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Baseline Report Series: 14 Baseline Report Series: 14. The Corallian of Oxfordshire and Wiltshire Groundwater Systems and Water Quality Commissioned Report CR/04/262N Science Group: Air, Land & Water Technical Report NC/99/74/14 The Natural Quality of Groundwater in England and Wales A joint programme of research by the British Geological Survey and the Environment Agency BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Commissioned Report CR/04/262N ENVIRONMENT AGENCY Science Group: Air, Land & Water Technical Report NC/99/74/14 This report is the result of a study jointly funded by the British Baseline Report Series: Geological Survey’s National Groundwater Survey and the 14. The Corallian of Oxfordshire and Environment Agency Science Group. No part of this work may be Wiltshire reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a retrieval system of any nature, without the prior permission of the copyright proprietors. J Cobbing, M Moreau, P Shand, A Lancaster All rights are reserved by the copyright proprietors. Contributors Disclaimer The officers, servants or agents of both the British Geological Survey and the R Hargreaves (GIS) Environment Agency accept no liability whatsoever for loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance on the views contained herein. Environment Agency Dissemination status Internal: Release to Regions External: Public Domain ISBN: 978-1-84432-639-6 Product code: SCHO0207BLYL-E-P ©Environment Agency, 2004 Statement of use This document forms one of a series of reports describing the baseline chemistry of selected reference aquifers in England and Wales. Cover illustration Shelly, oolitic Corallian limestone near Baulking, Vale of White Horse. Key words Environment Agency Project Manager: Baseline, Corallian, water quality, hydrogeochemistry, UK aquifer. Dr Rob Ward / Jonathan Smith Science Group: Air, Land & Water Bibliographic Reference Cobbing, J, Moreau, M, Shand, P & British Geological Survey Project Manager: Lancaster, A. 2004. Baseline Report Series 14: The Corallian of Oxfordshire Dr Paul Shand and Wiltshire. British Geological Groundwater Systems & Water Quality Programme Survey Commissioned Report No. CR/04/262N Environment Agency Science Group, Solihull 2004 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham 2004 ©Environment Agency 2004 ©NERC 2004 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENVIRONMENT AGENCY The full range of Survey publications is available from BGS The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting Sales Desk at the Survey headquarters, Keyworth, Nottingham. and improving the environment in England and Wales. The more popular maps and books may be purchased from BGS-approved stockists and agents and over the counter at the It's our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by Bookshop, Gallert 37, Natural History Museum, (Earth everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit Galleries), Cromwell Road, London. Sales. Sales Desks are a cleaner, healthier world. also located at the BGS London Information Office, and at Murchison House, Edinburgh. The London Information Office Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing maintains a reference collection of the BGS publications industry’s impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal including maps for consultation. Some BGS books and reports waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. may also be obtained from the Stationery Office Publications Centre or from the Stationery Office bookshops and agents. Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of maps, which lists Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 published material and contains index maps for several of the www.environment-agency.gov.uk BGS series. Further copies of this report are available from the Environment The British Geological Survey carries out the geological Agency's National Customer Contact Centre by emailing: survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an [email protected] agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of or by telephoning 08708 506506. the surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies. Environment Agency Regional Offices The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Anglian Natural Environment Research Council. Kingfisher House, Goldhay Way, Orton Goldhay, Peterborough PE2 5ZR Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Tel 01733 371811 Fax 01733 231840 0115 936 3100 Telex 378173 BGSKEY G Fax 0115 936 3200 Midlands e-mail: [email protected] www.bgs.ac.uk Sapphire East, 550 Streetsbrook Road, Solihull, West Midlands B91 1QT Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA Tel 0121 711 2324 Fax 0121 711 5824 0131 667 1000 Telex 727343 SEISED G Fax 0131 668 2683 North East Rivers House, 21 Park Square South, Leeds LS1 2QG London Information Office at the Natural History Museum, Tel 0113 244 0191 Fax 0113 246 1889 Earth Galleries, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2DE North West 0207 589 4090 Fax 0207 584 8270 Richard Fairclough House, Knutsford Road, Warrington WA4 1HG 0207 938 9056/57 Tel 01925 653999 Fax 01925 415961 St Just, 30 Pennsylvania Road, Exeter EX4 6BX South West 01392 278312 Fax 01392 437505 Manley House, Kestrel Way, Exeter EX2 7LQ Tel 01392 444000 Fax 01392 444238 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 20 College Gardens, Belfast BT9 6BS Southern 01232 666595 Fax 01232 662835 Guildbourne House, Chatsworth Rd, Worthing, Sussex BN11 1LD Tel 01903 832000 Fax 01903 821832 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB Thames 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Kings Meadow House, Kings Meadow Road, Reading RG1 8DQ email: [email protected] Tel 0118 953 5000 Fax 0118 950 0388 Parent Body Environment Agency Wales Natural Environment Research Council 29 Newport Road, Cardiff CF24 0TP Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire Tel 01222 770088 Fax 01222 798555 SN2 1EU 01793 411500 Telex 444293 ENVRE G Fax 01793 411501 Contents FOREWORD v BACKGROUND TO THE BASELINE PROJECT vi 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. PERSPECTIVE 2 3. BACKGROUND TO UNDERSTANDING BASELINE QUALITY 4 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 Geology 4 3.3 Hydrogeology 7 3.4 Aquifer mineralogy 9 3.5 Rainfall chemistry 9 3.6 Land use 10 4. DATA AND INTERPRETATION 12 4.1 Project sampling programme 12 4.2 Previous data 12 4.3 Interpretation of pumped groundwater samples 12 4.4 Data handling 13 5. HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 14 5.1 Introduction 14 5.2 Water types and physicochemical characteristics 16 5.3 Major elements 17 5.4 Minor and trace elements 19 5.5 Pollution indicators 21 6. GEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS AND REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 22 6.1 Introduction 22 6.2 Mineral Dissolution Reactions 22 6.3 Redox reactions 23 6.4 Ion exchange reactions 24 6.5 Mixing with connate waters 26 6.6 Chemical evolution along flowlines 28 6.7 Temporal variations 30 i 6.8 Depth variations 30 6.9 Age of the groundwater 32 6.10 Spatial variations 32 7. BASELINE CHEMISTRY OF THE AQUIFER 43 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 45 9. REFERENCES 46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 48 ii List of Figures Figure 2.1 Topographic Map of the study area showing the main towns. .....................................2 Figure 2.2 A view north across the Corallian outcrop from the Chalk scarp at Whitehorse Hill (from approximately SU 297 865)................................................................................3 Figure 3.1 Solid geology of the study area.....................................................................................5 Figure 3.2 Drift geology of the study area. ....................................................................................7 Figure 3.3 Geophysical Logs at Kingston Hill Farm. ....................................................................7 Figure 3.4 Generalised land use map of the study area. Data from Land Cover Map 1990, supplied courtesy of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. ©NERC......................10 Figure 3.5 Sand and aggregate quarrying operations near Shellingford (SU 329 938)................11 Figure 3.6 Former Corallian limestone quarry near Stanford in the Vale (SU 326 943). ............11 Figure 5.1 PIPER plot showing the relative concentrations of major elements...........................16 Figure 5.2 Box plot showing the ranges of major element concentrations. .................................18 Figure 5.3 Cumulative probability plot of major elements. .........................................................18 Figure 5.4 Box plot showing the ranges of minor and trace element concentrations...................19 Figure 5.5 Cumulative probability plot of selected minor and trace elements.............................20 Figure 6.1 Plots of Sr/Ca ratio against HCO3 concentration, and Mg/Ca ratio against Na concentration...............................................................................................................23 Figure 6.2 Plots of selected element concentrations against Eh (mV). ........................................25 Figure 6.3 Ca concentration plotted against Na concentration for confined and unconfined groundwaters...............................................................................................................26 Figure 6.4 Selected parameters plotted in relation to a seawater dilution line.............................27
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