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Download the Full Reportpdf, 3.6 MB VKM Report 2018:07 Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife - potential for dissemination Opinion of the Panel on Microbial Ecology of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 1 Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) 2018:07 Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife - potential for dissemination Opinion of the Panel on Microbial Ecology of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 16.03.2018 ISSN: 2535-4019 ISBN: 978-82-8259-304-5 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no vkm.no/english Cover photo: ColourBox Suggested citation: VKM, Kaare M. Nielsen, Tor Gjøen, Nana Asare, Bjørn-Tore Lunestad, Siamak Yazdankhah, Bjørnar Ytrehus, Jacques Godfroid, Anders Jelmert, Jörn Klein, Arinze Okoli, Arne Tronsmo,. Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife - potential for dissemination. Opinion of the Panel on Microbial Ecology, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM report 2018:07, ISBN: 978-82-8259-304-5, ISSN: 2535-4019. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2018:07 Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife - potential for dissemination Preparation of the opinion The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) appointed a project group to answer the request from the Norwegian Environment Agency. The project group consisted of two VKM members from the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and one from the Panel on Microbial Ecology, one external expert, and a project leader from the VKM secretariat. One VKM member from the the Panel on Microbial Ecology and external referee reviewed and commented upon the manuscript. The VKM Panel on Microbial Ecology evaluated and approved the final opinion drafted by the project group. Authors of the opinion Members of the project group that contributed to the drafting of the opinion (in alphabetical order after chair of the project group): Kaare Magne Nielsen (chair), member of Panel on GMO-VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Tor Gjøen, Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) University of Oslo, Nana Asare, Affiliation: VKM-Secretariat, Affiliation: VKM, Bjørn-Tore Lunestad (external expert), Affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Bjørnar Ytrehus, Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Siamak Yazdankhah, member of project group and project leader, VKM-Secretariat, Affiliation: VKM, Members of the Panel on Microbial Ecology that contributed to the assessment and approval of the opinion (in alphabetical order before chair/vice-chair of the Panel/Committee): Jacques Godfroid, Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) University of Tromsø, Anders Jelmert, Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) Institute of Marine Research, Jörn Klein, Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) University College of Southeast Norway, Arinze Okoli, Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) Centre for Biosafety, Genøk, Arne Tronsmo, Affiliation: 1) VKM and 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences. VKM Report 2018:07 Acknowledgment VKM would like to thank the Referees, Anders Jelmert (Panel on Microbial Ecology) and professor Henning Sørum (Norwegian University of Life Sciences) for their contribution. We also thank VKM staff Tron Gifstad for contribution. We are grateful to Lucy Robertson for proofreading the manuscript. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2018:07 Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................ 8 Samandrag ........................................................................................................... 12 Abbreviations and/or glossary ............................................................................. 16 Background provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ............................ 23 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 25 1.1 Relationship between global consumption of antimicrobial agents and development of resistance............................................................................................................ 28 1.2 Key emerging antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) ............................................... 28 Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) ...................................................... 28 Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ......................................................... 29 Quinolone-resistant (QR) Gram-negative bacteria ......................................... 29 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL/pAmpC)-producing bacteria .......... 29 Carbapenemase-producing (CP) bacteria ..................................................... 30 Colistin resistance and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1) .............. 30 1.3 Classification of antimicrobials according to their importance in human and veterinary medicine ............................................................................................................. 30 1.4 Literature assessed in this opinion/report ............................................................... 32 1.5 Search strategy ................................................................................................... 32 Inclusion criteria........................................................................................ 32 Exclusion criteria ....................................................................................... 32 1.6 Literature ............................................................................................................ 32 2 Hazard identification .................................................................................... 34 3 Hazard characterisation ............................................................................... 35 3.1 Theoretical background ........................................................................................ 35 General concepts of antimicrobial resistance ................................................ 35 Resistance emergence, dissemination and persistence .................................. 37 3.1.2.1 Emergence............................................................................................. 37 3.1.2.2 Dissemination / Stability .......................................................................... 38 Key factors limiting our ability to describe antimicrobial resistance in natural environments ...................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Dissemination of antimicrobials and AMR in the environment ................................... 40 Antimicrobial residues ................................................................................ 41 Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes .......................... 43 VKM Report 2018:07 3.3 Wildlife ............................................................................................................... 45 Interfaces between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans .......................... 50 3.4 Antimicrobial resistance in different wildlife animals ................................................ 60 Amphibians and reptiles ............................................................................. 60 Birds, including migratory birds .................................................................. 62 Fish and other water-living animals; vertebrates, and invertebrates (marine and fresh water) ........................................................................................................ 64 Insects ..................................................................................................... 65 Wild terrestrial mammals ........................................................................... 66 3.4.5.1 Wild boars ............................................................................................. 66 3.4.5.2 Large terrestrial animals .......................................................................... 68 Small terrestrial mammals .......................................................................... 69 Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife in Norway ............................................... 70 3.6.8 Geographical distribution of studies ............................................................... 73 3.5 Methodology used in the evaluated studies ............................................................ 76 3.6 Summary of hazard characterisation ...................................................................... 78 4 Exposure assessment ................................................................................... 80 5 Risk characterisation.................................................................................... 80 5.1 AMR in wildlife and possible transmission ............................................................... 80 5.2 Summary of risk characterisation ........................................................................... 87 6 Uncertainties ...............................................................................................
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