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Volby a Volební Systémy V Zemích Jihoafrického Regionu UNIVERZITA HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRA POLITOLOGIE VOLBY A VOLEBNÍ SYSTÉMY V ZEMÍCH JIHOAFRICKÉHO REGIONU Analýza a komparace zemí jihoafrického regionu z pohledu volebních systémů. Nastavení, chování, výstupy. Diplomová práce Jméno autora: Bc. Dušan Fiala Studijní program: N6701 Politologie Studijní obor: Politologie – africká studia Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Vlastimil Fiala, CSc. Hradec Králové 2015 Zadání diplomové práce Autor: Bc. Dušan Fiala Studium: F12298 Studijní program: N6701 Politologie Studijní obor: Politologie ‐ africká studia Název diplomové práce: Volby a volební systémy v zemích jihoafrického regionu. Analýza a komparace zemí jihoafrického regionu z pohledu volebních systémů. Nastavení, chování, výstupy. Název diplomové práce AJ: Elections and Electoral Systems in Southern African Countries. Analysis and Comparison of Southern African Countries from the Perspective of Electoral Systems. Settings, Behaviors and Outputs. Cíl, metody, literatura, předpoklady: Cíl práce: Hlavním cílem práce je analýza a komparace volebních systémů a výstupů, v podobě stranického systému, v zemích jihoafrického regionu, a to s pomocí analytických nástrojů současné politické vědy - indexů disproporcionality, indexu reprezentace, indexu efektivního počtu stran, indexu rovnováhy a indexu fragmentace. Souvisejícím cílem práce je ambice být přehledným zdrojem dat a srovnávacích analýz souvisejících s volebními systémy a volbami zemí jihoafrického regionu, a také přinést euroafrické srovnání s vybranými evropskými zeměmi. Struktura práce: Úvod (uvedení do volební problematiky v širší a historické perspektivě, cíle práce, výzkumná otázka a hypotézy, analýza literatury) 1. Volební systémy (teoretické ukotvení problematiky) 2. Institucionální koncepty pro rozdělené společnosti (teoretické předpoklady) 3. Volební systémy v zemích jihoafrického regionu (historický kontext, volební data a fakta z jednotlivých voleb v jednotlivých jihoafrických zemích) 4. Reprezentace, proporcionalita, fragmentace (analýza výsledků pomocí vybraných nástrojů politické vědy) 5. Komparace výstupů Afrika x Evropa (komparace volebních výsledků jihoafrického regionu a vybraných zemí Evropy) Závěr Ellis, Stephen. 2000. "Elections in Africa in Historical Context." In: Election observation and democratization in Africa. Eds. Jon Abbink a Gerti Hesselink. Houndmills and New York: Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, s. 37‐49. Chytilek, Roman et al. (eds.). 2009. Volební systémy. Vyd. 4., V Portálu 1. Praha: Portál. Klíma, Jan. 2012. Dějiny Afriky. Vývoj kontinentu, regionů a států. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. Laakso, Markku a Taagepera Rein. 1979. Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe. Comparative Political Studies 12, č. 1, 3‐27. Lebeda, Tomáš. 2006a. "Teorie reálné kvóty, alternativní přístup k měření proporcionality." Sociologický časopis 42, č. 4, 657‐681. Lebeda, Tomáš. 2006b. "Proporcionalita volebních formulí poměrných systémů." Sociologický časopis 42, č. 5, 883‐912. Lebeda, Tomáš. 2008. Volební systémy poměrného zastoupení. Mechanismy, proporcionalita a politické konsekvence. Praha: Karolinum. Massicotte, Louis a Blais, André. 1999. "Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey." Electoral Studies 18, č. 3, 341‐366. Nohlen, Dieter et al. (eds.). 1999. Elections in Afrika. A Data Handbook. Oxford: University Press. Novák, Miroslav. 2004. "Volební a stranické systémy: ČR v mezinárodním srovnání." Dobrá voda: Aleš Čeněk. Sartori, Giovanni. 2005. Strany a stranické systémy: schéma pro analýzu. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury. Sartori, Giovanni. 2011. Srovnávací ústavní inženýrství: zkoumání struktur, podnětů a výsledků. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství. Sink, Timothy D. a Reynolds, Andrew, eds. 1998. Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace. Zdroje volebních dat: Comissao Nacional Eleitoral de Angola, Independent Electoral Commission of Botswana, Independent Electoral Commission of South Africa, Independent Electoral Commission of Lesotho, Malawi Electoral Commission, Secretariado Técnico da Administraçao Eleitoral de Moçambique, Electoral Commission of Namibia, Electoral Commission of Zambia, Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, Inter‐ Parliamentary Union, Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa, African Elections Database, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Lublin, David. 2014. Election Passport Garantující pracoviště: Katedra politologie, Filozofická fakulta Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Vlastimil Fiala, CSc. Prohlášení „Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně a uvedl jsem všechny použité prameny a literaturu.“ V Hradci Králové dne 23. února 2015 …………………………………… Bc. Dušan Fiala Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval doc. PhDr. Vlastimilu Fialovi, CSc. za cenné rady, podněty a připomínky při psaní této práce. Své ženě pak děkuji za podporu a trpělivost. Anotace Fiala, Dušan. 2015. Volby a volební systémy v zemích jihoafrického regionu. Analýza a komparace zemí jihoafrického regionu z pohledu volebních systémů. Nastavení, cho- vání, výstupy. Hradec Králové: Univerzita Hradec Králové, Filozofická fakulta, Katedra politologie. Diplomová práce. Diplomová práce se zabývá volbami a volebními systémy v zemích jihoafrického regionu (Angola, Botswana, Jihoafrická republika, Lesotho, Malawi, Mosambik, Namibie, Svazijsko, Zambie a Zimbabwe) od přelomu 80. a 90. let 20. století po konec roku 2014. Hlavním cílem práce je analýza a komparace volebních systémů a výstupů (v podobě stranického systému), které ten který volební systém v konkrétních spole- čensko-politických, etnických, kulturních či jiných podmínkách přináší v zemích jihoaf- rického regionu, a to s pomocí vybraných analytických nástrojů současné politické vědy – indexů disproporcionality (Loosemore-Hanby index, Least-squares index, RR index, Vážený průměr D a RR indexů), indexu reprezentace, indexu efektivního počtu stran, indexu rovnováhy a indexu fragmentace. Na základě dosažených výstupů a návazných analýz je patrné zásadně odlišné chování, nekorespondující s obecnými – euroamerickými – teoretickými předpoklady o vlivu volebního na stranický systém a jeho zobecnitelnosti. Práce přináší i euroafrické srovnání s vybranými evropskými zeměmi (Spojené království, Německo, Nizozemí, Česká republika) a je též zdrojem volebních dat a srovnávacích analýz. Klíčová slova: Angola, Botswana, Jihoafrická republika, Lesotho, Malawi, Mosambik, Namibie, Svazijsko, Zambie, Zimbabwe, volby, volební systém, stranický systém, reprezentace, disproporcionalita, fragmentace. Annotation Fiala, Dušan. 2015. Elections and electoral systems in Southern African countries. Analysis and comparison of Southern African countries from the perspective of electoral systems. Settings, behaviors and outputs. Hradec Králové: Univerzita Hradec Králové, Filozofická fakulta, Katedra politologie. Diploma Dissertation. This thesis focuses on elections and electoral systems in Southern African countries (Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe) from the turning point of 80's and 90's in the 20th century till the end of 2014. The main goal of this thesis is the analysis of electoral systems and their outputs (in the form of a party system) in relation to specific socio- political, ethnic, cultural and other conditions of the Southern African region. The ana- lysis is performed via the application of analytical tools of contemporary political science – indexes of disproportionality (the Loosemore-Hanby index, the Least-squ- ares index, the RR index, and the weighted averages of the Loosemore-Hanby and the RR indexes), the index of representation, the index of effective number of parties, the index of balance, and the index of fragmentation. Based on the outcomes and follow-up analyses there is evident a fundamentally different behavior not correspon- ding with the general – Euro-American – theoretical assumptions about the effect of electoral systems on the party system and its generalization. The thesis also provides an Euro-African comparison with selected European countries (The United Kingdom, Germany, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic) and it is also a source of data sets and comparative analyses. Keywords: Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, elections, electoral system, party system, representation, disproportionality, fragmentation. Věnováno mé trpělivé ženě. Obsah Seznam použitých zkratek ................................................................................................................ 12 Úvod...................................................................................................................................................... 14 1. Volební systémy .......................................................................................................................... 32 1.1 Většinové volební systémy ................................................................................................ 34 1.1.1 Systém prvního v cíli (FPTP) .................................................................................... 36 1.1.2 Alternativní hlasování ................................................................................................. 36 1.1.3 Dvoukolový systém (absolutní většinový systém) ................................................. 36 1.2 Poměrné volební systémy ................................................................................................
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