Ecography ECOG-03917 Brehm, G., Zeuss, D. and Colwell, R. K. 2018. Moth body size increases with elevation along a complete tropical elevational gradient for two hyperdiverse clades. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.03917 Supplementary material Appendix 1 Supplementary material Table A1: List of sampling sites with elevations, geographical coordinates and average wing lengths of males (m) and females (f) of Geometridae and Arctiinae. sp = species-based approach. ass = assemblage-based approach. EG = Elevation gradient. LT = Light traps. n.a = not analysed. *see Brehm et al. (2007). **see Brehm (2007) for details on sampling sites and collecting methods. Mean Mean Elevation Site Study Latitude Longitude Temperature Rainfall Mean EVI Mean wing length (mm) (m a.s.l.) (°C) (mm) Geometridae Arctiinae sp m ass m sp f ass f sp m ass m sp f ass f 1 40 EG* 10.3267° -084.0783° 24.07 3936 0.547 12.9 10.7 11.7 10.4 14.2 13.4 14.3 13.9 2 45 EG* 10.3250° -084.0808° 24.05 3946 0.548 13.3 11.0 12.0 10.5 14.4 13.1 15.6 14.7 3 525 EG* 10.3261° -084.0789° 21.55 4525 0.530 14.1 15.8 13.5 11.8 16.6 14.8 16.9 16.1 4 550 EG* 10.3266° -084.0802° 21.42 4557 0.539 14.0 14.7 12.4 11.1 17.1 15.2 17.8 16.8 5 1070 EG* 10.2683° -084.0851° 18.72 4922 0.462 14.9 17.6 14.5 12.9 18.8 17.0 19.7 18.0 6 1115 EG* 10.2646° -084.0844° 18.48 4861 0.460 15.5 17.4 14.2 13.3 19.0 17.7 23.5 18.6 7 1710 EG* 10.2069° -084.1152° 15.49 3842 0.521 15.7 18.1 15.4 14.3 20.0 21.6 21.9 19.8 8 1690 EG* 10.2089° -084.1161° 15.39 3807 0.521 15.6 17.7 14.9 13.8 19.4 22.0 20.9 19.2 9 2140 EG* 10.1698° -084.1128° 13.41 3409 0.498 15.8 18.1 16.3 15.9 22.1 22.8 23.3 21.5 10 2090 EG* 10.1741° -084.1117° 13.15 3368 0.510 15.0 17.3 15.4 14.7 21.6 21.7 22.7 22.7 11 2725 EG* 10.1335° -084.1155° 10.08 2894 0.526 15.5 17.0 16.0 15.3 24.1 22.7 24.4 22.1 12 2730 EG* 10.1383° -084.1000° 10.08 2894 0.489 15.3 16.6 16.1 15.7 25.5 22.3 26.7 24.7 23 525 LT 10.3266° -084.0802° n.a. n.a. n.a. 14.1 14.2 11.5 11.4 15.5 13.6 19.3 19.3 24 525 LT 10.3266° -084.0802° n.a. n.a. n.a. 14.7 14.0 12.6 12.6 16.7 14.3 17.1 16.9 25 50 LT ** 10.4252° -084.0044° n.a. n.a. n.a. 14.4 14.8 10.9 10.7 13.8 12.9 19.3 17.0 26 50 LT ** 10.4252° -084.0044° n.a. n.a. n.a. 13.1 10.9 9.9 8.5 13.7 13.7 13.9 13.9 27 40 LT ** 10.4327° -084.0098° n.a. n.a. n.a. 12.8 12.9 12.2 11.3 14.8 13.1 15.1 15.1 28 40 LT ** 10.4327° -084.0098° n.a. n.a. n.a. 12.3 10.9 8.3 8.3 12.5 13.9 10.0 10.3 29 45 LT ** 10.4318° -084.0114° n.a. n.a. n.a. 13.2 13.0 11.4 10.4 14.0 12.8 12.9 12.9 30 45 LT ** 10.4318° -084.0114° n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.5 11.2 9.1 9.2 14.3 14.9 11.7 11.7 1 Supplementary material Table A2: Diversity of Geometridae and Arctiidae. Calculated with EstimateS, version Mac910 (Colwell, 2013, http://purl.oclc.org/estimates). S(obs): Observed species richness. Data from Brehm et al. (2007). Geometridae Shannon Site Elevation ACE Completeness Alpha Alpha SD Shannon Simpson Site Individuals S(obs) Singletons Doubletons Chao1 Mean Exponential code (m) Mean (Sobs / Chao1) Mean (analytical) Mean Inv Mean Mean 1 LS a 40 424 89 44 15 147.99 147.99 0.60 34.35 2.69 3.62 37.27 20.81 2 LS b 45 401 91 49 10 197.64 197.64 0.46 36.72 2.94 3.68 39.53 22.64 3 EC a 525 399 147 86 27 277.21 277.21 0.53 84.07 6.73 4.32 75.30 34.32 4 EC b 550 528 150 78 30 246.69 246.69 0.61 69.88 4.82 4.32 74.91 42.77 5 MS a 1070 1224 213 87 36 314.03 314.03 0.68 74.54 3.52 4.50 89.73 48.18 6 MS b 1115 1413 237 100 34 378.33 378.33 0.63 81.46 3.60 4.64 103.11 58.81 7 FG a 1710 1474 258 96 47 352.94 352.94 0.73 90.54 3.89 4.65 104.76 43.08 8 FG b 1690 1377 231 81 42 306.29 306.29 0.75 79.4 3.56 4.43 84.32 31.57 9 SR a 2140 1702 224 61 43 265.57 265.57 0.84 69.04 2.90 4.31 74.09 24.22 10 SR b 2090 1647 247 98 37 372.00 372.00 0.66 80.58 3.36 4.36 77.93 28.20 11 V a 2730 1291 132 41 20 171.02 171.02 0.77 36.82 1.88 3.82 45.71 21.60 12 V b 2730 1908 132 37 15 173.60 173.60 0.76 32.21 1.49 3.85 46.9 26.15 Arctiinae Shannon Elevation Singletons Doubletons ACE Completeness Alpha Alpha SD Shannon Simpson Site Site Individuals S(obs) Chao1 Mean Exponential (m) Mean Mean Mean (Sobs / Chao1) Mean (analytical) Mean Inv Mean Mean 1 LS a 40 201 36 15 7 49.06 49.06 0.73 12.78 1.48 2.74 15.47 9.04 2 LS b 45 191 43 21 8 66.21 66.21 0.65 17.27 2.00 2.90 18.18 10.01 3 EC a 525 195 67 34 14 104.21 104.21 0.64 36.08 4.11 3.69 40.04 25.20 4 EC b 550 190 61 37 6 155.64 155.64 0.39 31.10 3.58 3.45 31.52 18.03 5 MS a 1070 396 73 37 13 120.45 120.45 0.61 26.29 2.17 3.30 27.10 13.55 6 MS b 1115 490 67 26 10 96.49 96.49 0.69 20.99 1.63 3.16 23.63 11.63 7 FG a 1710 343 48 18 8 64.95 64.95 0.74 15.19 1.41 3.01 20.24 12.22 8 FG b 1690 213 43 23 4 93.36 93.36 0.46 16.24 1.80 2.66 14.29 5.79 9 SR a 2140 319 35 14 4 53.14 53.14 0.66 10.03 1.01 2.78 16.05 9.68 10 SR b 2090 350 33 9 6 38.13 38.13 0.87 8.94 0.89 2.73 15.36 10.45 11 V a 2730 41 8 1 2 8.00 8.00 1.00 2.97 0.75 1.82 6.16 5.14 12 V b 2730 105 11 2 2 11.33 11.33 0.97 3.10 0.55 1.82 6.16 4.29 2 Supplementary material Table A3: Overview of numbers of specimens and species analysed. Boldface: significant change (p < 0.05). Geometridae % Arctiinae % SPECIMENS Wing length measured 13850 92.0% 3.909 93.8% estimated 1197 8.0% 258 6.2% Males 10782 71.7% 3.271 78.5% Females 4265 28.3% 897 21.5% Elevational gradient males 9959 2.309 females 3829 726 total 13788 91.6% 3.035 72.9% Lowland light traps total 1259 8.4% 1.132 27.1% SPECIMEN TOTAL 15047 100% 4,167 100% SPECIES (all specimens) Only males present 207 26.0% 123 39.9% Only females present 130 16.3% 49 15.9% Males and females present 457 57.6% 136 44.2% Males larger 99 21.7% 22 16.2% Females larger 329 72.0% 107 78.7% Sexes equal 29 6.3% 7 5.1% SPECIES TOTAL 794 100% 308 100% COMMON SPECIES ≥ 10 individuals measured males 190 100% 62 100% females 100 100% 20 100% FWL CHANGE WITH ELEVATION Increase (bold: significant) males 148 (66) 77% (34%) 37 (15) 60% (24%) females 74 (18) 74% (18%) 15 (4) 75% (20%) Decrease (bold: significant) males 42 (6) 22% (3%) 25 (4) 40% (6%) females 26 (0) 26% (0%) 5 (0) 25% (0%) 3 Supplementary material Table A4: Forewing length, weight, and forewing area of 57 species of male Geometridae moths.