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Pietų Korėjos Ir Taivano Atvejai VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS POLITIKOS MOKSLŲ IR DIPLOMATIJOS FAKULTETAS REGIONISTIKOS KATEDRA Vaida Sirusaitė RINKIMŲ SISTEMŲ REFORMOS: PIETŲ KORĖJOS IR TAIVANO ATVEJAI Magistro baigiamasis darbas Rytų Azijos regiono studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 621L20007 Politikos mokslų studijų kryptis Vadovas prof. A. Krupavičius _________ __________ (Moksl. laipsnis, vardas, pavardė) (Parašas) (Data) Apginta ___________________ __________ __________ (PMDF dekanas) (Parašas) (Data) Kaunas, 2012 TURINYS SANTRAUKA ................................................................................................................................ 3 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 4 SANTRUMPŲ SĄRAŠAS ............................................................................................................. 5 LENTELIŲ SĄRAŠAS .................................................................................................................. 6 ĮVADAS ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1. RINKIMŲ SISTEMOS IR JŲ REFORMOS ............................................................................. 10 1.1. Rinkimų sistemos samprata, elementai ir klasifikacija ................................................... 10 1.1.1. Rinkimų sistemos elementai ................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. Daugumos (mažoritarinės) sistemos ..................................................................... 14 1.1.3. Proporcinės sistemos ............................................................................................. 17 1.1.4. Mišriosios sistemos ............................................................................................... 19 1.1.5. Kitos sistemos ....................................................................................................... 20 2. PIETŲ KORĖJOS IR TAIVANO IKIREFORMINĖS RINKIMŲ SISTEMOS........................ 28 2.1. Pirmas prie finišo rinkimų sistema Pietų Korėjoje ......................................................... 28 2.1.1. Sistemos charakteristikos ...................................................................................... 29 2.1.2. Sistemos proporcingumas ..................................................................................... 30 2.1.3. Santykis su partine sistema ................................................................................... 30 2.1.4. Reformos priežastys............................................................................................... 32 2.2. Neperkeliamojo balso rinkimų sistema Taivane ............................................................. 34 2.2.1. Sistemos charakteristikos ...................................................................................... 34 2.2.2. Sistemos proporcingumas ..................................................................................... 35 2.2.3. Santykis su partine sistema ................................................................................... 35 2.2.4. Reformos priežastys .............................................................................................. 37 3. RINKIMŲ SISTEMŲ REFORMŲ SPRENDIMAI IR JŲ ĮGYVENDINIMO PROCESAS ....... 39 3.1. Paralelinės rinkimų sistemos pasirinkimas ..................................................................... 39 3.2. Reformos įgyvendinimas Pietų Korėjoje ........................................................................ 42 3.3. Reformos įgyvendinimas Taivane .................................................................................. 44 4. RINKIMŲ SISTEMŲ REFORMŲ POVEIKIS IR REZULTATAI .......................................... 46 IŠVADOS ..................................................................................................................................... 55 LITERATŪROS IR ŠALTINIŲ SĄRAŠAS ................................................................................ 57 PRIEDAI ...................................................................................................................................... 63 2 SANTRAUKA Baigiamajame darbe analizuojamos Pietų Korėjoje ir Taivane įgyvendintos rinkimų sistemų reformos 2003 ir 2005 metais bei jų pasirinktos paralelinės rinkimų sistemos. Pagrindiniai probleminiai darbo aspektai – reformų priežastys, kryptys bei jų rezultatai. Darbo objektu pasirinkta aktuali ir mažai analizuota parlamento rinkimų sistemos reforma šiose Rytų Azijos valstybėse. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir palyginti rinkimų sistemų reformas Pietų Korėjoje ir Taivane, nustatant, kokią įtaką rinkimų rezultatams turėjo įvykdytos reformos. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai: 1. pristatyti rinkimų sistemas ir rinkimų sistemų reformų sampratą; 2. aptarti ikireformines rinkimų sistemas; 3. išnagrinėti sprendimus dėl reformų, jų įgyvendinimo procesą, išskiriant dalyvius ir jų lūkesčius; 4. nustatyti rinkimų sistemų reformų poveikį ir rezultatus. Pagrindiniai naudojami metodai – mokslinės literatūros analizė, statistinis bei lyginamasis metodas. Mokslinės literatūros analizė leido suformuoti teorinę rinkimų sistemų reformų analizės prieigą per konteksto svarbą, kurią papildė pagrindiniai rinkimų sistemų rezultatų apskaičiavimo metodai – Gallagher neproporcingumo indeksas ir partijų skaičius. Tyrimo apimtis – visi ikireforminiai ir poreforminiai rinkimai į parlamentą Pietų Korėjoje (1988-2012 m.) ir Taivane (1992-2012 m.). Rinkimų sistemų reformų konteksto analizė parodė, jog reformas skatina šališki politinių partijų interesai, o reformos įgyvendinimo procesas įtraukia daugiau veikėjų, kurių interesai tampa didžiausiu barjeru reformų procese. Pietų Korėjoje reformos įgyvendinimas patenka į elito- masių sąveikos procesą, o Taivane – į elito inicijuotą refromos procesą. Reformų priežastys Pietų Korėjoje apėmė esmines šalies partijų ir politinės sistemos problemas, o Taivane reforma vykdyta dėl nepageidaujamo neperkeliamojo balso rinkimų sistemos aspektų. Nepaisant esminių rinkimų sistemų reformų retumo pasaulyje, Pietų Korėjos ir Taivano atvejai parodė, kad reformos krypsta mažoritarinių rinkimų sistemų link. Reformų rezultatų skaičiavimas ir analizė parodė, jog abiem atvejais poreforminiai rinkimai davė vienpartines parlamentines daugumas su sumažėjusiu partijų skaičiumi. Taivane šis poveikis partijų skaičiui buvo netikėtas, nes didžiausia partija gavo daugiausiai mandatų per visą nepriklausomybės istoriją, o trečiosios partijos buvo beveik išstumtos iš politinės arenos. Pietų Korėjos paralelinė rinkimų sistema visiškai nepateisino reformuotojų lūkesčių dėl valstybės politinių problemų. Lyginamoji analizė leido išanalizuoti du reformų atvejus bei isškirti panašumus bei skirtumus tarp dviejų, iš pažiūros labai panašių, Rytų Azijos valstybių. Galutinius rinkimų sistemų reformų rezultatus reikia pateikti su išlygomis, o tvirtas išvadas bus galima pateikti po dar dviejų-trijų rinkimų. 3 SUMMARY Reforms of Electoral Systems: Cases of South Korea and Taiwan Master‘s thesis analyzes electoral systems‘ reforms and adoption of mixed-member majoritarian electoral systems in South Korea and Taiwan in 2003 and 2005 respectively. The main problematics consists of reforms‘ causes, trends, results and their impact. The object is legislative electoral system reforms in two East Asian countries. The objective of the thesis is to analyze and compare electoral systems‘ reforms in South Korea and Taiwan in order to assess their impact on election results. The following tasks have been set: 1. to explore theoretical base on electoral systems and their reforms; 2. to present pre-reform electoral systems; 3. to study reforms‘ decisions, their implementation processes, distinguishing the main actors and their motivation; 4. to calculate the results and evaluate the impact of electoral system reforms. Statistical and comparative methods as well as the analysis of scholarly literature are the main methods used in order to achieve the objective of the thesis. The analysis generated theoretical electoral systems‘ assesssment approach through the importance of reform context. The analysis has been complemented with standard measures of electoral systems, namely Gallagher index and effective number of political parties. The scope of research is all pre and post-reform parliamentary election in South Korea (1988-2012) and Taiwan (1992-2012). Context analysis has demonstrated partisan interests of politicians. The process of reform implementation involves more actors which might become the biggest barrier to electoral reform. The process of electoral reform was imposed by elite-masses interaction in South Korea. In Taiwan reform was implemented according to elite imposition. The causes for reforms were not related to direct impact of electoral system in South Korea but was fully driving by negative aspects of previous electoral system in Taiwan. Regardless the infrequency of major electoral reforms, two cases showed the trend towards majoritarianism. The calculations and analysis of election results demonstrate that in both reform cases post- reform elections generated one party majorities and reduced number of parliamentary parties. In Taiwan the impact on party system was unexpected, because post-reform elections provided the biggest party with historicaly high number of seats in a democratic era. The third parties almost dissapeared from political
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