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NARAIANA LOUREIRO BENONE Heterogeneidade Ambiental E PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ MUSEU PARAENSE EMÍLIO GOELDI NARAIANA LOUREIRO BENONE Heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade de peixes de riachos na Amazônia Belém, 2017 NARAIANA LOUREIRO BENONE Heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade de peixes de riachos na Amazônia Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, do convênio da Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Zoologia. Área de concentração: Biodiversidade e conservação Linha de pesquisa: Ecologia animal Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Maria Cristina Esposito Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Luciano F. de A. Montag Belém, 2017 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da Universidade Federal do Pará Gerada automaticamente pelo módulo Ficat, mediante os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) B473h Benone, Naraiana Loureiro Heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade de peixes de riachos na Amazônia / Naraiana Loureiro Benone. - 2017. 182 f. : il. color. Tese (Doutorado) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, 2017. Orientação: Profa. Dra. Maria Cristina Esposito Coorientação: Prof. Dr. Luciano Fogaça de Assis Montag. 1. Partição de variância. 2. Modelos hierárquicos. 3. Dispersão limitada. 4. Diversidade funcional. 5. Distinção taxonômica. I. Esposito, Maria Cristina, orient. II. Título CDD 574.52409811 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO NARAIANA LOUREIRO BENONE Heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade de peixes de riachos na Amazônia Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, do convênio da Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Zoologia, sendo a COMISSÃO JULGADORA composta pelos seguintes membros: Prof. Dra. MARIA CRISTINA ESPOSITO Universidade Federal do Pará (Presidente) Prof. Dr. FABRICIO BARRETO TERESA Universidade Estadual de Goiás Prof. Dr. JANI HEINO Finnish Environment Institute Prof. Dr. KIRK WINEMILLER Texas A&M University Prof. Dra. LILIAN CASATTI Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Prof. Dra. MARIA APARECIDA LOPES Universidade Federal do Pará Prof. Dr. RAFAEL PEREIRA LEITÃO Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Prof. Dr. ROGÉRIO ROSA DA SILVA Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Aprovada em: 07 de setembro de 2017. Local de defesa: Belém, PA. Para Douglas In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous Aristóteles AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer às seguintes pessoas e instituições: À minha orientadora, Drª. Maria Cristina Esposito, pela orientação e por todo apoio durante o período de doutorado; Ao meu co-orientador, Dr. Luciano Montag, pela orientação e amizade ao longo desses sete anos de parceria; Aos pesquisadores Drª. Cecília Leal, Drª. Cristiane Ferreira, Dr. Leandro Juen, Dr. Paulo Pompeu, Dr. Raphael Ligeiro e Dr. Rogério Rosa pelas excelentes contribuições aos manuscritos e por todos os conselhos; Aos meus amigos do Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação por todo o apoio no campo e no laboratório. Nossas discussões foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, e as ótimas conversas sempre tornaram tudo muito mais divertido: Ana Luiza Andrade, Bruno Prudente, Dani Ribeiro, Facundo Alvarez, Gilberto Salvador, Híngara Leão, José Max Barbosa, Karina Dias, Leandro Brasil, Maíra Cardoso, Maria José Anacleto, Renata Frederico, Sara Almeida, Thiago Barbosa, Thiely Garcia, Tiago Begot e Yulie Shimano; À Evelyn Nunes e Lidia Brasil, que foram fundamentais em tantas etapas desta tese; À Luciana Lameira, pela ajuda essencial ao longo da tese e pela amizade; Aos queridos membros do Shoshana, por todas as conversas loucas e por toda a parceria: Bruno Eleres, Cléo Lobato, Dani Torres, Danny Raiol e Thiago Mendes; Aos pesquisadores Dr. André Ferreira, Dr. Guilherme Dutra, M.Sc. Luiz Peixoto e Dra. Marina Mendonça pelas identificações das espécies de peixes; Ao Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq) pela concessão da bolsa; Às instituições 33 Forest, Cikel, CNPq, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conservação Internacional do Brasil (CI-Brasil), Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas (FAPESPA), Fundação de Amparo e Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa (FADESP), Grupo Agropalma e Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade (PPBio) pelo financiamento e apoio logístico; À CAPES, pela oportunidade de realizar estágio na Universidade Federal de Goiás através do Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica (PROCAD), e aos pesquisadores Dr Marcus V. Cianciaruso e Dr Paulo de Marco Jr, por terem sido tão receptivos e solícitos durante esse período; À minha família, por todo o apoio incondicional; Ao Douglas de Oliveira, por todo o amor e paciência; A todos que me ajudaram, direta ou indiretamente, a realizar este trabalho e que não foram aqui mencionados por falhas em minha memória, minhas desculpas e meus sinceros agradecimentos. SUMÁRIO ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 RESUMO ....................................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .............................................................................................. 13 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................ 27 Capítulo 1 ....................................................................................................................... 33 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ............................................................................. 56 Capítulo 2 ....................................................................................................................... 89 SUPPORTING INFORMATION ............................................................................. 113 Capítulo 3 ..................................................................................................................... 130 SUPPORTING INFORMATION ............................................................................. 149 CONCLUSÕES GERAIS ........................................................................................... 159 ANEXO 1 ..................................................................................................................... 160 ANEXO 2 ..................................................................................................................... 165 ANEXO 3 ..................................................................................................................... 175 11 Environmental heterogeneity and fish diversity of Amazon streams ABSTRACT Amazon streams are highly heterogeneous systems that encompass a remarkable diversity. Due to the increasing threats to these systems, it is necessary to understand how ecological process in natural areas affect streams and their fish biota. This thesis was divided in three chapters and aims to answer the following questions: 1) How much do catchment variables affect the physical habitat of small streams in the Amazon? 2) What is the relative contribution of environmental and spatial variables on taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity of stream fish? 3) How much are distinct components of biodiversity (species diversity, taxonomic distinctness, and functional diversity) congruent and how much can they be predicted from catchment variables? Fifty seven streams were sampled across six river basins in the Amazon region. For environmental characterization, a standardized protocol was used to obtain more than 140 local variables, and 11 catchment variables were obtained from aerial images. Fish assemblages were sampled with hand nets during a six-hour period. Stream catchments were divided in two groups based on altitude and slope. These two variables influenced streams habitats, regulating flow velocity and the types and proportions of substrates. The taxonomic and functional patterns of fish assemblages were affected by environmental filters operating at the catchment scale. Nonetheless, variables at the local scale were particularly important to taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. Despite the significant role of environmental filters, limited dispersal was the main driver of variation in fish diversity, indicating a strong biogeographic factor. Finally, various components of diversity exhibited intermediate congruence, which suggests that no single component can describe patterns of fish diversity. In addition, catchment variables alone could not accurately predict diversity patterns, and therefore it is recommended that additional explanatory variables, including descriptors of local environmental conditions, are important to include in studies of stream fish diversity. Keywords: hierarchical models; variation partitioning; dispersal limitation; functional diversity; taxonomic distinctness. 12 Heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade de peixes de riachos na Amazônia RESUMO Os riachos amazônicos são sistemas altamente heterogêneos e que abrigam uma enorme biodiversidade. Devido às crescentes ameaças a esses sistemas, aumenta-se a necessidade de entender como processos ecológicos em áreas naturais afetam os riachos e suas assembleias de peixes. Esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos e busca responder as seguintes questões: 1) O quanto das variáveis em escala de bacia regulam o hábitat físico de riachos
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