo f 0.536 0.072 49.71 1 outside Assemblage approach Geo m 0.073 0.823 64.98 1 outside Geo f 0.599 0.039 52.96 1 outside EVI Species approach Geo m 0.614 0.034 35.70 3 outside Geo f 0.515 0.087 50.08 5 outside Assemblage approach Geo m 0.658 0.020 58.25 yes Geo f 0.496 0.101 54.92 4 outside

ARCTIINAE Temperature Species approach Arc m 0.973 <0.001 37.32 2 minimally outside Arc f 0.94 <0.001 48.36 1 minimally outside Assemblage approach Arc m 0.972 <0.001 39.65 1 outside Arc f 0.969 <0.001 37.20 yes Rainfall Species approach Arc m 0.620 0.032 66.53 2 minimally outside Arc f 0.475 0.119 71.08 2 outside Assemblage approach Arc m 0.639 0.025 68.26 1 outside Arc f 0.634 0.027 64.73 1 outside EVI Species approach Arc m 0.457 0.125 69.40 4 outside Arc f 0.615 0.033 68.46 4 outside Assemblage approach Arc m 0.362 0.248 72.87 5 outside Arc f 0.461 0.132 68.04 4 outside

10 Supplementary material Table A9: Linear spatial regressions of FWLs (species-based approach) of Geometridae and Arctiinae subtaxa and three environmental parameters, plus elevation. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed with the Spatial Structure Analyses module of SAM. In the great majority of cases, Moran’s I for regression residuals lay within the 95% confidence interval of zero, and significance values were therefore not affected. Significant values are highlighted in boldface.

GEOMETRIDAE Morans I: Residuals for all 6 distance Temperature r p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero? Geo m All Geometridae 0.833 0.001 27.52 1 minimally outside Ennominae 0.750 0.005 39.45 yes Larentiinae 0.219 0.494 61.40 yes Geometrinae 0.941 0.001 24.49 yes Sterrhinae 0.937 0.001 33.79 yes Geo f All Geometridae 0.953 0.001 25.07 yes Ennominae 0.896 0.001 40.24 2 minimally outside Larentiinae 0.945 0.001 30.58 yes Geometrinae 0.761 0.004 53.72 yes Sterrhinae 0.886 0.001 45.33 1 minimally outside Rainfall Geo m All Geometridae 0.298 0.347 40.59 1 outside Ennominae 0.246 0.441 48.64 yes Larentiinae 0.312 0.323 60.76 yes Geometrinae 0.483 0.111 47.22 2 outside Sterrhinae 0.723 0.008 50.25 1 outside Geo f All Geometridae 0.565 0.056 49.12 1 outside Ennominae 0.376 0.229 57.94 1 outside Larentiinae 0.812 0.001 44.37 1 outside Geometrinae 0.373 0.232 62.32 1 outside Sterrhinae 0.669 0.017 56.64 2 outside EVI Geo m All Geometridae 0.606 0.037 36.22 3 outside Ennominae 0.358 0.253 47.74 yes Larentiinae 0.426 0.168 59.59 yes Geometrinae 0.644 0.024 43.98 4 outside Sterrhinae 0.337 0.285 57.67 4 outside Geo f All Geometridae 0.517 0.085 50.00 4 outside Ennominae 0.697 0.012 51.78 5 outside Larentiinae 0.231 0.47 56.66 4 outside Geometrinae 0.501 0.097 60.65 2 minimally outside Sterrhinae 0.493 0.104 60.42 4 outside

11 Supplementary material Table A9 continued

Morans I: Residuals for all 6 distance Elevation r p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero? Geo m All Geometridae 0.829 p<0.001 27.78 yes Ennominae 0.748 p=0.005 39.57 yes Larentiinae 0.222 p=0.489 61.39 yes Geometrinae 0.939 p<0.001 24.80 yes Sterrhinae 0.936 p<0.001 34.11 yes Geo f All Geometridae 0.950 p<0.001 25.85 yes Ennominae 0.894 p<0.001 40.47 3 minmally outside Larentiinae 0.944 p<0.001 30.67 yes Geometrinae 0.760 p<0.001 53.79 yes Sterrhinae 0.882 p<0.001 45.66 1 minimally outside

12 Supplementary material Table A9 continued

ARCTIINAE Morans I: Residuals for all 6 distance Temperature r p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero? Arc m All Arctiinae 0.983 0.001 31.44 1 minimally outside Phaegopterini 0.993 0.001 25.16 yes Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.954 0.001 33.00 2 minimally outside Lithosiinae 0.600 0.039 58.22 yes Arc f All Arctiinae 0.933 0.001 49.69 1 minimally outside Phaegopterini 0.872 0.001 64.52 yes Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.868 0.001 26.09 yes Lithosiinae 0.820 0.001 46.17 1 outside Rainfall Arc m All Arctiinae 0.666 0.018 65.28 1 outside Phaegopterini 0.667 0.018 69.11 1 outside Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.777 0.003 50.87 2 outside Lithosiinae 0.083 0.797 63.48 yes Arc f All Arctiinae 0.520 0.083 70.39 1 outside Phaegopterini 0.399 0.199 79.54 1 outside Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.321 0.088 42.48 1 outside Lithosiinae 0.315 0.318 58.31 1 outside EVI Arc m All Arctiinae 0.459 0.133 69.47 4 outside Phaegopterini 0.439 0.153 73.61 4 outside Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.306 0.333 60.80 3 outside Lithosiinae 0.469 0.124 60.59 yes Arc f All Arctiinae 0.607 0.036 68.67 4 outside Phaegopterini 0.726 0.008 72.65 1 outside Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.207 0.187 44.04 2 minimally outside Lithosiinae 0.534 0.074 55.54 3 outside Elevation Arc m All Arctiinae 0.982 0.001 32.12 1 minimally outside Phaegopterini 0.991 0.001 27.79 yes Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.955 0.001 32.85 2 minimally outside Lithosiinae 0.600 0.039 58.21 1 minimally outside Arc f All Arctiinae 0.932 0.001 49.90 yes Phaegopterini 0.869 0.001 64.73 yes Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 0.870 0.001 25.93 yes Lithosiinae 0.819 0.001 46.24 1 minimally outside

13 Supplementary material Table A10: Multiple regressions and AIC values calculated in SAM 4.0 software (corresponding to Table 2 in the main text). Significant values and the lowest AIC value for each group are indicated in boldface. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed with the Spatial Structure Analyses module of SAM. In the great majority of cases, Moran’s I for regression residuals lay within the 95% confidence interval of zero, and significance values were therefore not affected.. Explanatory variable 1: Temperature; variable 2: Precipitation; variable 3: Enhanced Vegetation Index.

2 Morans I: Residuals for all 6 distance Model Variables n Variables r adjusted p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero?

Geometridae males, species approach Mod #2 1,2 2 0.865 <0.001 1 minimally outside 20.930 Mod #3 1,2,3 3 0.852 <0.001 yes 27.004 Mod #1 1 1 0.704 <0.001 1 minimally outside 26.770 Mod #4 1,3 2 0.771 <0.001 yes 27.254 Mod #6 2,3 2 0.534 0.021 yes 35.791 Mod #7 3 1 0.366 0.037 2 minimally outside 35.899 Mod #5 2 1 0.092 0.337 1 substantially outside 40.214

Geometridae males, assemblage approach Mod #2 1, 2 2 0.896 <0.001 1 minimally outside 41.470 Mod #3 1, 2, 3 3 0.907 <0.001 yes 45.177 Mod #4 1, 3 2 0.666 0.005 yes 55.467 Mod #1 1 1 0.537 0.007 1 minimally outside 55.796 Mod #7 3 1 0.422 0.022 1 minimally outside 58.472 Mod #6 2, 3 2 0.440 0.048 yes 61.656 Mod #5 2 1 0.011 0.747 1 substantially outside 64.916

Geometridae females, species approach Mod #1 1 1 0.912 <0.001 yes 24.670 Mod #2 1, 2 2 0.926 <0.001 yes 26.150 Mod #4 1, 3 2 0.921 <0.001 yes 26.897 Mod #3 1, 2, 3 3 0.919 <0.001 yes 32.240 Mod #6 2, 3 2 0.729 0.002 yes 41.685 Mod #5 2 1 0.324 0.053 1 substantially outside 49.080 Mod #7 3 1 0.255 0.094 5 outside 50.250

Geometridae females, assemblage approach Mod #1 1 1 0.942 <0.001 yes 24.140 Mod #4 1, 3 2 0.961 <0.001 yes 26.928 Mod #2 1, 2 2 0.938 <0.001 yes 28.530 Mod #3 1, 2, 3 3 0.940 <0.001 yes 33.170 Mod #6 2, 3 2 0.805 <0.001 yes 42.250 Mod #5 2 1 0.399 0.028 1 substantially outside 52.189 Mod #7 3 1 0.236 0.110 5 outside 55.075

14 Supplementary material Table A10 continued

2 Morans I: Residuals for all 6 distance Model Variables n Variables r adjusted p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero?

Arctiinae males, species approach Mod #1 1 1 0.967 <0.001 1 minimally outside 31.320 Mod #4 1, 3 2 0.970 <0.001 1 minimally outside 33.684 Mod #2 1, 2 2 0.966 <0.001 1 minimally outside 35.503 Mod #3 1, 2, 3 3 0.968 <0.001 yes 39.778 Mod #6 2, 3 2 0.826 <0.001 yes 54.922 Mod #5 2 1 0.444 0.018 2 minimally outside 65.309 Mod #7 3 1 0.210 0.134 4 outside 69.531

Arctiinae males, assemblage approach Mod #1 1 1 0.918 <0.001 2 minimally outside 44.590 Mod #2 1, 2 2 0.908 <0.001 1 minimally outside 49.431 Mod #4 1, 3 2 0.907 <0.001 2 minimally outside 49.609 Mod #3 1, 2, 3 3 0.906 <0.001* 2 clearly outside, 2 outside 54.723 Mod #6 2, 3 2 0.675 0.004 1 minimally outside 64.655 Mod #5 2 1 0.435 0.02 1 substantially outside 67.713 Mod #7 3 1 0.123 0.263 5 outside 72.978

Arctiinae females, species approach Mod #4 1, 3 2 0.934 <0.001 yes 44.854 Mod #2 1, 2 2 0.905 <0.001 yes 49.458 Mod #1 1 1 0.872 <0.001 yes 49.520 Mod #3 1, 2, 3 3 0.928 <0.001 yes 51.139 Mod #6 2, 3 2 0.817 <0.001 yes 57.353 Mod #7 3 1 0.368 0.037 3 minimally outside 68.645 Mod #5 2 1 0.272 0.272 1 substantially outside 70.33

Arctiinae females, assemblage approach Mod #1 1 1 0.945 <0.001 yes 36.090 Mod #4 1, 3 2 0.95 <0.001 yes 38.622 Mod #2 1, 2 2 0.943 <0.001 yes 39.995 Mod #3 1, 2, 3 3 0.947 <0.001 yes 44.291 Mod #6 2, 3 2 0.829 <0.001 yes 53.317 Mod #5 2 1 0.453 0.016 1 minimally outside 63.660 Mod #7 3 1 0.203 0.141 4 outside 68.180

15 Supplementary material Table A11: Multiple regressions and AIC values calculated in SAM 4.0 software (corresponding to Table 2 in the main text). Significant values and the lowest AIC value for each group are indicated in boldface. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed with the Spatial Structure Analyses module of SAM. In the great majority of cases, Moran’s I for regression residuals lay within the 95% confidence interval of zero, and significance values were therefore not affected. Morans I: Residuals for all 6 distance r p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero? GEOMETRIDAE Temperature Species approach Geo m 0.833 <0.001 27.52 1 minimally outside Geo f 0.953 <0.001 25.07 yes Assemblage approach Geo m 0.733 0.007 55.80 2 minimally outside Geo f 0.967 <0.001 24.43 yes Rainfall Species approach Geo m 0.298 0.347 40.59 1 outside Geo f 0.565 0.056 49.12 1 outside Assemblage approach Geo m 0.104 0.747 64.92 1 outside Geo f 0.632 0.040 52.19 1 outside EVI Species approach Geo m 0.606 0.037 36.22 3 outside Geo f 0.517 0.085 50.00 4 outside Assemblage approach Geo m 0.649 0.022 58.47 1 minimally outside Geo f 0.485 0.110 55.08 4 outside

ARCTIINAE Temperature Species approach Arc m 0.983 <0.001 31.44 1 minimally outside Arc f 0.520 0.083 70.39 1 outside Assemblage approach Arc m 0.957 <0.001 44.94 yes Arc f 0.973 <0.001 35.59 yes Rainfall Species approach Arc m 0.666 0.018 65.28 1 outside Arc f 0.520 0.083 70.39 1 outside Assemblage approach Arc m 0.659 0.02 64.71 3 outside Arc f 0.673 0.016 63.66 1 outside EVI Species approach Arc m 0.459 0.133 69.47 4 outside Arc f 0.607 0.036 68.67 4 outside Assemblage approach Arc m 0.351 0.263 72.98 4 outside Arc f 0.451 0.141 68.18 4 outside

16 Supplementary material Table A12: Comparison of linear and polynomial multiple regressions, showing the best models selected by AIC. Compare with Table A9–A11. Morans I: Residuals 2 for all 6 distance Model Variables n Variables r adjusted p AIC classes within 95% CI of zero? Geometridae males, species approach Temperature, linear Mod #2 2 0.865 <0.001 1 minimally outside 20.93 precipitation Temperature, polynomial Mod #2 2 0.888 <0.001 yes 18.62 precipitation Geometridae males, assemblage approach Temperature, linear Mod #2 2 0.896 <0.001 1 minimally outside 41.47 precipitation Temperature, polynomial Mod #2 2 0.917 <0.001 1 minimally outside 38.74 precipitation Geometridae females, species approach linear Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.912 <0.001 yes 24.67 polynomial Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.941 <0.001 yes 19.87 Geometridae females, assemblage approach linear Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.942 <0.001 yes 24.14 polynomial Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.956 <0.001 yes 20.95 Arctiinae males, species approach

linear Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.967 <0.001 1 minimally outside 31.32

polynomial Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.946 <0.001 2 minimally outside 37.32 Arctiinae males, assemblage approach

linear Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.918 <0.001 2 minimally outside 44.59

polynomial Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.945 <0.001 1 outside 39.65 Arctiinae females, species approach Temperature, linear Mod #4 2 0.934 <0.001 yes 44.85 EVI Temperature, polynomial Mod #4 2 0.923 <0.001 yes 46.90 EVI Arctiinae females, assemblage approach linear Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.945 <0.001 yes 36.09 polynomial Mod #1 Temperature 1 0.940 <0.001 yes 37.20

17 Supplementary material Figure A1. Frequency histograms of the forewing lengths (FWL) of (a) Geometridae and (b) Arctiinae from 12 sites along the elevational gradient (all sites combined). Blue: males, red: females. For histograms for each site, see Supplementary Material Figures A2–A5.

20 Percent

0 0–5 10–15 20–25 30–35 5–10 15–20 25–30 35–40 Geometridae size class (mm) b)

Percent 20

0 10–15 20–25 30–35 40–45 5–10 15–20 25–30 35–40 45–50 Arctiinae size class (mm) Supplementary material Figure A2: Histogram of the FWL of Geometridae moths (males) from 12 sites (assemblage-based approach) along the elevation gradient. Arranged according to elevation. Geometridae Histograms

site 1 40 m site 2 45 m

45 40 35 30 % 25 20 15 10 5 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 3 525 m site 4 550 m 45 40 35 30 % 25 20 15 10 5 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 5 1070 m site 6 1115 m 45 40 35 30 % 25 20 15 10 5 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 7 1710 m site 8 1690 m

45 40 35 30 % 25 20 15 10 5 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 9 2140 m 2090 m

45 40 35 30 % 25 20 15 10 5 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 site 11 2725 m site 12 2730 m

45 40 35 30 % 25 20 15 10 5 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

size class (mm) size class (mm) Supplementary material Figure A3: Histogram of the FWL of Geometridae moths (females) from 12 sites (assemblage-based approach) along the elevation gradient. Arranged according to elevation.

site 1 40 m site 2 45 m 70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 % 30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 3 525 m site 4 550 m 70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 % 30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 5 1070 m site 6 1115 m 70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 % 30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 7 1710 m site 8 1690 m 70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 % 30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 9 2140 m site 10 2090 m 70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 % 30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

site 11 2725 m site 12 2730 m 70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45

size class (mm) size class (mm) Supplementary material Figure A4: Histogram of the FWL of Arctiinae moths (males) from 12 sites (assemblage-based approachArctiinae) along theHistograms elevation gradient. Arranged according to elevation.

site 1 40 m site 2 45 m

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 % 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50

site 3 525 m site 4 550 m

site 5 1070 m site 6 1115 m

site 7 1710 m site 8 1690 m

site 9 2140 m site 10 2090 m

site 11 2725 m site 12 2730 m

size class (mm) size class (mm) Supplementary material Figure A5: Histogram of the FWL of Arctiinae moths (females) from 12 sites (assemblage-based approach) along the elevation gradient. Arranged according to elevation. Arctiinae Histograms site 1 40 m site 2 45 m site70 1 40 m 70 site 2 45 m

10060 60 100 90 90 50 80 50 80

40 70 40 70 60 60 % 30 30 50 50 20 40 20 40 30 30 10 10 20 20 100 0 10 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 0 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 site 3 525 m site 4 550 m site 3 525 m site 4 550 m 70 70 100 100 60 60 90 90 50 80 50 80 70 70 40 40 60 60 % 30 50 30 50 40 40 20 20 30 30 10 20 10 20 10 10 0 0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 0 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50

sitesite 5 1070 1070 m site 6 site1115 6 m 1115 m 70 70 100 100 60 90 60 90 80 80 50 50 70 70 40 60 40 60 % 50 50 30 30 40 40 20 30 20 30 20 20 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 – 5 – 5 – 10 – 10 – 15 – 15 – 20 – 20 – 25 – 25 – 30 – 30 – 35 – 35 – 40 – – 45 40 – – 50 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – – 15 5 – – 20 10 – 25 – 15 – 30 – 20 – 35 – 25 – 40 – 30 – 45 – 35 – 50 – 40 – 45 – 50

sitesite 7 1710 1710 m site 8site 1690 8 m 1690 m 10070 70 100 90 60 60 90 80 80 50 70 50 70 60 60 % 40 40 50 50 30 40 30 40

20 30 20 30 20 20 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 – 5 – 5 – 10 – 10 – 15 – 15 – 20 – 20 – 25 – 25 – 30 – 30 – 35 – 35 – 40 – – 45 40 – – 50 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – – 15 5 – – 20 10 –– 25 15 – 30 – 20 – 35 – 25 – 40 – 30 – 45 – 35 – 50 – 40 – 45 – 50 site 9 2140 m site 10 2090 m site 9 2140 m site 10 2090 m 10070 70 100 90 90 60 80 60 80 50 70 50 70 60 60 40 40 % 50 50 30 40 30 40 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 site 11 2725 m site 12 2730 m site 11 2725 m site 12 2730 m 100 100 70 70 90 90 60 80 60 80 70 70 50 50 60 60 % 40 50 40 50 40 40 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 35 – 40 – 45 – 50 size class (mm) size class (mm) size class (mm) size class (mm) Supplementary material Figure A6: Within-species change of body size with elevation (Geometridae). Trends in forewing length (FWL) are plotted for 71 species for which data was available for both males and females with at least 10 specimens each (blue males, red females). Note that body size increased with elevation in the majority of cases (males: 57 positive, 14 negative slopes; females 51 positive, 20 negative slopes), in accordance with our findings at the within-species and assemblage levels.

Psaliodes sp nr catenifera (1073_geo) Physocleora sp (1166_geo) Cyclomia disparilis (1170_geo) Macaria delia (1178_geo) Idaea fervens (1186_geo) Ballantiophora gibbiferata (1187_geo) Glena subannulata (1191_geo)

11.0 9.0 11 13.0 13 15.0 20 10.5 Male 8.5 12.5 19 ● 10 12 14.5 10.0 Female 8.0 12.0 18 9.5 7.5 9 11.5 11 14.0 17 FWL 9.0 FWL 7.0 FWL FWL 11.0 FWL FWL FWL 16 8 10 13.5 8.5 6.5 10.5 15 8.0 6.0 7 10.0 9 13.0 14

2100 2300 2500 2700 100 300 500 100 300 500 100 300 500 0 400 800 100 300 500 100 300 500

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Physocleora pauper (1194_geo) Lobocleta subcincta (1198_geo) Pleuroprucha hypoxia (1200_geo) Idaea speciosa (1203_geo) Hagnagora sp nr anicata (1211_geo) Herbita group 2 reducta (1217_geo) Spargania sp (1232_geo)

13.0 13 10 9.0 24 30 19 12.5 12 9 8.5 22 28 18 12.0 17 11.5 11 8 8.0 20 26 FWL 11.0 FWL FWL FWL FWL FWL FWL 16 10 7 7.5 18 24 10.5 15 10.0 9 6 7.0 16 22 14

100 300 500 100 300 500 0 400 800 100 300 500 1500 2500 1500 2500 1800 2200 2600

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Hammaptera viridifusata (1233_geo) Sabulodes setosa (1236_geo) Xanthoroe discataria (1238_geo) Certima dositheata (1241_geo) Isochromodes sp nr jodea (1243_geo) Isochromodes sp (1244_geo) Psaliodes sp nr cronia (1252_geo)

20 24 15 21 21 21 11 19 23 20 20 20 22 14 10 18 19 19 19 17 21 13 18 18 9 FWL FWL 20 FWL FWL FWL FWL FWL 16 17 17 18 19 12 8 15 18 16 16 17 14 17 11 15 15 16 7

500 1500 2500 1500 2500 2100 2300 2500 2700 1800 2200 2600 1800 2200 2600 1700 1900 2100 1500 2500

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Phyllodonta sp nr succedens (1266_geo) Macaria sp (1286_geo) Nephodia sp (1288_geo) Lomographa argentata (1292_geo) Lomographa sp nr tributaria (1293_geo) Leuculopsis unifasciata (1294_geo) Melanolophia attenuata (1308_geo)

27 16 28 17 17 22 22 16 21 26 15 26 16 21 25 14 15 20 20 24 15 14 19 FWL 24 FWL 13 FWL FWL FWL 13 FWL 18 FWL 19 22 14 23 12 12 17 18 22 11 20 13 11 16 17

1500 2500 600 800 1000 2100 2300 2500 2700 1500 2500 1500 2500 2100 2300 2500 2700 1500 2500

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Physocleora cariaria (1316_geo) Melanolophia perversa (1323_geo) Melanolophia azenia (1327_geo) ENNOMINAE sp (1365_geo) Hydriomena confusa (1394_geo) Spargania sp nr subcuprea (1398_geo) Hydriomena fassli (1402_geo)

22 19.0 19 18 18 18 16 18.5 17 21 18 17 17 15 20 18.0 16 17.5 17 16 15 16 14 FWL 19 FWL 17.0 FWL FWL FWL 14 FWL FWL 16 15 15 13 18 16.5 13 17 16.0 15 14 12 14 12

1500 2500 500 1500 2500 1200 1600 2000 1800 2200 2600 1800 2200 2600 1500 2500 1500 2500

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Hydriomena sp nr confusa (1406_geo) Phaludia brunneofusa (1478_geo) Spargania myrtusaria (1498_geo) Mimosema sp (1538_geo) Petelia" auropurpurata (1541_geo) Hydriomena proba (1543_geo) Sabulodes carbina (1546_geo)

18 15.0 21 16 19 24 17.0 14.5 18 16.5 17 20 15 22 14.0 19 17 16.0 16 13.5 14 16 20 15.5 FWL FWL 13.0 FWL 18 FWL FWL 15 FWL FWL 15.0 15 13 18 12.5 17 14 14.5 14 12.0 16 12 13 16 14.0

1800 2200 2600 1100 1300 1500 1700 1500 2500 1800 2200 2600 1500 2500 1800 2200 2600 500 1000 2000

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Isochromodes sp (1552_geo) Idaea prolixa (1558_geo) Petelia" purpurea (156_geo) Melinodes sp (1570_geo) Eupithecia placens (1576_geo) Eupithecia sp (1577_geo) Eupithecia tremula (1581_geo)

19.0 9.0 16 18 13 12 10.0 18.5 15 9.5 8.5 17 12 11 18.0 14 16 11 9.0 17.5 8.0 13 10 8.5 FWL 17.0 FWL FWL 12 FWL 15 FWL 10 FWL FWL 8.0 7.5 9 16.5 11 14 9 7.5 16.0 7.0 10 13 8 8 7.0

500 1000 2000 1100 1300 1500 1700 1500 2500 1500 2500 1500 2500 1500 2500 1500 2500

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Psaliodes hieroglyphica (1591_geo) Psaliodes sp (1595_geo) Leuciris sp nr fimbriaria (1604_geo) Tricentrogyna praecellens (1621_geo) Lobocleta malvina (1645_geo) Eois dissensa (1672_geo) Eois restrictata (1677_geo)

12.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 16 11.0 11.5 9.5 8.5 6.5 8.5 15 10.5 11.0 10.5 9.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 14 10.0 FWL 10.0 FWL FWL FWL FWL FWL FWL 8.5 7.5 5.5 7.5 13 9.5 9.5 9.0 8.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 12 9.0

2100 2300 2500 2700 1100 1300 1500 1700 100 300 500 1100 1300 1500 1700 600 1000 1400 1500 2500 500 1000 1500 2000

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Eois parva (1685_geo) Eois sp nr azafranata (1698_geo) Psaliodes sp (1705_geo) Psaliodes sp (1711_geo) Psaliodes sp (1717_geo) Psaliodes sp (1718_geo) Psaliodes sp (1719_geo)

12.0 12.0 12 10.0 14 11.0 13 11.5 11.5 9.5 10.5 11 13 12 11.0 11.0 9.0 10.0 10.5 10.5 10 8.5 12 9.5 11 FWL 10.0 FWL 10.0 FWL FWL 8.0 FWL FWL 9.0 FWL 9 11 10 9.5 9.5 7.5 8.5 9.0 9.0 8 7.0 10 8.0 9

500 1500 2500 2100 2300 2500 2700 1500 2500 1200 1600 2000 2100 2300 2500 2700 1200 1600 2000 1800 2200 2600

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Psaliodes electa (1720_geo) Eupithecia sp (1734_geo) Macaria ostia (173_geo) Euphyia sp (1872_geo) Perizoma basiplaga (492_geo) Macaria regulata (655_geo) Psaliodes tripita (701_geo)

10.0 10.0 19 15.0 9.0 17 15 9.5 14.5 9.5 18 8.5 16 14 9.0 14.0 8.5 9.0 17 13.5 8.0 15 13 FWL 8.0 FWL FWL FWL 13.0 FWL FWL FWL 8.5 16 7.5 14 12 7.5 12.5 7.0 8.0 15 12.0 7.0 13 11

500 1500 2500 1500 2500 1500 2500 1700 1900 2100 1800 2200 2600 0 500 1000 2200 2400 2600

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Leuciris beneciliata (743_geo)

12.0 11.5 11.0 10.5 FWL 10.0 9.5 9.0

100 300 500

Elevation Supplementary material Figure A7: Within-species change of body size with elevation (Arctiinae). Trends in forewing length (FWL) are plotted for 17 species for which data was available for both males and females with at least 10 specimens each (blue males, red females). Note that body size increased with elevation in the majority of cases (males: 14 positive, 3 negative slopes; females 13 positive, 4 negative slopes), in accordance with our findings at the within-species and assemblage levels.

Melese binotata (100_arc) Bertholdia fumida (103_arc) Pseudaclytia sp (112_arc) Mesothen montana (140_arc) CTENUCHINI sp (149_arc) Cosmosoma watsoni (150_arc) Agylla poasia (163_arc)

23 28 15.0 21 17 20 18.0 Male 22 26 16 19 17.5 ● Female 14.5 20 21 15 18 17.0 24 14.0 19 16.5 FWL 20 FWL 22 FWL FWL FWL 14 FWL 17 FWL 16.0 19 13.5 18 13 16 20 15.5 18 13.0 17 12 15 15.0

1800 2200 2600 1200 1600 2000 100 300 500 2090 2110 2130 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1500 1500 2500

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Agylla sp nr submacula (168_arc) Agylla sp (169_arc) Agylla subochracea (170_arc) Hemihyalea celsicola (17_arc) Eucereon sp (182_arc) Amastus flavicauda (19_arc) CTENUCHINI sp (201_arc)

22 17.0 23 30 18 38 16 22 29 17 36 15 21 16.5 28 34 21 16 14 20 16.0 27 32 13

FWL FWL FWL FWL 26 FWL FWL 30 FWL 20 15 12 19 15.5 25 28 19 24 14 26 11 18 15.0 18 23 13 24 10

1700 1900 2100 600 1000 1400 1200 1600 2000 1800 2200 2600 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800 2200 2600 600 1000 1400

Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation

Hemihyalea schausi (21_arc) Amastus episcostosia (229_arc) Agylla sp (330_arc)

48 16.0 32 46 15.5 30 28 44 15.0 FWL FWL FWL 26 42 14.5 24 40 14.0

1800 2200 2600 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800 2200 2600

Elevation Elevation Elevation Supplementary material Figure A8: FWLs of Geometridae subtaxa (males, females) as a function of elevation using the species-based approach. Blue triangles: males; red circles: females. Subtaxa Geometridae Wing length (mm) against elevation (m) Males Females

All Geometridae All Geometridae

16.5 R² = 0.7059 17 R² = 0.91154 16 16 15.5 15 15 14.5 14 14 13 13.5 12 13 12.5 11

Forewing Length (mm) Forewing 12 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Ennominae Ennominae 21 22 R² = 0.56307 R² = 0.7957 20 21 20 19 19 18 18

17 17 16 16 15

Forewing Length (mm) Forewing 15 14 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Larentiinae Larentiinae 20 14 R² = 0.88951 R² = 0.04745 18 13

16 12

14 11

12 10

10 9

8 8 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Geometrinae Geometrinae

16 17 R² = 0.5863 R² = 0.88743 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 10 11 9 Forewing Length (mm)Forewing Length (mm) Forewing 10 8 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Sterrhinae Sterrhinae 14 16 R² = 0.88014 R² = 0.78424 13 15 12 14 13 11 12 10 11 9 10 8 9 Forewing Length (mm) Forewing 7 8 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Elevation (m) Elevation (m) Supplementary material Figure A9: FWLs of Arctiinae subtaxa (males, females) as a function of elevation using the species-based approach. Blue triangles: males; red circles: females. Subtaxa Arctiinae Wing length (mm) against elevation (m) Males Females

All Arctiinae All Arctiinae 26 26 R² = 0.96729 R² = 0.87154 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 16 16 14

Forewing Length (mm) Forewing 14 12 12 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Phaegopterini Phaegopterini 34 32 R² = 0.7589 R² = 0.7589 30 27 26 22 22

17 18 Forewing Length (mm) Forewing 12 14 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Ctenuchina-Euchromiina Ctenuchina-Euchromiina 22 20 R² = 0.90955 R² = 0.86572 19 20 18

18 17

16 16 15

Forewing Length (mm) Forewing 14 14 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Lithosiini Lithosiini 18 18 R² = 0.35959 R² = 0.66857 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 Forewing Length (mm) Forewing

8 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Elevation (m) Elevation (m) Supplementary material Figure A10. Among species, females of Geometridae and Arctiinae were usually – but by no means al- ways – the larger sex (Table A3). Males were larger than females in 21.7% of the Geometridae species and in 16.2% of the Ar- ctiinae species (Table A3; males larger than females: one-tailed paired t-test, P < 0.001, including all species represented in the samples by both sexes). When only species with at least five males and five females present in the dataset were considered, the pattern was almost identical (19.2% of species had larger males in Geometridae, and 15.4% in Arctiinae). Raw data on FWLs, wing loading, enhanced vegetation index, and complete tables of all specimens are provided in the Supplementary Material.

Panels a and b. Proportion of females (20 commonest species) in relation to wing length of species (arithmetic means, both sexes combined) for Geometridae: r2= 0.64, p < 0.001, and for Arctiinae: r2 = 0.05, n.s. Panels c and d. Proportion of females in relation to elevation for Geometridae: r2 = 0.56, p < 0.001 and for Arctiinae: r2 = 0.20, n.s. Geometridae (Geo): Filled symbols: Geometridae (Geo), open symbols: Arctiinae (Arc).

a) c)

60 40

40 30

20 20 Geometridae % females 0 10 0 1000 2000 3000 b) d)

60 40

40 30

20 20 Arctiinae % females

0 10 5 15 25 35 45 0 1000 2000 3000 Wing length (mm) Elevation (m) Supplementary material Figure A11: Proportion of females (all species and 20 commonest species) as a function of wing lengthProportion of species of females (arithmetic against means, Fore wing both length sexes (mm) combined) (males ofand Geometridae females combined, and subtaxa means) of Geometridae. All Geometridae Geometridae: commonest 20 species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.06409 R² = 0.72483 0.80 0.80

0.60 0.60

0.40 0.40

0.20 0.20 Proportion of females Proportion 0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

All Ennominae Ennominae: 20 commonest species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.13975 R² = 0.64727 0.80 0.80

0.60 0.60

0.40 0.40

0.20 0.20 Proportion of females Proportion

0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

All Larentiinae Larentiinae: 20 commonest species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.01312 R² = 0.21043 0.80 0.80

0.60 0.60

0.40 0.40

0.20 0.20 Proportion of females Proportion 0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

All Geometrinae Geometrinae 20 commonest species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.013 R² = 0.21043 0.80 0.80

0.60 0.60

0.40 0.40

0.20 0.20 Proportion of females Proportion 0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

All Sterrhinae Sterrhinae: 20 commonest species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.04695 R² = 0.21312 0.80 0.80

0.60 0.60

0.40 0.40

0.20 0.20 Proportion of females Proportion 0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Forewing Length (mm) Forewing Length (mm) Supplementary material Figure A12: Proportion of females (all species and 20 commonest species) as a function of wing length of species (arithmetic means, both sexes combined) of Arctiinae and subtaxa of Arctiinae. Proportion of females against Fore wing length (mm) (males and females combined, means) All Arctiinae Arctiinae: commonest 20 species 1.00 0.80

R² = 2.7E-05 0.80 0.60

0.60 0.40 R² = 0.04012 0.40

0.20 0.20 Proportion of females Proportion 0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

All Phaegopterina Phaegopterina: commonest 20 species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.02748 R² = 0.31461 0.80 0.80

0.60 0.60

0.40 0.40

0.20 0.20 Proportion of females Proportion

0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

All Ctenuchina-Euchromiina Ctenuchina-Euchromiina: commonest 20 species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.02015 0.90 0.80 0.80 R² = 0.10048 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.20

Proportion of females Proportion 0.10 0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

All Lithosiini Lithosiini: commonest 20 species 1.00 1.00 R² = 0.00577 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.50 R² = 0.00943 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.10 Proportion of females Proportion 0.00 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Forewing Length (mm) Forewing Length (mm)