Water Garden Journal

International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society WATER GARDEN JOURNAL

SPRING Vol. 29, No. 1 2014 P. 2 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

IN THIS ISSUE 03 President’s Letter President Mike Swize outlines 2014 meetings and plans. 04 Club Corner Vicki Aber discusses the difﬁ culty of ﬁ nding hosts for water garden tours. 05 Home Gardening Primer Cleaning your water garden for spring. 06 Book Review A new water garden book reviewed. 07 Plant of the Year Nymphaea ‘Ruby Star’ is the IWGS Mountain goats in Denver, Colorado, USA, the location of the Collectors Aquatic Plant of the Year. 2014 IWGS Annual Symposium. 08 New Waterlily Hybrids Photo courtesy of Tamara Kilbane. The trouble with raising Australian waterlilies in the USA are examined by Rich Sacher. 10 Grower’s Corner The scourge of the China Mark Moth is addressed by David Curtright. 12 IWGS 2014 Symposium An outline of the events and education planned for the IWGS 2014 symposium. 15 Events Calendar Water garden events from around the world in the coming months. 16 Research Scavenger plants are studied by Dr. Subir K. Ghosh. On the Cover Plate- 1 Scavenger Plants. Waterlily cultivar Nymphaea ‘Manee Conventional hill top Reed bed in Mirik Lake, Darjeeling, India. Siam.’ Photo by Pairat Songpanich. International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 3 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1

President’s Letter Two Great 2014 Events Planned

This is an exciting time of the year for me. I love the transition from winter into spring, but I must admit that it seems very late in arriving this year for us in North America. I am starting to see the signs though — green grass, budded trees, and best of all waterlilies starting to bud and bloom!

The IWGS has a couple of great events that will be held this year. We are extremely pleased to cohost the Inter- national Lotus and Waterlily Exhibition with Guyi Garden in Shanghai, China. Representatives from the IWGS will travel to Shanghai in early July to give presentations, offer water gardening advice, and tour Guyi Garden.

In August, the IWGS will hold its annual symposium in Denver, Colorado, USA, from August 14th -17th. This year will shape up to be a truly great year to visit one of North America’s best gardens, Denver Botanic Gar- dens, during our visit. Along with an impressive array of waterlilies and aquatic plants, the world famous glass artist Dale Chihuly will have a display of his blown glass artwork throughout the gardens. Our group will also tour nearby Hudson Gardens, which features a great array of water gardens, including a Victoria pond, along with a rose garden and garden railroad. Expert speakers will offer talks on a variety of topics, including hybridizing, pond pumps and ﬁ lters, and aquaponics. A special presentation will be given by our keynote speaker, Dr. Tomasz Anisko, who will speak about his new book, “Victoria: The Seductress.” A registration form for this symposium can be found on the IWGS website (www.iwgs.org) and on page 14 of this journal.

For those of you who are pondering what new plants to add to your pond this year, may I suggest considering the IWGS Collector’s Aquatic Plant of the Year. In partnership with hybridizer Tony Moore of Moore Waterlilies we are pleased to offer Nymphaea ‘Ruby Star’ this year. This hardy waterlily was a standout at the 2010 IWGS New Waterlily Competition. It boasts high petal-count, ruby-colored blooms, which are produced abundantly on compact plants throughout the summer months. Please check out the information on page 7 of this journal or go to the IWGS website (www.iwgs.org) for more information on this wonderful new addition for the pond.

Have a great spring, Michael Swize IWGS President [email protected] Your Submissions Welcome If you would like to submit water garden visits, book reviews, event listings, or other articles for the next edition of the Journal, please send them by June 1 to [email protected]. P. 4 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

Club Corner Declining Interest in Pond Tour Hosts by Vicki Aber

It is getting to be pond time here in the Northern Hemisphere. Clubs are planning their meetings and events for the season. It is always a tough job to come up with speakers, tours, sales, swaps, etc. that will appeal to a wide range of knowledge and experience.

One of the problems we have been having in recent years is the pond tour. We have always had a pond tour in mid-summer. We try to concentrate on a particular part of town so people don’t have to drive all day. We don’t charge for the tour and we have a picnic after. Pond hosts are given a one-year free membership to our club as a thank you.

Lately we have been having more and more trouble getting people willing to have the tour come to their pond. We encourage all sizes of water features from small pre-formed ponds to large natural ponds. While we are having a hard time getting people willing to host, we always have a lot of people that want to go to the ponds on the tour. We have decided not to have a pond tour this year and instead encourage members to go to a nearby city’s tour. Maybe if we skip a year, people will be more willing to volunteer next year?!? I’m interested if other clubs have had this problem and, if so, how they dealt with it.

Plans are moving forward for the IWGS Symposium in August. It will be in Denver (my home) so I’m very ex- cited. I hope to be able to put some faces with names at that point. We will have some time for people interested in clubs to get together and share ideas. I hope to see a lot of people participate.

About the Author Vicki Aber is the newest IWGS board member. She is also a member of the Colorado Water Garden Society (CWGS) and has served there as a board member and an ofﬁ cer, including the position of president. She can be contacted via email at [email protected]. International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 5 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1

Home Gardening Primer Give Your Pond a

Spring Cleaning Here are the basic clean-out steps: • Place the clean-out pump in the deepest point of the pond Spring is simply the most exciting time of year. As things in order to remove the water. slowly awaken from their winter hibernation, there are • Drain the water into the surrounding landscape. Be sure some things that you can do to make sure your water fea- to relocate the pipe two or three times to allow the water to ture gets off to a good start this spring. seep into the ground and not fl ood the yard. • If you have fi sh, use some of this pond water to fi ll up the Does your water feature need a full clean-out this season or holding pool. The fi sh can be removed from the pond using does it just need to be tidied up a little? There are a couple a net once the water is low enough so you can easily catch of things that you can look for to help you decide. First, if them. there is a layer of “crud” at the bottom of the pond and the • Don’t keep the fi sh in the holding pool for more than sev- water is dark in color, it would be a good idea to do a full eral hours. Keep them in a shady spot with a net over the clean-out. top of the pool to prevent them from jumping out. • Rinse the inside of the pond. You can also use a pressure On the other hand, if there is just a small amount of debris washer to help remove debris from the rocks and gravel. that you can stir up and capture with a net and the water • Don’t try to scrub all of the algae away. Some algae on looks clear, a little tidying up is all that’s in order. Plan on the rocks will prove benefi cial in developing your ecosys- spending a half to a full day to complete a pond clean-out. tem. For an average size pond (11' x 16') this should take A pondless waterfall will take considerably less time. around 15 minutes. • Use the gentle stream from a garden hose to rinse the The best time to perform a pond clean-out is the early rocks and gravel. Start at the top and work your way down spring, before your water garden completely awakens from to the bottom. Periodically turn the clean-out pump on to its winter dormancy – ideally before the water temperature remove the dirty water. You can discontinue the periodic in the pond creeps above 55º F. If a clean-out is performed pumping once the water rinsing down to the bottom begins when the water is warmer, after bacteria colonies form, to look clear. Remove the pump and begin fi lling the pond. the balance of the ecosystem will again be thrown off and • Remove any debris from the bottom of the skimmer and your pond will go through another “green phase” before the vault. This can be done by hand or by using the clean-out bacteria colonies re-establish themselves again. pump. • Remove the media nets and fi lter pads from the fi lter. Here’s what you’ll need to get started: Once the fi lters have been removed rinse them free of ac- • A clean-out pump with approximately 25 ft. of discharge cumulated debris. hose • The fi lter media and mats can be put back into place and • A high-pressure nozzle for your garden hose, or a power the waterfalls pump can be reattached in the skimmer or washer vault. • Garden shears for trimming plants • If you’re on city water, it’s imperative that you add a pond • A child’s swimming pool or a similar sized container to detoxifi er to the water so it is safe for fi sh. hold fi sh and any other critters you fi nd during the clean- • Dip a fi ve-gallon bucket, or similar sized container, in the out holding tank and fi ll it with water. • A net or something similar to place over the fi sh container • After you’ve caught a fi sh, place it in the bucket and set to keep them from jumping out the buckets in the clean water. • Two fi ve-gallon buckets to collect leaves and debris • After about 15 minutes, periodically begin splashing some • A fi sh net pond water into the bucket. • A pond detoxifi er to remove chlorine and chloramines • By now, the temperature of the pond and the bucket water prior to putting fi sh back should be close to the same. You are ready to spill the fi sh • Cold water benefi cial bacteria into their spring-cleaned home.

Article Source Aquascape, St. Charles, IL, USA. www.aquascapeinc.com. P. 6 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

fountain? A big splash, or just a gurgle? This is where Book Reviews we learn about conservation and water supply. New Water Gardening Books Finally the fun part of the book arrives in chapter 6, “Planting.” You are introduced to the wide and diverse Mini Encyclopedia of Garden Ponds variety of plants available including water lilies, lotus, By Linda Adkins bog plants, reeds, and other marginals. The starting of Published by Firefl y Books and rooting of plants in tubs is also covered and de- List Price: $19.95 pends on if your pond has a liner or is cement forms. Reviewer: Paul Nuhn The next three chapters discuss your wildlife friends, The aim of this book is to help the future pond owner both those you will add, like fi sh and frogs, and those with design ideas, installation, maintenance, and that will visit your pond from afar, such as insects, enjoyment of a garden pond. In the 11 birds, and snakes. Small mammals like chapters, the author takes you on a tour raccoons love ponds and will visit them of garden pond life. In the fi rst few chap- frequently. As do larger animals, such as ters, we learn about the different types of deer, so these chapters help you prepare ponds: high-end designs or low-cost op- you for what will drop by. tions, in-ground or tub, wild, and natural- Finally, in chapters 10 and 11, the au- looking. I think most readers would go thor presents a wide variety of fi sh and for a small, easy-to-install and maintain plants to stock your new pond, including feature to enjoy. many that may not be appropriate, but It also covers the planning stages, you will want to be aware of. For in- safety, site planning, electrical, and other stance, most ponds lovers will not want a basic decisions you’ll need to make be- Skunk Cabbage (LysichitonLysichiton americanus) fore actual labor starts. as part of their pond experience unless the pond is in Construction rounds out chapter 3 with information a natural space. If so, this plant is excellent as a natu- on preformed units, materials, surfaces, water move- ral edge to the wetland areas near your pond. Skunk ment, and fl ow taking center stage here. Stone edges, Cabbage does have a beautiful yellow spathe and bold in-ground, open fi eld, or close to a structure such as a leaves, which strike an exotic look for the setting. house or garage, or deck are described. When describing choosing fi sh in Chapter 11, the “Additional Features” is the heading of chapter 4. author reminds us to think of the full-grown specimen This is where you’ll fi nd more diffi cult decisions to and the space it will need to be healthy. Koi need lots make! Fountains? What type of prefabricated form? of room — more than most ponds have unless you Waterfalls? Should you go natural or mysterious and have already decided to go for that large pond. But magical? a Comet would be a nice colorful alternative to Koi. In-pond features such as statues, pottery, rock, Many other fi sh examples are given to fi ll almost any boulders, and artifi cial streams all need to be thought pond confi guration. about and planned. Perhaps a bridge is called for. On Overall, this is a great beginner’s book, full of a side note, I need more yard space. thought-provoking ideas. And at $20, it’s inexpensive Now we have the basics done and it is time for us to enough to afford and the trim size of 6x7 makes it easy read chapter 5, “Just Add Water.” This sounds simple to carry around the nursery and public gardens. enough, but the author goes into detail as to why cer- tain methods may or may not work. About the Author Bacteria, water quality (tap water), equipment such Paul Nuhn has been a Master Gardener in Arlington, as pumps and fi lters and choosing the right type and VA, USA, for more than 10 years. He is also co-coor- size for you pond is an important step. A good pump dinator of the Glencarlyn Library Community Garden will cost more, but, as the author explains, is well in Arlington, one of fi ve demonstration gardens main- worth the cost if you are serious about the looks and tained by Master Gardeners of Arlington/Alexandria. style of your pond. Light effects? Do you want a International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 7 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1

Nymphaea ‘Ruby Star’ 2014 Collector’s Aquatic Plant of the Year

The International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society announces Nymphaea ‘Ruby Star’ as the 2014 Col- lector’s Aquatic Plant of the Year. Hybridized by Tony Moore of Moore Waterlilies, this hardy waterlily was a standout at the 2010 IWGS New Waterlily Competition. Its high petal count, ruby-toned blooms are produced abundantly on compact plants throughout the summer months.

The International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society is proud to feature Nymphaea ‘Ruby Star’ as this year’s Collector’s Aquatic Plant of the Year. This is an exclusive arrangement which means the IWGS will be the only source in the United States for the limited supplies of N. ‘Ruby Star’ in 2014.

The Collector’s Aquatic Plant of the Year program provides a limited opportunity to purchase new and/or rare aquatic plants prior to widespread distribution while also serving as a fundraiser for the Society.

The sale price for ‘Ruby Star’ will be $75.95, which will include shipping and handling fees within the conti- nental United States. To purchase ‘Ruby Star’ please go to the IWGS website at http://iwgs.org

Shipment dates will be as follows: April 14th, May 12th, and June 6th

If you have any questions, would like information regarding shipment outside of the United States, or would like to place your order over the phone, please call Tish Folsom at 540-337-4507 or send an email to [email protected]. P. 8 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

Waterlilies The Trouble with Aussies by Rich Sacher The native waterlilies of Australia, subgenus Anec- phya, are incredibly beautiful and much desired by hobbyists. Over the years, I have heard many fallacies about these lilies. There was a rumor going around that they needed to grow in at least three feet of water. Yes, they will grow in water that deep, but they do not require it. We have grown them with as little as six inches of water over the crown of the plant. Another misconception is that if you transplant an Aussie, or bare root it for shipment, it will stop bloom- Photo 1: Pink Imaleu ing, and go dormant. Not necessarily so. be shipped. The second problem is that the plants are large, and take up lots of room in the growing tanks. A Having shipped some actively growing Aussies over third problem is that they must be grown in such a way the years, I fi nd that if you leave the entire root system that the entire root system stays intact for shipment. intact, and it is not in shipment more than two or three days, and if it is promptly transplanted into a pond Here in New Orleans, even with our very mild climate, where the temperature is 80 degrees or higher, it will we have to start our tubers in the greenhouse, about continue to grow as if nothing happened. In truth, once March fi rst, placing them in 90 degree tanks; it may be an Aussie is in healthy, active growth, it will keep mid-June by the time we have blooming plants ready on growing, unless starved, cramped or chilled into to sell from the greenhouse, while other tropical lilies dormancy. have been selling from our outdoor tanks since April 15th. Thus, by the time our Aussies are ready to sell, Many hybridizers have been working with the Aussies most customers have already bought the lilies they for several years now, and their results have been quite need for the season. impressive. I am thinking especially of the hybrids produced by Carlos Magdalena at Kew Gardens, Producing blooming size Aussies to coincide with the which have been an inspiration world wide, as we attempt to duplicate his many successes. Hybridizers in Photo 2: Two different seedlings from a cross between the white Australian lily ‘Albert de Lestang’ and the blue and white immutabilis, Thailand are also producing some magnifi cent hybrids also Australian. with Aussie lilies. Hybridizers have been crossing the Aussies not only among the various Australian species, but also with waterlilies from the Brachyceras sub genus, which are native to other continents, and the results have been tantalizing. So, what IS the trouble with Aussies? Why are they almost never listed for sale by any wholesaler (or retailer) in the United States? The main problem is that the tubers need to be sprout- ed in very warm water, and the plants grown for at least three to four months, before they are ready to International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 9 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1 typical sales schedule for other tropical lilies…THAT is the trouble! I have had very few Australian species to work with, but they have all been lots of fun to hybridize; they set seed easily, and are easy to grow in a warm pond. When I crossed the blue and white fl owered immutabilis with the solid-pink fl owered ‘Andre Leu,’ I got all blue and white fl owers, not the pink and white fl ower I wanted. I named the seedlings ‘Imaleu,’ to keep track of the cross. But when I selfed the best of those blue and white seedlings, I eventually got the pink and white hybrid I was looking for… ‘Pink Imaleu.’ (See photo 1.) It is a beautiful pink and white fl ower, but a monster of a plant, with all the heat requirements of the native Aus- sies. This will not endear it to wholesale growers, who will not be able to justify the time, space, and expense it would take to produce the plant commercially. Likewise, a cross between ‘Albert de Lestang’ and immutabilis produced a huge plant, with blue and white fl owers with elongated petals, which were not what I was aiming for. (See photo 2.) So, our challenge is this: Can we cross the Australian lilies with the more common Brachyceras tropicals, and come up with hybrids that are somewhat smaller, less demanding in their cultural requirements, easier to grow, propagate, and ship, while still maintaining the Photo 3 and 4: Hybrid IMCO (a temporary name) is a cross between immu- fl ower characteristics which have us so enamored of tabiliis x colorata. Shown as a fi rst day fl ower as compared to a second day fl ower. the Aussies? plants grown from this clone? Some success in this direction has already been ac- complished. For example, among the seedlings from It will take me at least another year or two to evalu- our cross of immutabilis x colorata, some smaller ate some of the immutabilis x colorata seedlings I am plants have been developed, and while some have the growing. But now that so many hybridizers around the typical Aussie fl ower shape, with two toned petals… world are working with these awesome Aussies, it is often with striking pink, purple or red/orange sta- only a matter of time before their offspring will soon mens…other seedling fl owers look more like Brachy- be able to grace all our ponds with their impressive ceras fl owers. These seedlings are variable in the size beauty. All good things come to those who wait… and shape of their fl owers, the size of their leaves, and they way they produce tubers. (See photos 3 and About the Author 4.) One of the best of these seedlings made 10 small Rich Sacher is owner of American Aquatic Gardens tubers in a six-inch pot — very similar to the tubers in New Orleans, LA, USA. Rich has been hybridizing which are typical of colorata. his own new forms of waterlilies. In 2000, his ‘Star of Zanzibar’ won Best in Show at the annual Banksian So, was that just a coincidence? A cultural aberration? Trials of the International Waterlily and Water Garden- Or, is it a genetic trait which will be consistent with all ing Society at the Chicago Botanic Gardens. P. 10 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal Grower’s Corner A Not-So-New Scourge By David Curtright

Several years ago, I wrote a little article called “A New Scourge.” It had to do with the then recent introduction to the southern California environment of the China Mark Moth. I never had it published, but I want to revisit it today. In it, I spoke of how those of us who are water plant enthusiasts on the United States’ West Coast had been able to laugh at, or at most to bemoan with, our counterparts in most of the rest of the world because we didn’t have to put up with any of the multitude of waterlily-destroying insect species that plagued most of them. Our lack of permanent water had made it impossible for any species of Nymphaea, or any other fl oating-leafed plants to be here naturally, and so none of the bugs that live off of those plants was here, either. Never mind that anybody who keeps a pond in southern California is essentially keeping a water garden in a desert; we do, and because we suffer such a profound paucity of native wetland species here, we have had to go elsewhere for our water plants. There has never been any real shortage of places from which to acquire plants, even in the old days, there was always Tricker’s, or more locally, Van Ness Water Gardens. Ponds were not as popular as they are today, and so the supply easily kept up with the demand, and, presumably, people were conscientious about how they shipped their plants. Today, there is a much larger number of people selling water plants across the country, and so the problem of the transference of pests is made worse. Any time a plant is brought into an area from an exotic location, the risk of unwittingly introducing some new pest is very real. A simple introduction at the right time and in the right place can cause a recurrent plague for ever more. I learned this lesson early on in my life when I brought home a dragonfl y nymph with some mosqui- toes. I fed them to my favorite guppies, as usual, only to realize after a while that my guppies were less numerous than before. An inspection of the tank revealed the culprit; a large, pulsating, very self-satisfi ed and well-fed nymph. Lesson learned. In the case of the moth, I actually brought some home with me after my fi rst collection trip to Florida with Wal- ter Pagels in 1990. Lesson apparently forgotten. I had set my new refugee plants into some tanks in my greenhouse, only to see them get chewed to bits about a week later. I asked Walter about it, and was given my fi rst lesson on the dreaded China Mark Moth. I asked a friend of mine if he knew about them, and he told me that he had brought some home the year before, and that it nearly killed him to rid himself of them. I got them under control right away, and didn’t see any more of them for a few years when they then turned up in a client’s pond. Private collectors notwithstanding, I think that the more usual course of introduction comes from people buy- ing lilies from nurseries located on the East Coast of the USA. The people selling the plant do not want to strip leaves off of the expensive plant, and the pond owner, who is probably a neophyte, puts the plant into his pond, completely ignorant of the impending problems. He wouldn’t want to strip leaves off anyway, only to hear his friends say, “You paid how much for that?” If the nurseries back east had long ago adopted a policy of spraying all of their lilies with Bt as they went into the shipping box, then a lot of this might have been avoided. Southern California didn’t have permanent bodies of water all over the place until the 1990s, when it became easier for people to build ponds. Any moth brought in before that had a long way to go before he found another puddle with fl oating leaves. Now, however, there are a lot of ponds around. Not too many that are very new because of our extended drought, but there are a lot of them, and they are full all of the time. In other parts of the country, the lilies go down in the winter, but our winters are so short and mild now, that many Nymphaea variet- ies, even tropical ones, maintain foliage at the surface all winter. I have a specimen of N. ‘Joey Tomocik’ that has been blooming without interruption for fi ve years. This is nice for us, but it is also very nice for China Mark International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 11 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1

Moths, who only take time off when we get really cold, which hasn’t happened for a long time. All of this has come to the fore for me recently because I have now found them in my greenhouse for the fi rst time in many years. Some of my clients have them, and because I compost all of the gleanings from the maintenance route, some of the moths have apparently survived in the pile during this warm winter, and have now come out into my collection. To control them, I spray them with Bt and oil. This is easier at home than it is in my client’s ponds because I can do it repeatedly and I am not limited to doing it weekly, and so in those ponds some of the moths get away. Even if I do get them all, they are soon enough reintroduced from elsewhere. In one area of San Diego County, many of them are coming from a large property with lots of ponds full of lilies. They do not treat them at all, and so with each full moon, the air around Rancho Santa Fe, California is fi lled with however many moths there are to be born that week, seeking out local ponds with waterlilies and night lighting. China Mark Moths belong to the family Nymphulinae, which includes several species of small tan to brown moths that sport the patterns of black marks that give them their common name. Other names include “Bag Moth” or “Sandwich Moth,” because of their habit of concealing themselves under or between pieces of leaves or fl oating plants. One’s fi rst indication that they are in your pond is the appearance of tiny lines and holes in the waterlily leaves. Another is that adjacent leaves will be tied together by the larvae. A close inspection often reveals nothing until they are large enough to have cut large pieces from the margins of the leaves. Left alone, they graze the leaf for a while, then fi nd their way either into the end of the petiole where it meets the leaf, or farther down the stem, on the outside. Those that seek the end of the petiole drill down into it some distance, where they pupate. They emerge from a cleft that forms at the top of the petiole. Those that fi nd their way down the stem on the outside, merely anchor themselves to the stem, and emerge from between their leaf fragments as moths. They pop to the surface and fl y away almost immediately. These are easier to kill than the others because they can be seen. China Mark Moths are nocturnal, and seem to cycle with the full moon. They are attracted to lights, so among the controls that I recommend is that people NOT have lights on in or around their ponds on a regular basis. Other than that, the best controls for them are Bt and physical removal. I am diligent in my removal of them, inspecting each leaf, removing all leaves that are badly affected, and in keeping plants such as Lemna minor away from my lilies. Any fl oating leaf, be it a water poppy, a snowfl ake, Azolla, Lemna, or Nymphaea, is material for the moths to use for camoufl age, and so should be inspected. Once they have begun to pupate, they can only be killed mechanically, but while they eat, Bt is the safest control.

As bad as these moths can be, they are still the only bug that water gardeners in southern California have to deal with, so far. It is probably only a matter of time before we get the beetles that eat lilies, or some such menace, and it is probably a small miracle that it hasn’t happened yet. I’ll keep you posted. About the Author David Curtright owns Freshwater Flora & Fauna, Inc., Escondido, San Diego County, CA, USA. Web site: http://pond-plants.com. Email: [email protected]. P. 12 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

2014 IWGS Symposium Denver, Colorado

The 2014 IWGS Symposium will take place in Den- ver, Colorado from August 14th – 16th with an additional optional day of tours to the Rocky Mountains on August 17th. Denver Botanic Gardens, Hudson Gardens, and the Colorado Water Garden Society will serve as local hosts for this event.

Attendees of the conference will have the opportunity to visit top botanic gardens in the region, learn from Turquoise Reeds, 2012 and Blue Marlins, 2008 . water gardening experts, view world class artwork, Photo credit: Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden, Dallas, 2012 and mingle with other water gardening enthusiasts from around the world. Highlights of the symposium Internationally renowned glass artist Dale Chihuly’s are detailed below. artwork (picturedpictured above) will be showcased throughout the grounds of Denver Botanic Gardens during our Thursday, August 14th: visit. Bring along your camera to capture the beauty Upon your arrival in Denver, the convenient location of the water gardens and various themed gardens high- of our host hotel, the newly remodeled Holiday Inn at lighted by these stunning sculptures. Cherry Creek, will put you within a free shuttle ride of many area attractions. The hotel’s location adjacent A catered dinner at the gardens will be followed by a to the famous Cherry Creek Shopping Center also of- talk given by the symposium’s keynote speaker, Dr. fers access to a wide range of shops and restaurants. Tomasz Anisko (picturedpictured below), author of the newly Symposium registration packets will be available as published book “Victoria, The Seductress.” Copies of you arrive at the hotel, and an optional afternoon tour this book will be sold at a discounted price before and of the Chester M. Alter Arboretum on the campus of following the keynote talk. the University of Denver will be offered to view the water gardens that run through the property. Once back at the hotel, a meet and greet in the hotel lounge will give attendees the opportunity to socialize before heading out to dinner on your own at one of the nearby restaurants.

Friday, August 15th: Symposium attendees will spend the morning learn- ing from industry experts presenting talks at our host hotel. In the afternoon, the group will visit Denver Botanic Gardens, where we will attend the CWGS Saturday, August 16th: Water Blossom Festival. This annual event hosted Morning talks will include a presentation by aquapon- by the Colorado Water Garden Society will include ics expert Sylvia Bernstein, author of the best-selling guided tours of the water gardens and behind the book “Aquaponic Gardening: A Step by Step Guide to scenes greenhouse operations, demonstrations, and Growing Fish and Vegetables Together.” A tour of a public voting for the IWGS New Waterlily Competi- local aquaponics facility is tentatively planned for the tion entries. late morning, followed by lunch and a visit to Hudson Gardens. This public garden on the outskirts of Denver International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 13 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1 boasts multiple water gardens throughout the property Meals provided with conference registration will including a Victoria waterlily pool and a newly reno- include lunches and catered dinners on the 15th and vated pond ﬁ lled with hardy waterlilies and lotus. Our 16th. The separate registration for Sunday’s optional tour will include a special hybridizing demonstration tour will include lunch and beer at a local brewery. by top waterlily hybridizers including Tony Moore, Discounted vouchers for the full hot breakfast buffet Mike Giles, and Brandon McLane. A catered dinner at at our host hotel will be available for purchase upon Hudson Gardens (picturedpictured at bottom) will end our day. check-in. A small cafe offering Starbucks coffee and pastries is also on site. We will have a hospitality room Sunday, August 17th: reserved at the hotel until midnight each evening for Rounding out our time in Denver, an optional day trip attendees to enjoy a drink and socialize after each to Mt. Goliath, an alpine garden trail maintained by day’s events. Denver Botanic Gardens, will be offered. This guided tour will continue from Mt. Goliath to the peak of Mt. We hope you will join us for the 2014 Symposium in Evans and will give attendees the opportunity to view Denver! A registration form is on page 14 of this issue unique high elevation plant and animal life. and will be posted on the IWGS website in early April.

Additional Details: About the Author Special symposium hotel rates are available for $99/ Tamara Kilbane is Senior Horticulturist of Aquatic night plus tax and can be booked by clicking on the Plants at Denver Botanic Gardens and serves on link provided on the conference page of the IWGS the IWGS Board of Directors. She can be contacted website (www.IWGS.org). through [email protected]. P. 14 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

2014 IWGS Symposium in Denver, CO (August 14-17th) Registration Form Attendee Name(s): ______Company: ______Address: ______City: ______State: ______Zip Code: ______Phone: ______Email: ______Conference Registration Rates: Early Bird Registration (postmarked by July 13th) $399 x #______of attendees = $______-includes all speakers, activities, and meals on 8/15 and 8/16 Registration (postmarked after July 13th) $449 x #______of attendees = $______Daily Registration Rates: Friday, August 15th $200 ($225 after July 13th) x # ______of attendees = $ ______-morning speakers, lunch, afternoon Water Blossom Festival and tours at DBG, dinner and keynote speaker Saturday, August 16th $200 ($225 after July 13th) x # ______of attendees = $ ______-morning speakers, lunch, afternoon tours and hybridizer demo at Hudson Gardens, dinner Sunday, August 17th $99 x # ______of attendees = $ ______-Guided trip to Mt. Goliath and Mt. Evans, lunch/beer at local brewery (not included in conference registration rate) Dinner and Keynote Talk at DBG (August 15th, 6 pm – 9 pm) $125 x #______of attendees = $ ______(included in conference registration rates but may be purchased separately) Total: $ ______Payment: • Check #______(made payable to International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society and mailed to: IWGS, P.O. Box 546 Greenville, VA 24440 USA) • Credit Card # ______Exp. Date ______3 digit code ______Signature: ______(fax form with cc payment info to 540-337-0738) • Pay Pal payment made online at iwgs.org Food Preferences: Lunches and dinners on Friday and Saturday are included in the registration fees. Please note any special di- etary needs below. Discounted vouchers for the hotel breakfast buffet may be purchased at the hotel when you check in. Vegetarian Vegan Gluten-free Other: ______*Conference Cancellation and Refund Policy: There are no refunds after July 13th. Cancellations before July 13th will incur a $50 administrative fee. Please keep a copy of this form for your records. International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 15 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1

Events Calendar World Aquaculture Adelaide Here is a listing of water garden-related events from 2014 April 1 through July 1, 2014, taking place around the June 7-11, 2014 world. If you would like to submit 2014 water garden World Aquaculture Adelaide 2014 (WAA14) will com- events for the next edition of the Journal, please send bine the international annual conference and exposi- your detailed listing by June 1 to KathyJentz@aol. tion of the World Aquaculture Society with the highly com. successful biennial Australasian Aquaculture event. The WAA14 theme of this event is ‘Create / Nurture / 13th Annual Pond-O-Rama event Grow.’ Submit your abstract for this Aquaculture con- June 21- 22, 2014 ference in Adelaide on http://www.marevent.com/lists/ Each year the St Louis Water Gardening Society hosts lt.php?id=bUoIAlcDAw4DGAwKHgABAgIH. an annual Pond-O-Rama. For two days, Saturday and Book your booth now and contact mario@marevent. Sunday, our members open their private gardens and com for more information on the exhibition and spon- sorship. water features to the public from 9AM-5PM each day. This is one of the best garden tours in the St Louis area. This year our 14th Pond-O-Rama will be held Shanghai International Lotus on Saturday, June 21st and Sunday, June 22nd, 2014 from 9-5 PM each day. The tickets for the event are and Waterlily Exhibition $15.00 per person for both days. Information will be June 28 - August 28, 2014 posted on our website in 2014 www.slwgs.org. It is a Exhibition with 350 kinds of lotus plants. Also fea- self guided tour with maps and descriptions included tures rare plants including ‘Red Peony,’ ‘Space No. in the ticket booklet. 36,’ ‘Big Brocad,’ and ‘Drunken Concubine.’ Guyi Garden, 218 Huyi Road near Zhongren Road, Jiading District, 0, Shaghai, China. P. 16 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

chemical oxidation and reduction, and biological conversion and deg- Research radation plus others unique to natural systems such as photosynthesis, photooxidation, and plant uptake. In addition to capital cost, consider- Tropical Scavenger Plants and Their able outlay is required for operation and maintenance expenses. Natural Scope in Aqua-gardening treatment systems are a viable alternative that can produce effl uents of high quality at a fraction of the cost and without requiring skilled opera- Dr. Subir K Ghosh tion. Their main limitation for application in industry is the fact that they take up lots of space. However, they can also serve to enhance the Naturally occurring aquatic or semiaquatic macrophytes grow in nutrient environment and make the facilities suitable for recreation. enriched water bodies polluted from urban and agricultural activities. Aquatic macrophytes of different growth forms, particularly the Free Reeds, cattails and rushes are very popular all over the world for Floating species and the Emergent species with profound root zones macrophyte based waste water treatment. Several wetland species like or rhizospheres are suitable for exploitation in aqua-gardening in low Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Juncus effuses, Zizaniopsis mili- medium and large scale. Several aquatic and wetland plants have unique acea, Vetiveria zizanioides, Cyperus papyrus, Juncus effuses, Lemna sp., property of bio-fi ltration and they utilize the available nutrients from Sparganium erectum, Eichhornea crassipes, and few others have been domestic waste water and in turn produce large amounts of biomass that attempted and reviewed by earlier workers in respect to waste removal can be utilized for further benefi t. properties (Table-1). On the other hand, the aquatic plant surfaces provide space and decom- Lotus and Waterlililies are the best exploited water plants in constructed posed litter provides substratum for active growth of bacteria. These waterbodies all over the world either for land scape designing or for bacteria convert biodegradable substances present in the waste water to aqua-gardening purpose. Aqua-gardening is very popular and well ac- simple forms and thus make a sharp change in the physico-chemical pa- cepted in different parts of the world however, in India, this concept is rameters of the water and the sediments of root zones. Raw effl uent after restricted only in limited fi elds even having its ample opportunities for removing grit or fl oating material is passed horizontally or vertically implementation. Hybrid populations of different species of Nymphaea through a bed of soil having impervious bottom. The effl uent percolates and genetic races of Nelumbo nucifera are globally popular in aqua- through the bed that has all the roots of the wetland plants spread very gardening. Although Lotus is tolerant to herbicides (see Warner, 2011) thickly. It is reported that nearly 2,500 types of bacteria and 10,000 still its natural population is hardly present in hypereutrophic situation types of Fungi, which harbor around roots get oxygen form the weak in India. I have planted Nymphaea pubescens in sewage fed pond in membranes of the roots and aerobically oxidize the organic matter of the the East Calcutta Wetlands, where it produced fl owers and reproductive effl uent. The characteristics of plants of absorbing oxygen through their propagules (Ghosh and Ghosh, 2003). leaves and passing it down to roots through their stems which are hollow, Epidermal property of lotus leaf has been reinvestigated by Barthlott is utilized as a bio-pump. and Neinhuis of the Department of Botany, Division of Systematics and Roots of several rooted submerged and few emergent aquatic macro- Biodiversity, Botanical Garden, Bonn (see Barthlott and Neinhuis, 1997 phytes release oxygen into oxygen depleted water or bottom sediments and Neinhuis and Barthlott, 1997). Water repellency and self-cleaning at a high rate during illumination and in low rate in absence of light. This properties of the lotus leaf surface have been correlated in this work. oxygenation in the otherwise anoxic environment helps in biodegradation Water droplets rolling of a lotus leaf carry away contaminating particles of organic wastes and promotes the growth of nitrogen fi xing bacteria cleaning the surface perfectly, which has been termed by the workers in the substrate. Aquatic and wetland plants with Roots and rhizomes as LOTUS EFFECT. Lotus effect is based on surface roughness due embedded in the bottom sediments facilitate aeration to their submerged to presence of different microstructures together with the hydrophobic parts by large system of air spaces through pressurized ventilation (Arm- properties of the epicuticular wax present on the leaf surface. This results strong, 1979 Brix and Schierup, 1989 and Grosse et al , 1991). in reduction of adhesion of water and other particles on the leaf surface. Pesticides and fungal or bacterial spores may also alter the surface struc- Macrophyte based waste water treatment system once established, ture of the leaves, which leads in loss of surface cleaning property and may minimize the cost of treatment of wastewater through mechani- the leaves became soft and wet. Alteration of surface texture of lotus leaf cal system. The processes involved in natural systems include many of is also a good indicator of detergent and pesticide pollution in waterbod- those used in mechanical or in-plant treatment systems—sedimentation, ies having lotus populations. (Surface confi guration of the lotus leaf and fi ltration, gas transfer, adsorption, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, property of the plants to regenerate waxes are the reasons behind Lotus Table-1. Removal effi ciency of several aquatic macrophytes

+ Typha latifolia NO2-N 23%, NH4 -N-23%, cod-60.7%, Total Carbon-60%, Faecal Coliform-72%. + Cyperus papyrus NH4 -N- 75.3%, Total Reactive Phosphorus-83.2% Phragmites australis Total Phosphorus-30%, Denitriﬁ cation-50%

+ Zizaniopsis miliacea NH4 -N-78%, Total Nitrogen-79%, Total Phosphorus-95% + Phragmites and Typha Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-27%, NH4 -N-19%, Nitrite-4% + Juncus effusus NH4 -N-54%, Total Nitrogen-55%, Total Phosphorus-95%. Lemna sp. Suspended solids- 98%, COD-96%, BOD-94%, Total Nitrogen-49%, Total Phosphorus-49% Typha latifolia, Sparganium COD-80%, BOD-83%, Total Nitrogen-45% , Total Phosphorus-47% erectum, Phragmites australis

Source: World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010, Challenges to Change International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 17 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1

Table 2. Gross biochemical features of different grades of municipal wastewater used for in vitro experiment. Parameters Types of wastewater Raw Sewage Primary treated sewage Secondary treated sewage PH 7.8-8.1 7.5-7.6 7.3-7.4 Color Blackish Turbid Transparent Odor Very bad odor Bad odor Odor tolerable T.S.S.(mg/1) 400-450.50 30.0-35.0 10.0-12.50 T.D.S.(mg/1) 171-210.5 28.0-30.0 5.0-7.0 Hardness (mg/1) 81.6-255.3 103.0-105.0 52.5-91.6 Total phosphorus (mg/1) 1.21-1.47 1.4-1.6 0.71-0.89 Nitrite-nitrogen (mg/1) 0.21-0.42 0.33-0.6 0.15-0.33 BOD (mg/1) 98.6-108.6 45.6-50.5 42.3-54.2 COD (mg/1) 165.0-204.0 75.6-80.5 58.0-78.6

Effect. This property of lotus leaf helps in development of artifi cial leaf plants, microorganisms and other atmospheric components. It is reported surfaces that can be applied in industrial sectors (roofs, facades, paints that, The East Calcutta Wetland System consisting of around 286 bheries etc.) A facade paint LOTUSAN has been released in the market in 1999 (shallow natural or converted waterbodies), covering an area of about and the German economist forum are hopeful about its future success in 12,500 ha, which are mostly exploited for sewagefed fi sheries (mostly other allied fi elds.) Present article is dealt with an attempt to fi nd out the Indian major carps) naturally treat the effl uent released by the Kolkata effi ciency of the tropical wetland species in biofi ltration from domestic Municipality and thus save anything around INR 1300 million per day waste water. (USD $ 20 million). Performances of 12 common aquatic tropical macrophytes, mostly species of reed, sedges, cattails as well as other aesthetically celebrated Scope of Promising Tropical Species species having commercial viability were tested in in vitro experimental Selection criteria of aquatic and wetland plants of different growth forms set-up to demonstrate relative cleaning effi ciencies with respect to TDS, for aqua-gardening purpose may be based on two prime factors. Firstly hardness, BOD, COD, NO2-N and total phosphorus from various types we may consider their active root zones and secondly we will look about of sewage, viz., raw, primary and secondary sewage (Ghosh and Santra, their shoot biomass producing ability. For aesthetic celebrations we may 1996, Ghosh, 2005). All these plants are usually common to the aquatic consider their fl oral behavior. Performances of 12 aquatic macrophytes habitat of the polluted range in the tropics. Species of Cyperus, Phrag- common to tropical wetlands, viz,. Typha domingensis, Monochoria has- mites, Trapa, and Typha are economically signifi cant for their extensive tata, Cyperus corymbosus, Phragmites vallatoria, Alternanthera philoxe- uses in different fi elds. Initially all these species were cultured in raw, roides, Ludwigia adscendens, Lemna aequinoctialis , Salvinia molesta, primary treated and secondary treated sewage respectively to establish Ceratophyllum demersum, Pistia stratiotes, Trapa natans var. bispinosa, their tolerance in in vitro conditions, depending upon their tolerance in and Nymphoides hydrophyllumhydrophyllum were tested in the in vitro experimental respective sewage samples plant materials were selected for treatment of setup to determine relative cleaning effi ciencies with respect to TDS, different grades of domestic and municipal sewage. hardness, BOD, COD, NO2-N and total phosphorus from various types of sewage viz., raw, primary treated and secondary treated sewage. Con- The basic concept of root zone treatment system is utilization of natural sidering their biomass yield and morphogenic response in waste water resources like cultivation of aquatic plants in constructed wetlands these species can be used as marginal as well as for waterscape beautifi - adjacent to the waterbody. In view of lack of skilled technical personnel cation in controlled manner. in the remote area, the natural methodology of treatment has been sug- gested, which do not require much of day to day operation and mainte- Gross physicochemical parameters of wastewater in respect to pH, color, nance. The growth of aquatic plants will also enhance the biodiversity solids, hardness, total phosphorus, organic nitrogen, BOD and COD are encouraging fl ora and fauna in the area. Moreover cultivation of selected presented in Table 2. Out of the six species tested for the treatment of aquatic plants having dual properties may provide subsistence to the raw sewage, Phragmites and Typha exhibited better performance than local slum dwellers. The results indicate high removal effi ciencies par- the rest. In case of treatment of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) from ticularly for BOD, TSS and FC. Wetland beds were prepared with locally raw sewage Phragmites exhibited 20 percent to more than 35 percent available plants such as elephant grasses, cattails, etc and other similar cleaning effi ciency during the experimental period of 21 days. Bio-fi ltra- species. Constructed wetland systems offer several potential advantages tion effi ciency of Typha (for BOD) varied something between 15% to as a wastewater treatment process. These advantages include simple op- 20%. eration and maintenance, process stability under varying environmental conditions, lower construction and operating costs. In case of Cyperus, this performance was better after the fi rst week of incubation, but after 17th days this ability gradually slows down. Mono- It needs no further mention that the mechanical treatment system choria exhibits early response in this fi eld; but after the second week this is highly cost effective. Taking an example from the East Calcutta performance didn’t increase further to a signifi cant level. Alternanthera Wetlands (Ghosh, D, 2005), in West Bengal, a RAMSAR site of India, and Ludwigia are found to be tolerant as no such increasing of removal the annualized cost of setting up a 1000 Mld. sewage treatment plant of BOD was recorded during 21 days of incubation. is about INR 1014 million (USD $ 15.6 million). In addition to these the mechanical system also invites a series of additional costs and high In the primary treated sewage, Salvinia depicted linear increase in amount of electricity as well as obvious hazards. On the contrary the removal effi ciency and records nearly 15 percent to 25 percent removal natural macrophyte based wastewater treatment system is simple, low of BOD from primary treated sewage. In Lemna, this ability was nearly cost methods utilizing the physical, chemical and biological processes 10 percent to 18 percent in case of removal of BOD from raw sewage. that occur in the natural environment between sunlight, water, soil, In secondary treated sewage, treatment effi ciency of four species was more or less satisfactory. Trapa natans var. bispinosa and Nymphoides P. 18 International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society Vol. 29, No. 1 Water Garden Journal

Table 3 : Plant growth responses at different grades of domestic wastewater treatment Species Days of Biomass Morphogenic changes incubation changes (gm)

A. RAW SEWAGE 1. Typha domingensis 7 610 The plant responds well with the developed new leaves with shiny appearance. 14 645 No leaf dried or decomposed during the culture period. New roots developed 21 700 from the root-stalk. 2. Monochoria 7 1250 The plant grows well, developed new roots and leaves during the culture 14 1295 period. No leaf dried or decomposed and flowering took place during the hastata 21 1325 treatment period. 3. Cyperus 7 2430 The plant responds quite well to the treatment system. new roots developed 14 2578 and neither decay nor drying of leaves took place during the culture period. corymbosus 21 2710 Flower initiation was also observed. 4. Phragmites 7 1020 The plant generates new leaves but rate of root initiation is higher than leaf 14 1045 formation. Few leaves dried which, however, were replaced by new leaves. No vallatoria 21 1080 flowering took place. 5. Alternanthera 7 360 Leaves became longer with shiny appearance of lamina; root lengths, philoxeroides 14 355 however, decreased but new roots developed which were shorter in length than 21 375 the roots developed in freshwater. Leaf exchange was noticed, but few leaves dried during the culture period. Internodal length decreased in a solitary node developed during incubation period. No flower developed during this period. 6. Ludwigia 7 250 In the first week, several leaves gradually decomposed and the breathing roots 14 235 as well as longer reddish roots also disintegrated. From the 9th day new leaf adscendebs 21 230 initiation started. New leaves were shorter in lamina length and breadth as well. They were more glossy and slightly pinkish in appearance. Root length decreased but new roots developed. Very few and short, breathing roots developed in the last week. No flower initiation was noticed.

B. SEWAGE AFTER PRIMARY TREATMENT 7. Lemna 7 64 Roots of most of the plants (but not all) dropped within 3 days of incubation. aequinoctialis 14 62 Length of frond increased very slightly. Few plants, however, increased the length of the roots. Roots became slightly thicker than their fresh water counterpart. Frond also became thicker than freshwater plants.

21 63 8. Salvinia molesta 7 318 Lamina recurved after 3rd day. The growth of the flat phase was not significant 14 320 but growth of the folded phase was not disturbed. The leaves were less shiny 21 328 than the freshwater counterpart. Root developed moderately. C. SEWAGE AFTER SECONDARY TREATMENT

9. Ceratophyllum 7 350 In the first week, no new leaf appeared but in the second week, a few leaves demersum 14 355 appeared. Stem diameter increased a little and colour of lamina became darker 21 375 in comparison to freshwater plants. No flowering noticed. 10. Pistia stratiotes 7 165 First, the length of the lamina decreased with death of few leaves. Foot length 14 156 decreased, and several roots decomposed. Lamina or frond became harder in 21 167 texture in comparison to freshwater plants. New roots developed with minute branching. 11. Trapa bispinosa 7 555 New aerial leaves appeared which were shorter in length than freshwater 14 558 plants. Very few leaves decomposed. Growth of submerged leaves was 21 580 vigorous and root development was also significant. Flower initiation was noticed and development of fruit from very young stage to medium-size was period. Cultured leaves were thicker than the leaves in freshwater. 12. Nymphoides 7 102 New leaves appeared. Diameter of the lamina was less than the freshwater hydrophyllum 14 106 plants. Numerous rudimentary green stem appeared from the short rhizomatous 21 118 root stalk. No leaf decomposition was noticed. Growth response was satisfactory during the culture period. resulted in linear increases in the nutrient removal abilities up to 21 days. waterscape beautifi cation. Pistia may be useful in phytoremediation of Ceratophyllum responds well and recorded 10 percent to 30 percent several pesticides in aquatic system. cleaning effi ciency of BOD, but this performance became stagnant dur- Phragmites reported higher cleaning effi ciency in terms of Chemical ing the third week. Waste removal potentiality in Pistia is not signifi cant. Oxygen Demand (COD) i.e., 40.0 percent on the 21st day of incubation However, considering the foliage pattern, Pistia can be exploited in International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society P. 19 Water Garden Journal Vol. 29, No. 1

followed by Typha. Alternathera, and Ludwigia were characterized by spp. are among the tropical scavenger species those can be opted for lower effi ciency (fi ve to 15 percent). Lemna exhibits better performance aqua-gardening. (fi ve to 12 percent) up to the second week in primary treated sewage but Acknowledgement during the last seven days no further increase was recorded in removal I like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Kathey for giving me an op- effi ciency. Performance of Ceratophyllum was unlike Salvinia, but clean- portunity to share my experience of macrophyte based waste water treat- ing effi ciency was better in the former (32 to 35 percent) than the latter ment in the fi eld aquagardening with tropical species.. (22 to 25 percent) from the 14th to 21st day of incubation. Pistia showed an extremely poor performance in this respect where total performance References never exceeds fi ve percent cleaning effi ciency level through the study 1. Armstrong, W., 1979. Aera- period. Performance of Trapa is tion in higher plants. In: H.W. highly signifi cant in this respect Woolhouse (Editor). Advances with a steady liner increase in Botanical Research, 7, from 12 to 40 percent from 7th Academic Press, London / New to 21st day. Nymphoides also York / San Francisco, pp- 226- recorded linear progress but rate 322 of removal is quite low (8 to 18 2. Barthlott, W. and C. Nein- percent). huis, 1997. The purity of sacred lotus or escape from contami- In case of removal of Nitrite- nation in biological surfaces. Nitrogen all the 12 species PLANTA, 202:1-8. recorded linear increase in ab- 3. Brix, H, and H, H, Schi- sorption rates in all three types erup, 1989. The use of aquatic of sewage. But rate of absorp- macrophytes in water-pollution was not similar in all the tion control. Ambios. 18(2): cases. In case of TyphaTypha in raw 100-107 sewage, this rate was quite low 4. Ghosh S. K. and D. Ghosh, after the 7th day - below fi ve 2003. Community based reha- percent. Again it was quite high bilitation of wetlands in West in Phragmites and Ludwigia Lythrum salicaria in hydrohase Bengal, India. In: S. B. Roy et al. 2003. Contemporary Studies in Natural (nearly 50 percent) during the same period. Rate of absorption was much Resource Management in India. Forest F 007. Studies Series Inter- India better during 14th to 21st day in Phragmites in comparison to the per- Publication, New Delhi. pp- 127-148. formance of 7th to 13th days. Both Lemna and Salvinia exhibited linear 5. Ghosh S. K., 2005. Tropical Aquatic and Wetland Plants – In Harmony increase in absorption of NO2-nitrogen from primary treated sewage. with the Mankind. Standard Literature Company, India, (225 pp. + pp-xii But the rate of absorption was much better in Salvinia (40-79.8%) than + lxiv (64) color pages (including 240 color plates) + 17 color plates in that of Lemna (three to 77 percent). Again, performance of Lemna was front cover +1 color plate in back cover and 412 references) 301 pp. better during 14th to 21st days than the early phase. All the four species 6. Ghosh, D., 2005. Ecology and Traditional Wetland Practice: lesson tested for secondary treated sewage recorded more or less linear increase from Wastewater utilization in the East Calcutta Wetlands. World View, in cleaning effi ciencies of NO2-nitrogen. Rate of absorption in almost all Kolkata-700054. 120 pp. the cases were better during fi rst two weeks of incubation, but these rates 7. Ghosh, S. K. and S. C. Santra, 1996. Domestic and municipal waste became gradually slower in all the cases during the 14th to 21st days. water treatment by some common tropical aquatic macrophytes. Indian Biologist. Vol. 28 (1): 47-58. Cleaning effi ciencies of aquatic macrophytes with respect to total 8. Grosse Wolfgang, Hans Bernhard Buchel and Helga Tiebel, 1991. phosphorus is also signifi cant. In case of raw sewage, Cyperus and Pressurized ventilation in wetland plants. Aquatic Botany, 39, 89 – 98. Monochoria recorded more than 60 percent removal of total phosphorus. 9. Neinhuis, C. and W. Barthlott, 1997. Characterisation and distribution Monochoria hastata is reported to produce fresh biomass in the tune of of water- repellant, self cleaning plant surfaces. Annals of Botany, 79: 38-39 tons per ha which yield ed a total of 1700 kg crude protein per 667-677. ha (Pandey and Srivastava, 1991). A linear increase of absorption of 10. Pandey V. N. and A. K. Srivastava, 1991. Yield and quality of leaf total phosphorus was evident in Typha, Alternanthera, Phragmites, and protein concentrates from Monochoria hastate (L.) Solms. Aquatic Ludwigia during fi rst 14 days. The rate of absorption was also found Botany, 40, p-295-299. to be declined thereafter in all the species. Lemna exhibited a steady 11. Warner Orozco-Obando, 2011. Phytoremediation S-Metalochlor increase on the rate of removal of total phosphorus from primary treated using Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. In: Proceedings : International sewage. During fi rst seven days, maximum removal of phosphorus-load Waterlily and Watergardening Society. Qingdao Symposium and the 1st was observed in Ceratophyllum (nearly 75 percent) from secondary International Waterlily and Lotus exhibition. P-51. treated sewage but afterwards the rate of absorption declines gradually. Nymphoides and Trapa recorded better absorption during 14th to 21st About the Author days. Hardness of wastewater was not signifi cantly altered by aquatic Dr. Subir K Ghosh, Member, IWGS, Secretary, Society for Eco-Aqua- macrophytes studied, but Ceratophyllum recorded signifi cant increase of culture and Better Environmental Development. 2258 Garia Place, P.O. hardness level of secondary treated sewage. Garia, Kolkata-700084, West Bengal, India. In addition to these, species produce higher amount of biomass while growing in domestic waste water ecosystem may be tested for the same purpose. Sagittaria montividensis ssp. montividensis, Chenopodium album, Rumex dentatus, Lythrum salicaria, Polygonum barbatum, Cana THE WATER GARDEN JOURNAL Volume 29 Number 1

EDITOR KATHY JENTZ EDITORIAL BOARD JAMES ALLISON CHARLES B. THOMAS DISTRIBUTION TAMARA KILBANE ACCOUNTANT TISH FOLSOM

The Ofﬁ cial Publication of the INTERNATIONAL WATERLILY AND WATER GARDENING SOCIETY

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY PRESIDENT MIKE SWIZE VICE PRESIDENT — TREASURER VICKI ABER SECRETARY TAMARA KILBANE EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT TAMARA KILBANE

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Waterlily cultivar Nymphaea ‘Siam Nymph.’ Jim Purcell, Brandon McLane, Mike Swize, Photo by Pairat Songpanich. Tamara Kilbane, Daike Tian, Vicki Aber, Steve Stroupe, Demi Fortuna, and Mission Statement—The International Waterlily & Water Charles B. Thomas (honorary life term) Gardening Society (IWGS) is a nonprofi t organization of www.iwgs.org multi-national membership dedicated to the furtherance of all aspects of water gardens and their associated plants. As an REGISTRARS organization we support and promote education, research, Nymphaea Registration and conservation in these areas. Tamara Kilbane Volume 29, Number 1 The IWGS Water Garden Journal [email protected] (ISSN 1069-5982) is published quarterly by The International Nelumbo Registration Waterlily and Water Gardening Society (The Society), P.O. Daike Tian Box 546, Greenville, VA 24440, USA. Phone 540-337-4507, [email protected] Fax: 540-337-0738, Email [email protected]. All rights reserved. © 2014. The Water Garden Journal is indexed in EBSCO’s ADMINISTRATIVE ADDRESS Garden, Landscape & Horticulture Literature Index. and SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES Postage paid at Greenville, VA, USA and additional mailing International Waterlily and Water Gardening Society offi ces. Basic subscription/membership rate for one full year P.O. Box 546 is free for the online Journal. Hard copy can be mailed for an Greenville, VA 24440 USA additional $25 per year. Further details and back issues are 540-337-4507 available from the administrative offi ce in VA. All changes Fax: 540-337-0738 of address and incidents of non-arrival of Journals should be [email protected] notifi ed to the offi ce in VA. Opinions expressed by authors EDITORIAL ADDRESS and any products reviewed are not specifi cally endorsed by Please send all inquiries and articles The Society, nor does The Society accept any liability arising for possible inclusion to [email protected] from the contents of this Journal.