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Table of Contents FRAGMENTATION SENSITIVITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ON DEMOGRAPHY AND HOST–ECTOPARASITE DYNAMICS IN AMAZONIAN BIRDS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Renewable Natural Resources by Erik I. Johnson B.S., Dickinson College, 2001 M.S., Louisiana State University, 2006 May 2011 DEDICATION I dedicate this manuscript to my wife, my partner in life, and my closest friend, Ceci Johnson, who encourages me to follow my dreams and gives me the inspiration to push forward in good and hard times. I will always appreciate and never forget her unending patience and love through this journey. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank my advisor and Amazon guru, Dr. Phil Stouffer. His endless insight and patience is remarkable and I am so grateful to him for including me in his lab. My fellow labmates, past and present, have always been there for me and I appreciate all of their council and friendship. These fine people that I have had a privalenge to work with include Matt Brooks, David Brown, Emma DeLeon, Jenny DiMiceli, Lynn Duda, Dave Fox, Karl Mokross, Falyn Owens, Laura Palasz, Luke Powell, Jared Wolfe, and Jason Zoller. Luke, Karl, and Jared: it has been incredible getting to spend time with you in the Amazon – best of luck with your continued work there. I cannot wait to see the cool things you discover. I am very thankful to my committee, Dr. Van Remsen, Dr. Frank Rohwer, and Dr. Jason Weckstein for all of their help and support. Their advice over the years improved the quality of this dissertation, but more importantly, their doors have always been open if I had questions and they played a significant role in my general education at Louisiana State University. I also thank all of the other bird students at Louisiana State University (LSU), particularly at the Museum of Natural Sciences, who were so instrumental in my ornithological development. The staff at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragmentation Project, including Zé Luís, Regina, Ary, Rosely, the drivers, and the mateiros, was so welcoming and enjoyable to get to know. Mario Cohn-Haft taught me my first Manaus birds and he always made himself avaible to discuss adventures in the field and plans for analysis. He and Ingrid Torres were also very helpful preparing paperwork for collected tail feathers to be donated to LSU. Augusto Henriques was helped with the logistics of loaning ectoparasites to LSU. My field crew and jungle companions – Jairo Lopes (the Jedi Knight of mist nets) and Claudeir Vargas (the Padawan) – were tremendous. They somehow tolerated my limited iii Portuguese for multiple field seasons and I have no doubt that with any other field companions I would not yet be finishing my dissertation. They worked so hard and we were all rewarded with phenomenal birds. I learned more from them than they probably realize and am grateful for their friendship and companionship. I also want to thank all the people I met along the way, especially Thiago, Christian, Marconi, Sandra, Rubim, Cathy B., Ben, and many others, who made camp living all the more enjoyable. Bryan Lenz, you always made me realize that it could be even worse while smiling through it all – rapaz! Gonçalo Ferraz graciously allowed me to stay at his place and was an endless source of support, guidance, and inspiration – I thank him tremendously. João Vitor e Silva (“J.B.”) also invited me to stay with him and is one of the nicest people I have ever met. My parents, Ivan and Delia, saw in me my passion for birds at a very young age and encouraged it in so many ways. Whether it was getting up early with me to walk down the tracks, bringing me to far away lands, or providing the resources to pursue amazing educational opportunities, they are the reason I study and always will study birds. I am ever so grateful to them for encouraging me to follow my dreams. Finally, my amazingly supportive wife Ceci, her incredible children Will, Lexie, and Brooks, and her parents Mertie and Joe have supported my studies from the beginning and I am eternally grateful. I hope that I can make them proud – I am indebted to them for their patience, understanding, and support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................1 DISSERTATION OVERVIEW...........................................................................................6 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2: DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF AMAZONIAN UNDERSTORY BIRDS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE.........................................................................................12 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................12 METHODS ........................................................................................................................16 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................23 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................35 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................................................................52 CHAPTER 3: VARIATION IN MOLT-BREEDING OVERLAP AMONG AMAZONIAN BIRDS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE...........................60 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................60 METHODS ........................................................................................................................65 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................70 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................88 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................................101 CHAPTER 4: AVIAN ECTOPARASITE ASSEMBLAGES ON AMAZONIAN BIRDS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE................................................................................................110 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................110 METHODS ......................................................................................................................113 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................117 DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................130 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................................135 CHAPTER 5: AN ECTOPARASITE-REMOVAL EXPERIMENT TO QUANTIFY THE EFFECTS OF ECTOPARASITES ON AMAZONIAN BIRDS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE............................................................................................................................142 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................142 METHODS ......................................................................................................................146 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................151 DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................166 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................................174 v APPENDIX A: FOCAL STUDY SPECIES, THEIR ECOLOGICAL GUILD (MODIFIED FROM STOUFFER ET AL. 2006), AND CHAPTERS WHERE THEY ARE USED FOR ANALYSES...............................................................................................................................181 APPENDIX B: MOLT–BREEDING OVERLAP FREQUENCIES FOR 87 PASSERIFORMES....................................................................................................................182 APPENDIX C: ECTOPARASITE TAXA FOUND ON EACH OF 22 HOST SPECIES NEAR MANAUS, BRAZIL..................................................................................................................185 APPENDIX D: EFFECTS OF HABITAT TYPE AND BIRD AGE ON WING MITE INDEX FOR 23 HOST SPECIES...........................................................................................................189 VITA..........................................................................................................................................190 vi ABSTRACT The Amazon rainforest is experiencing
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