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Home , Asaga, Chavundaraya, Durvinita, History of Karnataka, Jinasena, Kavirajamarga

History and Culture of (From Early Times to 1336)

Programme ಕಾರ್ಯ响ರ ಮ BA Subject 풿ಷರ್ History and Archaeology Semester �ಕ್ಷ貾ವ鲿 V University 풿ಶ್ವ 풿ದ್ಯಾ ಲರ್ Karnatak University, Dharwad Session ಅವ鲿 5 Title : Sources: Literary and Archaeological

Sub Title: Literary Sources - Indigenous Literary Sources Learning Objectives

To expose learners different sources to the study of

Students will learn about the Literary sources, and their importance in writing the history of Karnataka Session Out Comes

Learners will perceive the role of literary sources to reconstruct History of Karnataka Recap • In the previous sessions we have discussed about Archaeological sources. • Classification of Archaeological sources as Excavation, Inscriptions, Numismatics & Monuments. • The importance of Archaeological sources and how they are helpful in writing the history of Karnataka.

Literary Sources of Karnataka History

• Sources are essential to write the History of the past. • Historical facts are recorded in literary works to explain the events to the future generation. • Today let us understand about Literary sources of Karnataka history. • These books were written by the kings, queens and scholars patronized by the kings. • Even foreign travelers who came to India also wrote their travel accounts which throw light on the History of Karnataka. Classification Literary Sources

Based on the author of the literary works they are classified as 1. Indigenous Literary Sources 2. Foreign Literary Sources.

Indigenous sources further can be classified as Religious and Non-Religious Literary Sources

Importance of Literary Sources

Literary Sources throw light on 1.Growth of different scripts and languages 2. Society, economy, polity, administration, religion, heritage & culture of ancient Karnataka 3. The growth of literature 4. The evolution of scripts and languages 5. Relationship with foreign countries 6. Helps to spread Indian culture abroad.

Important Indigenous Literary Sources 1. Gathasapatasati of Hala 2. Bhruhatakataha of Gunadya 3. Shabdavatara of 4. Gajashastra of Sripurusha 5. Gajashtaka of Shivamara 6. Purana of Chavundaraya 7. Vikramarjuna Vijaya/ Sahas Vijaya of Pampa (941 A.D.) 8. Shahasabhimavijaya of 990 A.D.

Important Indigenous Literary Sources……………… 9.Vikramanka Devacharita of Bilhana- This is an important source to understand the life and achievements of VI ( 1077-1127 of Chalukyas of Kalyana. Bilhana court poet was a Pandit from Kashmir. He also wrote Bilhana Kavya collection of poems 10.Mitakshara of Vijnaneshwara a treatise on Hindu law. It is a commentary on smriti of Yajnavalkya. He was a judge in the Court of Someswara III. This was major source on law subject during the period of British. Important Indigenous Literary Sources………………

11. Abhilashathirtha Chintamani or Mansollasa. written in 1129 CE . Someswara III, The king of Chalukya of Kalyana wrote a book in . . It is an Encyclopedia, gives information about polity, governance, ethics, rhetoric , veterinary medicine, horticulture, astrology, Vastu, food, perfumes, sports, painting, poetry, music, economics, art & architecture. . This is a valuable source of socio-cultural information on 11th & 12th century. . Hence he had a title called Chakravarti. This is divided into five sub-books with 100 chapters. Major part of the book dedicated to music and musical instruments.

Important Indigenous Literary Sources……………… 12. (Royal Path for poets) 850 A.D. of Shrivijaya. . Author was the court poet of , Rashtrakuta king. . The first book found so far on grammar, poetics and rhetoric in Kannada. . It explains about the boundary of the Rashtrakuta Kingdom, which spreads between river Godavari in the north to Kaveri in the South as Kannada country. . The towns like Vakkund, Puligere (Laxmeshawara), Mahakompana (Koppal) and Kisuvolalu (Pattadakallu) were existed. . It dealt with earlier forms of literature such as the Gadyakataha, the Chattana the Bedande.

12. Kavirajamarga………..

• The names of several Kannada writers such as Vimalachandra, Udaya, Nagarajuna, Jayabandhu, Kavisvara, Chandra Pandita and Lokapala are mentioned here. • But their works are either mentioned or found. • It mentioned about the titles of the kings like Nitinirantara, Krutakatyamalla, Viranarayana, Nityamallavallabha, Naralokachandra etc. Other works • Yashastlaka of Somadevasuri, • Dhavala & Jayadhavala jointly written by & on . • Jinasena also wrote Adipurana & Parsvabhudaya, • wrote Vardhamana Purana, • Gunavarma wrote Alankarashastra and Puran. • Shivakotacharaya wrote a book called Vaddaradhane which is dealt with life & teachings of 24 Tirthanakaras. Other works…….. . Nyayaviischaya Tika of Vasiraja a Jaina Poet. This is a commentary on Nyayanischaya written by Akalnka . Kaumudimahotsava of Vijayabhattarike or Vajjika (She was wife of Chandraditya the son of Pulakeshi II. She is called as Saraswati of Karnataka/ Abhianava Saraswati). . Jinendra Vyakarana of Devanandi . Kantarasutra of Durgasimha . Shabdanushasana (Grammar) of Shakatayana . Nalachamapau Kavya of Trivikrama . Prashnottara Ratnamailka of Nrupatunga . Ganiatasarasangarajha (science) of . (dictionary) of Kavirahashya

MCQ’s 1. Who was Adi Kavi? a) Ranna b) c) Pampa d) Bilhana

2. Which was the first Kannada work? a) Kavirajmarga b) Pampa bharat c) Mansollasa d) Prashnottara Ratnamailka

3. How wrote Vikramanka Devacharita? a) Bilhana b) Kalhana c) Shrivijaya d) Ranna

MCQ’s

4. In which year Abhilashathirtha Chintamani or Mansollasa written ? a) 1129 CE b) 1230 CE c) 1139 CE d) 1359 CE

5. Who was called as Abhianava Saraswati ? a) Gautami Balashri b) Vijayabhattarike c) Shakuntala d) Nayanika Answers

1. Pampa 2. Kavirajmarga 3. Bilhana 4. 1129 CE 5. Vijayabhattarike References • Phalaksha : History of Karnataka • 蒾. ಬಸವ삾ಜ ಅಕ್ಕಿ : 响ꂾಟ9响ದ ಇ邿ಸ ಮತ್ತು ಸಿ ೃ邿 • ¥Á¯ÁPÀë : 响ꂾಟ9响ದ ಇ邿ಸ • ²ªÀgÀÄzÀæ¸Áé«Ä: 响ꂾಟ9响ದ ¥ËæqsÀ ಇ邿ಸ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw