FAMILY Osphronemidae van der Hoeven, 1832 - gouramies

SUBFAMILY Macropodusinae Hoedeman, 1948 - , paradise , fighting fishes [=Bettini, Polyacanthinae, Parophiocephalidae, Macropodinae] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice Bettini Bleeker, 1879b:2, 26 [ref. 457] (phalanx = tribe) [subfamily name sometimes seen as Bettainae] Polyacanthinae Gill, 1893b:135 [ref. 26255] (subfamily) Polyacanthus Cuvier [ inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1] Parophiocephalidae Popta, 1905:183 [ref. 3549] (family) Parophiocephalus Popta Macropodinae Hoedeman, 1948 in Hoedeman & de Jong 1947–58:X.59.21, p. 2 [ref. 19665] (subfamily) [also as new in Liem 1962:47 [ref. 20932]; ICZN Opinion 2058 emended the spelling of the subfamily to Macropodusinae to remove homonymy with a family-group name in mammals; family-group name also used as valid by: Nelson 1976 [ref. 32838], Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Rüber, Britz & Zardoya 2006 [ref. 32638]]

GENUS Betta Bleeker, 1849 - bettas [=Betta Bleeker [P.], 1849:14, Micracanthus Sauvage [H.-E.], 1879:95, Oshimia Jordan [D. S.], 1919:342, Parophiocephalus Popta [C. M. L.], 1905:184, Pseudobetta Richter [H. J.], 1981:273] Notes: [ref. 16883]. Fem. Betta trifasciata Bleeker, 1849. Type by monotypy. Also in Bleeker 1850:12 [ref. 323]. •Valid as Betta Bleeker, 1849 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Burgess 1982 [ref. 19934], Kottelat 1985:275 [ref. 11441], Kottelat 1989:19 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:171 [ref. 6439], Schaller & Kottelat 1989 [ref. 13604], Witte & Schmidt 1992 [ref. 14256], Kottelat & Ng 1994:65 [ref. 21376], Kottelat 1994:297 [ref. 21572], Tan 1998:281 [ref. 23321], Tan & Kottelat 1998:41 [ref. 23543], Tan & Kottelat 1998:557 [ref. 23781], Britz 2001:305 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:249 [ref. 26536], Schindler & Schmidt 2004:1 [ref. 28030], Tan & Ng 2004:272 [ref. 28058], Tan & Ng 2005:50 [ref. 28354],Tan & Ng 2005:116 [ref. 28283], Tan & Ng 2006:98 [ref. 28764], Schindler & Schmidt 2006:47 [ref. 28865], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:39 [ref. 30459], Tan 2009:59 [ref. 30276], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Schindler & van der Voort 2011:21 [ref. 32382], Kowasupat et al. 2012:387 [ref. 32320], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta Bleeker, 1849. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. (Micracanthus) [6] [ref. 3881]. Masc. Micracanthus marchei Sauvage, 1879. Type by monotypy. On p. 6 of separate. Not preoccupied by Microcanthus Swainson, 1839, Oshimia Jordan, 1919 is an unneeded replacement. • of Betta Bleeker, 1849 -- (Roberts 1989:171 [ref. 6439], Hui & Ng 2005:50 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta Bleeker, 1849. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. (Oshimia) [ref. 2413]. Fem. Micracanthus marchei Sauvage, 1879. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Micracanthus Sauvage, 1880, not preoccupied by Microcanthus Swainson, 1839 in fishes. •Synonym of Betta Bleeker, 1849 -- (Roberts 1989:171 [ref. 6439], Hui & Ng 2005:50 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta Bleeker, 1849. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. (Parophiocephalus) [ref. 3549]. Masc. Parophiocephalus unimaculatus Popta, 1905. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Betta Bleeker, 1850 -- (Roberts 1989:171 [ref. 6439], Hui & Ng 2005:50 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta Bleeker, 1849. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. (Pseudobetta) [ref. 6578]. Fem. Macropodus pugnax Cantor, 1849. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Betta Bleeker, 1849 -- (Burgess 1982:28 [ref. 19934], Roberts 1989:171 [ref. 6439], Britz 2001:305 [ref. 25717], Hui & Ng 2005:50 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta Bleeker, 1849. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.

Species Betta akarensis Regan, 1910 - Akar betta [=Betta akarensis Regan [C. T.], 1910:779, Pl. 77 (fig. 3), Betta climacura Vierke [J.], 1988:336, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Akar River, Sarawak state, Borneo, East . Current status: Valid as Betta akarensis Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Brunei and Sarawak. Habitat: freshwater. (climacura) [Das Aquarium: Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik, Bornheim v. 22 (no. 228); ref. 19852] Small clear-water creek about 60 air-miles southwest of Brunei, near Rampayoh, West Borneo. Current status: Synonym of Betta akarensis Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta albimarginata Kottelat & Ng, 1994 - white-margined betta [=Betta albimarginata Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 1994:67, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] Sungei Sanul, tributary of Sungei Tikung, Sungei Sebuku basin, Kalimantan Timur, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta albimarginata Kottelat & Ng, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, . Habitat: freshwater. Species Betta anabatoides Bleeker, 1851 - giant betta [=Betta anabatoides Bleeker [P.], 1851:269] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1; ref. 325] Stream at kilometer 55 on Rantau-Martapura road, Bandjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta anabatoides Bleeker, 1851. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta antoni Tan & Ng, 2006 - Anton's betta [=Betta antoni Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2006:98, Figs. 1a-c] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Sanggau area, Kapuas basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo [aquarium trade specimens]. Current status: Valid as Betta antoni Tan & Ng, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Lower Kapus basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta apollon Schindler & Schmidt, 2006 - Schindler's betta [=Betta apollon Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.], 2006:50, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Zeitschrift für Fischkunde v. 8 (no. 1/2); ref. 28865] About 20 kilometers west of Narathiwat at street to Marubo, about 6°23'N, 101°38'E, Province Narathiwat, . Current status: Valid as Betta apollon Schindler & Schmidt, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Hill streams west of Narathiwat, peninsular Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta aurigans Tan & Lim, 2004 - Tan's betta [=Betta aurigans Tan [H. H.] & Lim [K. K. P.], 2004:113, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. No. 11; ref. 27716] Pulau Natuna Besar, Natuna Archipelago. Current status: Valid as Betta aurigans Tan & Lim, 2004. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Natuna Archipelago, South China Sea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta balunga Herre, 1940 - Herre's betta [=Betta balunga Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1940:44] Notes: [Bulletin of the Raffles Museum No. 16; ref. 11006] Tiny brook, tributary to the Balung River, 45 miles from Tawau, Borneo, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta balunga Herre, 1940. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884 - slim betta [=Betta bellica Sauvage [H.-E.], 1884:217, Fig. (p. 217), Betta fasciata Regan [C. T.], 1910:782, Pl. 77 (fig. 4)] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 9; ref. 14401] Neotype locality: North Selangor peat swamp forest, adjacent to Perak Island, 43 kilometers towards Sungai Besae (3°39'12.9"N, 101°18'00.4"E), Selangor, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater. (fasciata) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Deli, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta breviobesa Tan & Kottelat, 1998 - breviobesa betta [=Betta breviobesus Tan [H. H.] & Kottelat [M.], 1998:46, Fig. 2] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 23543] 87 kilometers east of Pontianak, 0°02'S, 110°07'E, stream, about 1 kilometer up Sungai Tajan from Tajan, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta breviobesa Tan & Kottelat, 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Witte & Schmidt, 1992 - Witte's betta [=Betta brownorum Witte [K.-E.] & Schmidt [J.], 1992:312, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 14256] Small peat swamp forest, 2.55 kilometers south of Batang Rejang ferry on road from Sibu to Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia, 2°08'N, 112°00'30"E. Current status: Valid as Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta burdigala Kottelat & Ng, 1994 - burdigala betta [=Betta burdigala Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 1994:70, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] 4 kilometers north of Bikang village on road from Koba to Toboali, Bangka, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta burdigala Kottelat & Ng, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Banka, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta channoides Kottelat & Ng, 1994 - channoides betta [=Betta channoides Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 1994:71, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] Current status: Valid as Betta channoides Kottelat & Ng, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta chini Ng, 1993 - Chin's betta [=Betta chini Ng [P. K. L.], 1993:290, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 21104] Peat swamps, about 12 kilometers from Beaufort, about 5°33'06"N, 115°50'23"E, Sabah, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta chini Ng, 1993. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta chloropharynx Kottelat & Ng, 1994 - chloropharynx betta [=Betta chloropharynx Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 1994:72, Figs. 6-8] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] Kilometer-mark 99.4 south of Pangkalpinang on road to Toboali, 41.4 kilometers south of Koba, Bangka, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta chloropharynx Kottelat & Ng, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta coccina Vierke, 1979 - Vierke's betta [=Betta coccina Vierke [J.], 1979:288, Figured] Notes: [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 13 (no. 121); ref. 8775] Jambi, central Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta coccina Vierke, 1979. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta compuncta Tan & Ng, 2006 - compuncta betta [=Betta compuncta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2006:108, Fig. 6a-e] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Mahakam asin, feeder stream to Sungai Hajuq, about 800 meters east of NE Lampunut camp, about 0°03.92'S, 114°55.34'E, ong Iram subsidt., Kalimantan Timur. Current status: Valid as Betta compuncta Tan & Ng, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Upper Mahakam basin, Kalimantan Timur, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta cracens Tan & Ng, 2005 - cracens betta [=Betta cracens Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:120, Fig. 2] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28283] Sungai Berliung Batam Bertram, about 1 kilometer into turnoff to Permata Biru Indah, 10 kilometers from Jambi towards Palembang after main bus terminus, Sumatra. Current status: Valid as Betta cracens Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta dennisyongi Tan, 2013 - Dennis Yong's betta [=Betta dennisyongi Tan [T. H.], 2013:326, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 32497] Kabupaten Nagan Raya, Lamie, Alue Rayeuk, stream along road Meulaboh-Blangpidie; Ache Province, Sumatra. Current status: Valid as Betta dennisyongi Tan, 2013. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Ache Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta dimidiata Roberts, 1989 - dimidiata betta [=Betta dimidiata Roberts [T. R.], 1989:172, Fig. 130] Notes: [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences No. 14; ref. 6439] Kapuas basin, Sungai Seriang, 37 kilometers west of Putussibau, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta dimidiata Roberts, 1989. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta edithae Vierke, 1984 - Edith's betta [=Betta edithae Vierke [J.], 1984:60, Figured] Notes: [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 18 (no. 176); ref. 8203] Barito Delta at Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta edithae Vierke, 1984. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Betta enisae Kottelat, 1995 - enisae betta [=Betta enisae Kottelat [M.], 1995:60, Fig. 4] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 21728] Sungai Santik, a tributary of Sungai Tawang, 0°50'21"N, 112°03'50"E, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta enisae Kottelat, 1995. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta falx Tan & Kottelat, 1998 - falx betta [=Betta falx Tan [H. H.] & Kottelat [M.], 1998:557] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 105 (no. 3); ref. 23781] Sungai Alai, kilometer 19.5 on Muara Bungo-Muara Tebo Road, about 1°28'42.6"S, 102°18'31.7"E, Jambi Province, central Sumatra. Current status: Valid as Betta falx Tan & Kottelat, 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta ferox Schindler & Schmidt, 2006 - ferox betta [=Betta ferox Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.], 2006:53, Fig. 5] Notes: [Zeitschrift für Fischkunde v. 8 (no. 1/2); ref. 28865] About 30 kilometers southwest of Rattsphun, Bori Pat, at national street 406, 150 meters before junction into Bori Pat waterfall park, 7°00'05"N, 100°08'55"E, Hat Yai, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta ferox Schindler & Schmidt, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Bori Pat, Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta foerschi Vierke, 1979 - Foersch's betta [=Betta foerschi Vierke [J.], 1979:386, Figured] Notes: [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 13 (no. 123); ref. 8777] Mentaya River system, 250 kilometers northwest of Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta foerschi Vierke, 1979. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta fusca Regan, 1910 - dusky betta [=Betta fusca Regan [C. T.], 1910:780, Pl. 78 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta fusca Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta gladiator Tan & Ng, 2005 - gladiator betta [=Betta gladiator Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:75, Figs. 25a-b, 47f] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Maliau basin, northeast of basecamp 1966, about 5°14'N, 116°53'E, stream at right trail about 2 kilometers into Jalan Babi towards Maliau falls, Sabah, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta gladiator Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sabah, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta hendra Schindler & Linke, 2013 - hendra betta [=Betta hendra Schindler [I.] & Linke [H.], 2013:35, Fig. 1-3] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 1); ref. 32666] About 3 km south-east of Palangkaraya in direction of Berengbengkel, 2°16.5'S, 113°56.6'E, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta hendra Schindler & Linke, 2013. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ng & Kottelat, 1994 - hipposideros betta [=Betta hipposideros Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.], 1994:597, Figs. 2B, 3C-D, 4C-D, 6] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 22076] North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest, 39 kilometers mark on road from Sungai Besar to Tanjung Malim, Selangor, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta hipposideros Ng & Kottelat, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta ibanorum Tan & Ng, 2004 - ibanorum betta [=Betta ibanorum Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2004:273, Figs. 3, 7] Notes: [Sarawak Museum Journal Spec. issue 6; ref. 28058] Kuching, Bako National Park, Bukit Gondol, Sarawak, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta ibanorum Tan & Ng, 2004. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southern Sarawak, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta ideii Tan & Ng, 2006 - ideii betta [=Betta ideii Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2006:111, Fig. 7a-b] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] North of Baturicin area, from coastal basin draining into Laut Strait and adjacent to Pulau, 3°16'15-18"S, 115°58'17-23"E, Kalimantan Selatan, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta ideii Tan & Ng, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southern area of Kalimantan Selatan, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta imbellis Ladiges, 1975 - crescent betta [=Betta imbellis Ladiges [W.], 1975:262, Figs.] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 7224] Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta imbellis Ladiges, 1975. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia; native to northern Sumatra. Habitat: freshwater. Species Betta krataios Tan & Ng, 2006 - krataios betta [=Betta krataios Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2006:102, Fig. 3a-c] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Mandor area, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo [aquarium trade specimens]. Current status: Valid as Betta krataios Tan & Ng, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Lower Kapuas basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta kuehnei Schindler & Schmidt, 2008 - Kuchner's betta [=Betta kuehnei Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.], 2008:40, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bulletin of Biology v. 10 (nos 1/2); ref. 30459] Kota Bharu, about 35 kilometers south of Panjang (5°48'40"N, 101°57'20"E), Kelantan, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta kuehnei Schindler & Schmidt, 2008. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta lehi Tan & Ng, 2005 - lehi betta [=Betta lehi Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:65, Figs. 16, 46e] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Sungai Stuum Munda, 1°28'51.3"N, 105°58'18.1"E, about 58 kilometers to Sematan on road from Bau to Lundu, 21.1 kilometer before Lundu ferry over Batang Kayan, Sawawak, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta lehi Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta livida Ng & Kottelat, 1992 - livida betta [=Betta livida Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.], 1992:177, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20005] Blackwater stream, north Selangor peat swamp, 800 meters from 45 kilometer mark on road from Tanjong Malim to Sungai Besar, Peninsula Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta livida Ng & Kottelat, 1992. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta macrostoma Regan, 1910 - spotfin betta [=Betta macrostoma Regan [C. T.], 1910:778, Pl. 78 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta macrostoma Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta mahachaiensis Knowasupat et al., 2012 - Knowasupat's betta [=Betta mahachaiensis Kowasupat [C.], Panijpan [B.], Ruenwongsa [P.] & Sriwattanarothai [N.], 2012:50, Figs. 1-4c] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3522; ref. 32254] Behind the Pattarachai food factory (13°34'N, 100°15'E), Tha Sai subdistrict, Muang district, , Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta mahachaiensis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Sriwattanarothai, 2012. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Betta mandor Tan & Ng, 2006 - mandor betta [=Betta mandor Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2006:104, Fig. 4a-d] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Mandor area, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo [aquarium trade specimens]. Current status: Valid as Betta mandor Tan & Ng, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Lower Kapus basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta midas Tan, 2009 - midas betta [=Betta midas Tan [H. H.], 2009:64, Figs. 4-8] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2165; ref. 30276] Small stream draining into Sungau Sepatah, a tributary to Sungai Mandor, 24 kilometers northeast of Pontianak (0°07.5'N, 109°30'E), Kabupaten Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta midas Tan, 2009. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Tan & Tan, 1994 - miniopinna betta [=Betta miniopinna Tan [H. H.] & Tan [S. H.], 1994:42, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21374] Swamp forest at Tanjong Bintan end near Pasir Segiling (1°10'N, 104°30'E), northern Pulau Bintan, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta miniopinna Tan & Tan, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta obscura Tan & Ng, 2005 - obscure betta [=Betta obscura Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:90, Fig. 41] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Sungai Barito basin, Desa Kerendan, Sungai Lahei and tributaries, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta obscura Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta ocellata de Beaufort, 1933 - ocellated betta [=Betta ocellata de Beaufort [L. F.], 1933:35] Notes: [Bulletin of the Raffles Museum No. 8; ref. 12381] Near Bettotan, Sandakan, British North Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta ocellata de Beaufort 1933. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Northeastern Borneo. Malasia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta pallifina Tan & Ng, 2005 - pallifina betta [=Betta pallifina Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:93, Figs. 44a-b, 49h] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Muara Teweh, Kec. Laung Tuhup, Desa Maruai, Rawa/Sungai Laung, tributary of Sungai Barito, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta pallifina Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta pardalotos Tan, 2009 - pardalotos betta [=Betta pardalotos Tan [H. H.], 2009:501, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 57 (no. 2); ref. 30388] Sungai Gelam, Laut Kenten, Palembang, Musi Drainage, South Sumatra Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta pardalotos Tan, 2009. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Musi Drainage, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta patoti Weber & de Beaufort, 1922 - Patot's betta [=Betta patoti Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.], 1922:359] Notes: [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 4; ref. 4598] Balikpapan, Mangar River; rivulet 25 kilometers east of Balikpapan Bay; Bluu River, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta patoti Weber & de Beaufort, 1922. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Schaller, 1986 - persephone betta [=Betta persephone Schaller [D.], 1986:298, Figs. (p. 297, 299)] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 39 (no. 7); ref. 8046] Asian highway No. 2, 1°56'20.00"N, 103°09'40.00"E, at road bridge about 3 kilometers north of Ayer Hitam, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta persephone Schaller, 1986. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta pi Tan, 1998 - pi betta [=Betta pi Tan [H. H.], 1998:285, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 23321] Mae Nam Tod Deng, about 6 kilometers north of Sungai Kolok, swamps about 100-200 meters south before bridge, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta pi Tan, 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta picta (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846) - [=Panchax pictum Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846:385, Betta trifasciata Bleeker [P.], 1849:14] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 18; ref. 1011] Near Bogor, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta picta (Valenciennes, 1846). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (trifasciata) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16883] Current status: Synonym of Betta picta (Valenciennes, 1846). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta pinguis Tan & Kottelat, 1998 - pinguis betta [=Betta pinguis Tan [H. H.] & Kottelat [M.] 1998:43, Fig. 1] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 23543] Sungai Letang near Kampung Kandung Suli (Kecamatan Jongkong), Kapuas basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta pinguis Tan & Kottelat, 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta prima Kottelat, 1994 - prima betta [=Betta prima Kottelat [M.], 1994:298, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 21572] Creek at about kilometer 1 on road to Nam Tok Phliu, after leaving Chantaburi-Trat highway, 12°32'N, 102°11'E, Chantaburi, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta prima Kottelat, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand, and . Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849) - Penang betta [=Macropodus pugnax Cantor [T. E.], 1849:1066 [84], Pl. 2 (figs. 1-3), Betta bleekeri Regan [C. T.], 1910:780, Betta brederi Myers [G. S.], 1935:25, Betta macrophthalma Regan [C. T.], 1910:781, Pl. 77 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Penang, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia, and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (bleekeri) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Asia. Current status: Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater. (brederi) [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 48; ref. 13906] Small stream emptying into Johore Strait, Johore, Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater. (macrophthalma) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Singapore. Current status: Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta pulchra Tan & Tan, 1996 - pulchra betta [=Betta pulchra Tan [H. H.] & Tan [S. H.], 1996:428, Figs. 2a-c, 4c, 5B] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 44 (no. 2); ref. 22754] Kampong Jasa Sepakat, Pontian, Johor, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta pulchra Tan & Tan, 1996. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southwest Johor, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Betta raja Tan & Ng, 2005 - raja betta [=Betta raja Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:123, Fig. 4] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28283] Sungai Ayer Merah, feeder stream to Danau Souak Padang, about 15 minutes by boat upstream, 1°36'45.7"S, 103°27'00.0"E, Sumatra. Current status: Valid as Betta raja Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta renata Tan, 1998 - renata betta [=Betta renata Tan [H. H.], 1998:282, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 23321] Rantau Panjang, 1°21'57.6"S, 103°54'55.2"E, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta renata Tan, 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta rubra Perugia, 1893 - Toba betta [=Betta rubra Perugia [A.], 1893:242 [2]] Notes: [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 13; ref. 3434] Toba Lake, Sibolga, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta rubra Perugia, 1893. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta rutilans Witte & Kottelat, in Kottelat, 1991 - rutilans betta [=Betta rutilans Witte [K.-E.] & Kottelat [M.], in Kottelat, 1991:278, Fig. 2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 13588] Sungei Kepayang, 7 kilometers southeast of Anjungan on road to Pontianak, 0°20'N, 109°08'E, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Betta rutilans Witte & Kottelat, 1991. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta schalleri Kottelat & Ng, 1994 - Schaller's betta [=Betta schalleri Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 1994:74, Figs. 9-11] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] 5.5 kilometers north of Payung on road to Pangkalpinang, Bangka, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta schalleri Kottelat & Ng, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta siamorientalis Kowasupat et al, 2012 - Siamese betta [=Betta siamorientalis Kowasupat [C.], Panijpan [B.], Ruenwongsa [P.], Jeenthong [T.], 2012:389, Fig. 1-3] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 3); ref. 32320] Sai Hai village (13°42′N, 101°13′E), Tha Thonglang subdistrict, Bang Khla district, Chachoengsao province, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta siamorientalis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Jeenthong, 2012. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta simorum Tan & Ng, 1996 - simorum betta [=Betta simorum Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 1996:151, Figs. 3c, 4c] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 44 (no. 1); ref. 22921] Swamp in Rantau Panjang, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta simorum Tan & Ng, 1996. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta simplex Kottelat, 1994 - simplex betta [=Betta simplex Kottelat [M.], 1994:301, Figs. 3-5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 21572] Spring (small lake) of Tham Sra Kaew and Nine Ponds, 2.2 kilometers from National highway 4034, northwestern Krabi, Krabi Province, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta simplex Kottelat, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ladiges, 1972 - blue betta [=Betta smaragdina Ladiges [W.], 1972:190, Figs.] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 25 (no. 6); ref. 19853] Nongkhai, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta smaragdina Ladiges, 1972. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta spilotogena Ng & Kottelat, 1994 - spilotogena betta [=Betta spilotogena Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.], 1994:606, Figs 2D, 3H, 4H, 8] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 22076] Northern Pulau Bintan, from small stream, Riau Archipelago, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Betta spilotogena Ng & Kottelat, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta splendens Regan, 1910 - [=Betta splendens Regan [C. T.], 1910:782, Betta splendens abbreviata Pellegrin [J.], 1925:180, Micracanthus marchei Sauvage [H.-E.], 1879:96 [7]] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Menam River [= Mae Nam Chao Phraya], Thailand. Current status: Valid as Betta splendens Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand (introduced elsewhere, such as NorthernTerritory, Australia). Habitat: freshwater. (abbreviata) [v. 6 (no. 6); ref. 33399] Indochina. Current status: Synonym of Betta splendens Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater. (marchei) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 3; ref. 3881] Ogooué River at Doumé, Gabon. Current status: Synonym of Betta splendens Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta stigmosa Tan & Ng, 2005 - stigmosa betta [=Betta stigmosa Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:64, Figs. 14a-b, 46d] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Terengganu, Sekayu waterfalls, 4°57'49.7"N, 102°57'14.0"E, near swampy stream, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta stigmosa Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta stiktos Tan & Ng, 2005 - stiktos betta [=Betta stiktos Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:95, Fig. 45] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Small swampy stream from Stung Treng to Ban Lung, about 3/4 to bridge over Tonle Srepok, about 13°30'N, 106°30'E, River basin, Cambodia. Current status: Valid as Betta stiktos Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Mekong River drainage, Cambodia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Betta taeniata Regan, 1910 - Borneo betta [=Betta taeniata Regan [C. T.], 1910:781, Pl. 78 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Senah River, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta taeniata Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta tomi Ng & Kottelat, 1994 - Tom's betta [=Betta tomi Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.], 1994:603, Figs. 2C, 3E-G, 4E-G, 7] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 22076] Freshwater swamp forest along tributary of Sungai Mupor, about 15 kilometers on road from Kota Tinggi to Mersing (ca. 1°52'N, 103°56'E), Johor, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta tomi Ng & Kottelat, 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia and Singapore. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta tussyae Schaller, 1985 - tussyae betta [=Betta tussyae Schaller [D.], 1985:350, Figs.] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 38 (no. 8); ref. 17271] About 77 kilometers south of Kuantan on road parallel to east coast, 17 kilometers south of Pekan, about 77 kilometers from Pahang, about 1 kilometer from sea, Pahang State, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta tussyae Schaller, 1985. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta uberis Tan & Ng, 2006 - uberis betta [=Betta uberis Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2006:105, Fig. 5a-d] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Pankalanbun, Arut basin, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia [aquarium trade specimens]. Current status: Valid as Betta uberis Tan & Ng, 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta unimaculatus (Popta, 1905) - Howong betta [=Parophiocephalus unimaculatus Popta [C. M. L.], 1905:184] Notes: [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 25 (note 15); ref. 3549] Howong R and Kajan River, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as (Popta, 1905). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Betta waseri Krummenacher, 1986 - Waser's betta [=Betta waseri Krummenacher [R.], 1986:177, Figs.] Notes: [Aquaria: Vivaristische Fachzeitschrift für die Schweiz und Österreich v. 33 (no. 12); ref. 8081] Small jungle creek, across the road Kuala Lumpur-Kuantan, 22.5 kilometers before Kuantan, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Betta waseri Krummenacher, 1986. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Macropodus Lacepede, 1801 - gouramies [=Macropodus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1801:416, Pedites Gistel [J.], 1848:IX] Notes: [ref. 2710]. Masc. Macropodus viridiauratus Lacepède, 1801 (= Labrus opercularis Linnaeus, 1758.). Type by monotypy. Unjustifiably emended to Macropus (not of Shaw 1790, Latrielle 1802 or Thunberg 1805) by Günther 1861:(372) 381 [ref. 1964]. The ICZN in Opinion 2058 changed the spelling of the subfamily to Macropodusinae to remove homonymy in family-group names in mammals. •Valid as Macropodus Lacepède, 1801 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Jayaram 1981:381 [ref. 6497], Uyeno & Arai in Masuda et al. 1984:122 [ref. 6441], Ataur Rahman 1989:283 [ref. 24860], Zhong in Pan et al. 1991:509 [ref. 23876], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Freyhof & Herder 2002:147 [ref. 26072], Naseka & Bogutskaya 2004:280 [ref. 27838], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:238 [ref. 28183], Winstanley & Clements 2008:1 [ref. 29886], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Macropodus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. (Pedites) [ref. 1822]. Masc. Macropodus viridiauratus Lacepède, 1801. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Macropodus Lacepède, 1801, not preoccupied by Macropus. •Synonym of Macropodus Lacepède, 1801 -- (Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Macropodus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.

Species Macropodus erythropterus Freyof & Herder, 2002 - redbacked paradisefish [=Macropodus erythropterus Freyhof [J.] & Herder [F.], 2002:162, Figs. 13-14] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 26072] Stream at Quyêt Tiên, 17°11.54'N, 106°37.53'E, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Macropodus erythropterus Freyhof & Herder, 2002. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Ouang Binh Provinmce, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Freyhof & Herder, 2002 - Hong Kong [=Macropodus hongkongensis Freyhof [J.] & Herder [F.], 2002:160, Figs. 11-12] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 26072] Shao Lo Tung, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China. Current status: Valid as Macropodus hongkongensis Freyhof & Herder, 2002. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Hong Kong and Fujian and Guangdong provinces, China. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Macropodus lineatus Nguyen et al., in Nguyen, 2005 - lined macropodus [=Macropodus lineatus Nguyen [V. H.], Ngo [S. V.] & Nguyen [H. D.], in Nguyen, 2005:641, Fig. 9] Notes: [Freshwater fishes of Vietnam v. 3; ref. 29809] Khe Mon, Son Trach, Phong Nha, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Macropodus lineatus Nguyen, Ngo & Nguyen, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Khe Mon, Phong Nha, Ke Bang, Quang Binh, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Macropodus ocellatus Cantor, 1842 - roundtailed paradisefish [=Macropodus ocellatus Cantor [T. E.], 1842:484, Polycanthus paludosus Richardson [J.], 1846:250] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (New Series) v. 9 (nos 58, 59, 60); ref. 17344] Chusan [Shoushan] Island, China. Current status: Valid as Macropodus ocellatus Cantor, 1842. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: China, Japan and Korea. Habitat: freshwater. (paludosus) [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Canton, China. Current status: Synonym of Macropodus ocellatus Cantor, 1842. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Macropodus oligolepis Nguyen et al., in Nguyen, 2005 - Nguyen's macropodus [=Macropodus oligolepis Nguyen [V. H.], Ngo [S. V.] & Nguyen [H. D.], in Nguyen, 2005:643, Fig. 10] Notes: [Freshwater fishes of Vietnam v. 3; ref. 29809] Son Trach market, Phong Nha, Ke Bang, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Macropodus oligolepis Nguyen, Ngo & Nguyen, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Limestone mountain area in Phong Nha, Ke Bang, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater. Species Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) - paradisefish [=Labrus opercularis Linnaeus [C.], 1758:283, Chaetodon chinensis Bloch [M. E.], 1790:5, Pl. 218 (fig. 1), Macropodus ctenopsoides Brind [W. L.], 1915:38, Fig., Macropodus filamentosus Oshima [M.], 1919:278, Pl. 52 (fig. 2), Macropodus paradisi Joly [M. N.], 1873:317, Fig. 24, Macropodus venustus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:375, Pl. 197, Macropodus viridiauratus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1801:416, 417, Pl. 16 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Asia. Current status: Valid as Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia to Korea and Japan. Habitat: freshwater. (chinensis) [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 4; ref. 469] China. Current status: Synonym of Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Japan, Korea and China [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (ctenopsoides) [Domesticated fish; ref. 21099] Hankow, China. Current status: Synonym of Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater. (filamentosus) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 12 (nos 2-4); ref. 3312] Lan-yu Island (Kotosho, Botel Tobago Island), Taiwan. Current status: Synonym of Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater. (paradisi) [v. 5; ref. 33956] Canton, China. No types known. •Synonym of Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus 1758). Current status: Synonym of Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: China (if valid). Habitat: freshwater. (venustus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Canton, China. Current status: Synonym of Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater. (viridiauratus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 3; ref. 2710] China. Current status: Synonym of Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Macropodus phongnhaensis Ngo et al., in Nguyen, 2005 - Ngo's gourami [=Macropodus phongnhaensis Ngô [S. V.], Nguyen [V. H.] & Nguyen [H. D.], in Nguyen, 2005:640, Fig. 8] Notes: [Freshwater fishes of Vietnam v. 3; ref. 29809] Son Trach market, Phong Nha, Ke Bang, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Macropodus phongnhaensis Ngô, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Phong Nha, Ke Bang, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Macropodus sprechti Schreitmuller, 1936 - black paradisefish [=Macropodus opercularis var. spechti Schreitmüller [W.], 1936:181, fig., Macropodus opercularis concolor Ahl [E.] in Schreitmüller 1936:501] Notes: [Das Aquarium: die Fachzeitschrift des Naturfreundes, Berlin v. 10; ref. 13743] Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller, 1936. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater. (concolor) [Nachrichtenblatt für Aquarien- und Terrarienvereine No. 35; ref. 27793] Possible Hue, Vietnam (not Dutch Indies). Current status: Synonym of Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller, 1936. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Malpulutta Deraniyagala, 1937 - gouramies [=Malpulutta Deraniyagala [P. E. P.], 1937:351] Notes: [ref. 1117]. Fem. Malpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala 1937. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Malpulutta Deraniyagala 1937 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717]). Current status: Valid as Malpulutta Deraniyagala, 1937. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.

Species Malpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala, 1937 - ornate paradisefish [=Malpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala [P. E. P.], 1937:353, Fig. 1] Notes: [The Ceylon Journal of Science, Section B. Zoology and Geology v. 20 (pt 3); ref. 1117] Dandegamuva, Northwest Province, . Current status: Valid as Malpulutta kretseri Deraniyagala, 1937. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Bleeker, 1877 - gouramies [=Parosphromenus Bleeker [P.], 1877:Pl. 395 (fig. 1)] Notes: [ref. 6835]. Masc. Osphromenus deissneri Bleeker, 1859. Type by monotypy. Appared first in caption to Plate in 1877 as above, in text in Bleeker 1879:19 [ref. 457]. Correct spelling for genus of type species is . •Valid as Parosphromenus Bleeker, 1877 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Kottelat 1989:20 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:174 [ref. 6439], Kottelat 1991:280 [ref. 13588], Kottelat & Ng 1998:264 [ref. 23320], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:249 [ref. 26536], Kottelat & Ng 2005:101 [ref. 28282], Tan & Ng 2005:131 [ref. 28283], Schindler & Linke 2012:399 [ref. 32321], Kottelat 2013:455 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus Bleeker, 1877. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.

Species Parosphromenus alfredi Kottelat & Ng, 2005 - Alfred's gourami [=Parosphromenus alfredi Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:102, Fig. 1] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28282] Kota Tinggi, Mawai-Desaru road, Johor, Peninsula Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus alfredi Kottelat & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Johor, Peninsula Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987 - Allan's gourami [=Parosphromenus allani Brown [B.], 1987:34, Fig.] Notes: [The Aquarist and Pondkeeper v. 52 (no. 3); ref. 9159] Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus anjunganensis Kottelat, 1991 - Anjungan gourami [=Parosphromenus anjunganensis Kottelat [M.], 1991:281, Fig. 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 13588] Sungei Kepayang, 7 kilometers southeast of Anjungan on road to Pontianak, 0°20'N, 109°08'E, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus anjunganensis Kottelat, 1991. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus bintan Kottelat & Ng, 1998 - Bintan gourami [=Parosphromenus bintan Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 1998:269, Figs. 4-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 23320] Bintan Island, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia, 1°06'40.1"N, 104°30'09.8"E. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus bintan Kottelat & Ng, 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra. Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus deissneri Bleeker, 1859 - licorice gourami [=Osphromenus deissneri Bleeker [P.], 1859:376, 377] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 18; ref. 16984] Sungai Baturussa basin, 8 kilometers from Pudingbesar on the road to Kampong Simpan, Bangka, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus deissneri (Bleeker, 1859). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Banka, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus filamentosus Vierke, 1981 - spiketail gourami [=Parosphromenus filamentosus Vierke [J.], 1981:363, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 61 (nos 5/6) (1980); ref. 8531] Swampy terrain along the road between Bandjarmasin and Pleihari, Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus filamentosus Vierke, 1981. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus gunawani Schindler & Linke, 2012 - Gunawan's gourami [=Parosphromenus gunawani Schindler [I.] & Linke [H.], 2012:401, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 3); ref. 32321] About 45 kilometers northeast of Jambi, ca. 1°22'N, 103°56'E, province of Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus gunawani Schindler & Linke, 2012. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus harveyi Brown, 1987 - Harvey's gourami [=Parosphromenus harveyi Brown [B.], 1987:34, Fig.] Notes: [The Aquarist and Pondkeeper v. 52 (no. 3); ref. 9159] Batu Arang, western side of Peninsula Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus harveyi Brown, 1987. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Peninsular Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus linkei Kottelat, 1991 - Linke's gourami [=Parosphromenus linkei Kottelat [M.], 1991:282, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 13588] Creeks in Pudukuali, 2 kilometers north of Sukamara and Tarantang, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus linkei Kottelat, 1991. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indomesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus nagyi Schaller, 1985 - Nagy's gourami [=Parosphromenus nagyi Schaller [D.], 1985:302, Figs. (p. 301-302)] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 38 (no. 7); ref. 17272] Asian highway Route No. 18, 16 kilometers south of Kuantan, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus nagyi Schaller, 1985. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus opallios Kottelat & Ng, 2005 - opallios gourami [=Parosphromenus opallios Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:103, Fig. 2] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28282] Area of Pangkalanbun, Arut River basin, 2°04'S, 111°36'E, Kalimati, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus opallios Kottelat & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus ornaticauda Kottelat, 1991 - ornaticauda gourami [=Parosphromenus ornaticauda Kottelat [M.], 1991:283, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 13588] Sungei Pinyuh, 8 kilometers southeast of Anjungan on road to Pontianak, 0°20'N, 109°08'E, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus ornaticauda Kottelat, 1991. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus pahuensis Kottelat & Ng, 2005 - Pahu gourami [=Parosphromenus pahuensis Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:104, Fig. 3] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28282] Mahakam River basin, swift blackwater stream entering Mahakam River downriver of Muarapahu at 0°14'S, 116°07'E, Kalimantan Timur, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus pahuensis Kottelat & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Timur, Borneo, Indinesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus paludicola Tweedie, 1952 - Tweedle's gourami [=Parosphromenus paludicola Tweedie [M. W. F.], 1952:69, Fig. 2] Notes: [Bulletin of the Raffles Museum No. 24; ref. 12810] Merchang in Trengganu, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus paludicola Tweedie, 1952. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia and Thailand. Habitat: freshwater. Species Parosphromenus parvulus Vierke, 1979 - parvulus gourami [=Parosphromenus parvulus Vierke [J.], 1979:247, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 13 (no. 120); ref. 8776] Mentaya River system, 250 kilometers northwest of Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus parvulus Vierke, 1979. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus phoenicurus Schindler & Linke, 2012 - phoenicurus gourami [=Parosphromenus phoenicurus Schindler [I.] & Linke [H.], 2012:402, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 3); ref. 32321] Langgam (about 40 km southeast of Pekanbaru), ca. 0°11'N, 101°38'E, Province of Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus phoenicurus Schindler & Linke, 2012. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus quindecim Kottelat & Ng, 2005 - quindecim gourami [=Parosphromenus quindecim Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:104, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28282] Sungai Pawan basin, Sungai Liong, 4 kilometers north of Nanga Tayap on road to Sandai, 1°30'02"S, 110°34'19"E, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus quindecim Kottelat & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus rubrimontis Kottelat & Ng, 2005 - rubrimontis gourami [=Parosphromenus rubrimontis Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:105, Fig. 6] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28282] Perak, after kilometer stone 21 from Taiping to Segema, Sungai Beriang, 5°07'18"N, 100°39'04"E, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus rubrimontis Kottelat & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus sumatranus Klausewitz, 1955 - Sumatran gourami [=Parosphromenus deissneri sumatranus Klausewitz [W.], 1955:320, Fig. 7] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 36 (nos 5/6); ref. 12205] Creek at Djambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus sumatranus Klausewitz, 1955. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra, Indonesa. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Parosphromenus tweediei Kottelat & Ng, 2005 - Tweedle's parosphromenus [=Parosphromenus tweediei Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:106, Fig. 7] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28282] Pontian, Sri Bunian, Kampong Pt. Tekong, 1°27'59.2"N, 103°26'07.7"E, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Parosphromenus tweediei Kottelat & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Bleeker, 1879 - gouramies [=Pseudosphromenus Bleeker [P.], 1879:2, 17] Notes: [ref. 457]. Masc. Polyacanthus cupanus Cuvier, 1831. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Type designated on p. 17, not Osphromenus opercularis Bleeker. •Valid as Pseudosphromenus Bleeker, 1879 -- (Cherian et al. 2001:461 [ref. 26176], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:249 [ref. 26536], Ataur Rahman 2003:308 [ref. 31338]). Current status: Valid as Pseudosphromenus Bleeker, 1879. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.

Species (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) - spiketail paradisefish [=Polycanthus cupanus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:357] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Arian-Coupang River, Puducherry, . Current status: Valid as Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pseudosphromenus dayi Kohler, 1908 - Day's gourami [=Polycanthus cupanus var. dayi Köhler [W.], 1908:395] Notes: [Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarien-Kunde. Stuttgart. v. 19; ref. 27528] Malacca [in error, probably Kerala, India]. Current status: Valid as Pseudosphromenus dayi (Köhler, 1908). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: India. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Canestrini, 1860 - gouramies [=Trichopsis Canestrini [G.], 1860:708] Notes: [ref. 713]. Fem. Trichopus striatus Bleeker, 1850. Type by monotypy. Given as Trichopsis Kner new genus, but authorship is probably Canestrini (see Kottelat 2013). •Valid as Trichopsis Canestrini, 1860 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Liem 1965:211 [ref. 20933], Kottelat 1985:275 [ref. 11441], Kottelat 1989:20 [ref. 13605], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:249 [ref. 26536], Tan & Ng 2005:133 [ref. 28283], Kottelat 2013:458 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Trichopsis Canestrini, 1860. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.

Species Trichopsis pumila (Arnold, 1936) - [=Ctenops pumilus Arnold [J. P.], 1936:[inside back cover], Fig., Trichopsis pumilus var. siamensis Herms [E.], 1953:279, Fig. 3] Notes: [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 33 (no. 11); ref. 21517] Saigon, southern Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Trichopsis pumila (Arnold, 1936). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Habitat: freshwater. (siamensis) [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 6 (no. 11, Nov.); ref. 20614] Bangkok, Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Trichopsis pumila (Arnold, 1936). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichopsis schalleri Ladiges, 1962 - threestripe gourami [=Trichopsis schalleri Ladiges [W.], 1962:102, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 15 (no. 4); ref. 6045] Nam-Mun at Korat, 135 miles northeast of Bangkok, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Trichopsis schalleri Ladiges, 1962. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) - [=Osphromenus vittatus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes (ex Kuhl & van Hasselt), 1831:387, Trichopsis harrisi Fowler [H. W.], 1934:348, Figs. 11-12, Trichopus striatus Bleeker [P.], 1850:11] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia (introduced elsewhere). Habitat: freshwater. (harrisi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 86; ref. 1418] Kratt, southeastern Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater. (striatus) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 23 (no. 8); ref. 323] Jakarta; Serang, Java; Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater

************************************************************************************************************************************************ SUBFAMILY Bleeker, 1852 - spiral egg gouramies [=Trichopodia, Luciocephaloidei, Trichogastrini, Sphaerichthyinae, Ctenopinae] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice Trichopodia Rafinesque, 1815:85 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) [name never used as valid after 1899] Luciocephaloïdei Bleeker, 1852:99 [ref. 16831] (family) [also Bleeker 1850–52:27 [ref. 13275]; family-group name used as valid by: Britz 2001 [ref. 25717], Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Rüber, Britz & Zardoya 2006 [ref. 32638]] Trichogastrini Bleeker, 1879b:2, 11 [ref. 457] (phalanx = tribe) [stem changed to Trichogaster- by Liem 1962:47 [ref. 20932]. confirmed by Nelson 1976:291 [ref. 32838]; original stem Trichogastr- confirmed by Kottelat 2013b:448 [ref. 32989]] Sphaerichthyinae Hoedeman, 1948 in Hoedeman & de Jong 1947–58:X.59.21, p. 2 [ref. 19665] (subfamily) Ctenopinae Hoedeman, 1948 in Hoedeman & de Jong 1947–58:X.59.21, p. 2 [ref. 19665] (subfamily) Ctenops

GENUS Ctenops McClelland, 1845 - gouramies [=Ctenops McClelland [J.], 1845:281] Notes: [ref. 2929]. Masc. Ctenops nobilis McClelland, 1845. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Ctenops McClelland, 1845 -- (Liem 1965:211 [ref. 20933], Jayaram 1981:381 [ref. 6497], Rahman 1989:282 [ref. 24860], Britz et al. 1995:77 [ref. 22701], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:243 [ref. 26536], Ataur Rahman 2003:307 [ref. 31338]). Current status: Valid as Ctenops McClelland, 1845. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae.

Species Ctenops nobilis McClelland, 1845 - frail gourami [=Ctenops nobilis McClelland [J.], 1845:281, Pl. 21 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2929] Rivers at Sikkim passes, northern Bengal. Current status: Valid as Ctenops nobilis McClelland, 1845. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Luciocephalus Bleeker, 1850 - gouramies [=Luciocephalus Bleeker [P.], 1850:24, Diplopterus Gray [J. E.], 1830:Pl. 87 (v. 1)] Notes: Masc. Diplopterus pulcher Gray, 1830. Type by being a replacement name. Evidently proposed as a replacement name for Diplopterus Gray, 1831, preoccupied by Diplopterus Boie, 1826 in Aves. Also appeared in Bleeker 1851:325. •Valid as Luciocephalus Bleeker, 1850 -- (Kottelat 1989:20 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:178 [ref. 6439], Britz et al. 1995:77 [ref. 22701], Britz & Kottelat 2002:243 [ref. 26536], Tan & Ng 2005:126 [28283]). Current status: Valid as Luciocephalus Bleeker, 1850. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (Diplopterus) [ref. 1878]. Masc. Diplopterus pulcher Gray, 1830. Type by monotypy. Also appeared with description in Gray 1831:8 [ref. 1879]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Diplopterus Boie, 1826 in Aves and by Diplopterus Agassiz, 1835 in fossil fishes. Replaced by Luciocephalus Bleeker, 1850. •Synonym of Luciocephalus Bleeker, 1850 -- (Roberts 1989:178 [ref. 6439], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Luciocephalus Bleeker, 1850. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae.

Species Luciocephalus aura Tan & Ng, 2005 - golden gourami [=Luciocephalus aura Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.], 2005:129, Fig. 6] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28283] Pijoan area, Jambi, Sumatra. Current status: Valid as Luciocephalus aura Tan & Ng, 2005. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Sumatra, Indinesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species (Gray, 1830) - pikehead [=Diplopterus pulcher Gray [J. E.], 1830:no page number, Pl. 87 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] Neotype locality: Mersing area, stream about kilometer 66 to Kluang, kilometer 166 to Batu Pahat, Johor, Sumatra. Current status: Valid as Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 -- gouramies [=Parasphaerichthys Prashad [B.] & Mukerji [D. D.], 1929:216] Notes: [ref. 3558]. Masc. Parasphaerichthys ocellatus Prashad & Mukerji, 1929. Type by original designation (also monotypic). See Das 2003:371 [ref. 27706] with date as 1930. •Valid as Parasphaerichthys Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Jayaram 1981:382 [ref. 6497], Britz et al. 1995:77 [ref. 22701], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:243 [ref. 26536], Kottelat 2013:455 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Parasphaerichthys Prashad & Mukerji, 1929. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae.

Species Parasphaerichthys lineatus Britz & Kottelat, 2002 - Britz's parasphaerichthys [=Parasphaerichthys lineatus Britz [R.] & Kottelat [M.], 2002:244, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 3); ref. 26536] 35 kilometers from Yangon on road to Pathein, Myanmar (from ornamental fish collectors). Actual: Hmoain pool, 7.5 mies southwest of Einme, Ayeyarwaddy River drainage, 16°47'51"N, 95°04' 04"E, Ayeyarwaddy Division, Myanmar. Current status: Valid as Parasphaerichthys lineatus Britz & Kottelat, 2002. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Myanmar. Habitat: freshwater. Species Parasphaerichthys ocellatus Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 - eyespot gourami [=Parasphaerichthys ocellatus Prashad [B.] & Mukerji [D. D.], 1929:217, Pl. 8 (figs. 4-4a); Fig. 10] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 31 (pt 3); ref. 3558] Muddy stream along Kamaing Jade Mines Road, Kamaing, Myitkyina District, Upper Myanmar. Current status: Valid as Parasphaerichthys ocellatus Prashad & Mukerji, 1929. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Myanmar. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Sphaerichthys Canestrini, 1860 - gouramies [=Sphaerichthys Canestrini [G.], 1860:707] Notes: [ref. 713]. Masc. Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860. Type by monotypy, additional species apparently questionably included. •Valid as Sphaerichthys Canestrini, 1860 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Kottelat 1989:20 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:175 [ref. 6439], Britz et al. 1995:77 [ref. 22701], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:243 [ref. 26536], Tan & Ng 2005:132 [ref. 28283], Kottelat 2013:456 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Sphaerichthys Canestrini, 1860. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae.

Species Sphaerichthys acrostoma Vierke, 1979 - giant [=Sphaerichthys acrostoma Vierke [J.], 1979:342, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 13 (no. 122); ref. 8778] Mentaya River system, 250 kilometers northwest of Bandjarmasin, Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Sphaerichthys acrostoma Vierke, 1979. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860 - chocolate gourami [=Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini [G.], 1860:707 [11]] Notes: [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien; ref. 713] India. Current status: Valid as Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sphaerichthys selatanensis Vierke, 1979 - crossband chocolate gourami [=Sphaerichthys osphronemoides selatanensis Vierke [J.], 1979:339, Figured] Notes: [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 13 (no. 122); ref. 8778] Near Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Sphaerichthys selatanensis Vierke, 1979. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sphaerichthys vaillanti Pellegrin, 1930 - Vaillant's chocolate gourami [=Sphaerichthys vaillanti Pellegrin [J.], 1930:243] Notes: [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 55; ref. 16119] Kapuas, Sebroeang, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Sphaerichthys vaillanti Pellegrin, 1930. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.

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SUBFAMILY Trichogastrinae Bleeker, 1879 - threadfishes

GENUS Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801 - gouramies [=Trichogaster Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:164, Colisa Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:359, Polyacanthus Cuvier [G.] (ex Kuhl), 1829:227] Notes: [ref. 471]. Fem. Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation. Two originally-included species are fasciatus and trichopterus; type not designated by Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes. Type by subsequent designation of Jordan 1917:58 [ref. 2407]. Myer's 1923:112 [ref. 12875] analysis of type apparently in error (see Derijst 1997:223 [ref. 23499]). The gender of Trichogaster is feminine, so fasciata is correct. Kottelat adds confusion as he says fasciatus (2013) on p. 456 and fasciata on page 457. •Treated as valid as Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Kottelat 1985:275 [ref. 11441], Kottelat 1989:20 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:177 [ref. 6439] with type as trichopterus, Derijst 1997:223 [ref. 23449] with type as fasciatus, Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Britz & Kottelat 2002:249 [ref. 26536], Ataur Rahman 2003:302 [ref. 31338], Britz 2004:7 [ref. 30110] with type as fasciatus, Tan & Ng 2005:132 [ref. 28283], Töpfer 2008:47 [ref. 30111] with type as fasciatus, Kottelat 2013:456 [ref. 32989] with type as fasciatus, Low et al. 2014:25 [ref. 33509]). Current status: Valid as Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (Colisa) [ref. 4881]. Fem. Colisa vulgaris Cuvier, 1831 (= Trichopodus colisa Hamilton, 1822). Type by absolute tautonymy of senior objective synonym. Cuvier's C. vulgaris is an unneeded substitute for T. colisa Hamilton. See account of Polyacanthus Cuvier and Polyacanthus Kaup. Derijst 1997:222 [ref. 23499] argues that this genus appeared first as a name in synonymy in Hamilton 1822:116 and was validated back to Hamilton 1822 by use of name by Cuvier 1831 as above; Tan & Kottelat 2009:62 [ref. 30261] disagree. •Valid as Colisa Cuvier, 1831 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Ataur Rahman 1989:278 [ref. 24860], Britz & Kottelat 2002:249 [ref. 26536], Ataur Rahman 2003:305 [ref. 31338]). •Synonym of Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801 --(Derijst 1997:222 [ref. 23499], Britz 2004:7 [ref. 30110], Töpfer 2008:49 [ref. 30111], Tan & Kottelat 2009:62 [ref. 30261], Kottelat 2013:456 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (Polyacanthus) [ref. 995]. Masc. Tricopodus colisa Haminton, 1822. Type by subsequent designation. Jordan 1917:129 [ref. 2407] listed Trichopodus colisa Hamilton as type; then in 1919:173 [ref. 2410] Jordan designated Chaetodon chinensis Bloch as type because of earlier restriction by Cuvier & Valenciennes; Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831:353-364 [ref. 4881] placed colisa in a new genus Colisa, but did not establish a type for Polyacanthus. If Jordan is the earliest to validly designate a type, then the type of Polyacanthus is colisa. See Derijst 1997:222 [ref. 23499]. Preoccupied by Polyacanthus Kaup, 1827, which was not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of precedence according to ICZN Art. 23.9 in favour of Polyacanthus Cuvier, 1829. •Synonym of Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae.

Species Trichogaster chuna (Hamilton, 1822) - [=Trichopodus chuna Hamilton [F.], 1822:121, 372, Trichopodus sota Hamilton [F.], 1822:120, 372] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River, India. Current status: Valid as Trichogaster chuna (Hamilton, 1822). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: India and Bangladesh. Habitat: freshwater. (sota) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Gangetic provinces, India. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster chuna (Hamilton, 1822). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Nepal, India and Bangladesh [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801 - banded gourami [=Trichogaster fasciatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:164, Pl. 36, Trichopodus bejeus Hamilton [F.], 1822:118, 372, Trichopodus colisa Hamilton [F.], 1822:117, 372, Pl. 15 (fig. 40), Trichopodus cotra Hamilton [F.], 1822:119, 372, Colisa ponticeriana Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:370, Colisa vulgaris Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:362, Pls. 196, 205 (part)] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Current status: Valid as Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Southern Asia: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Habitat: freshwater. (bejeus) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Gangetic provinces, India. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (colisa) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Gangetic provinces, India. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (cotra) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Gangetic provinces, India. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (ponticeriana) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Puducherry, India. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (vulgaris) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Ganges River. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichogaster labiosa Day, 1877 - thicklipped gourami [=Trichogaster labiosus Day [F.], 1877:374, Pl. 79 (fig. 4)] Notes: [The fishes of India Part 3; ref. 4886] Rangoon, Myanmar. Current status: Valid as Trichogaster labiosa Day, 1877. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Myanmar and India. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822) - [=Trichopodus lalius Hamilton [F.], 1822:120, 372, Colisa unicolor Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:368] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Gangetic provinces, India. Current status: Valid as Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Asia: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Habitat: freshwater. (unicolor) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Calcutta, India. Current status: Synonym of Trichogaster lalia (Hamilton, 1822). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: India. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Trichopodus Lacepede, 1801 - gouramies [=Trichopodus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1801:125, Deschauenseeia Fowler [H. W.], 1934:147, Lithulcus Gistel [J.], 1848:XI, Stethochaetus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:174, Trichopus Shaw [G.], 1803:392] Notes: [ref. 2710]. Masc. Labrus trichopterus Pallas, 1770. Type by subsequent designation. Type is Labrus trichopterus Pallas as designated by Bleeker 1879:21 [ref. 457]; type perhaps established by Cuvier 1829 (see Derijst 1997:222 [ref. 23499]). See Töpfer & Schindler 2009:49 [ref. 30199]. Genus description also appeared in Sonnini 1803:138 (vol. 8) [ref. 30473]. Spelled Trichopus by Shaw 1803:388 [ref. 4014]. See also Myers 1923:112 [ref. 12875]. •Synonym of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801 if type is mentum; otherwise a senior synonym of Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 1801 in Belontiidae -- (see Derijst 1997:224 [ref. 23499]). •Valid as Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801 -- (Derijst 1997:222 [ref. 23499], Britz 2004:7 [ref. 30110], Töpfer 2008:44 [ref. 30111], Töpfer & Schlindler 2009:49 [ref. 30199], Paepke 2009:53 [ref. 30200], Tan & Kottelat 2009:62 [ref. 30261], Paepke 2009:143 [ref. 30602], Low & Lim 2012:83 [ref. 32302], Kottelat 2013:457 [ref. 32989], Low et al. 2014:69 [ref. 33509]). Current status: Valid as Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (Deschauenseeia) [ref. 1417]. Fem. Deschauenseeia chryseus Fowler, 1934. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Deschauensella in Zoological Record for 1934. •Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801 -- (Kottelat 2013:457 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (Lithulcus) [ref. 1822]. Neut. Labrus trichopterus Pallas, 1770. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Trichopodus Valenciennes [= Lacepède 1801]; thought preoccupied in botany and by Trichopoda in Diptera. See accounts of Trichopodus and Trichogaster for problems with type. Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801. •Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède 1801 -- (based on current placement of the type species). Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (Stethochaetus) [ref. 1911]. Masc. Stethochaetus biguttatus Gronow, 1854. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801 -- (Kottelat 2013:457 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (Trichopus) [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Masc. Trichopus pallasii Shaw, 1803 (= Labrus trichopterus Pallas, 1770). Type by subsequent designation. Earliest designation of type found that of Jordan 1917:73 [ref. 2407]. Trichopus pallasii is an unneeded substitute for L. trichopterus; perhaps genus just an emendation of Trichopodus Lacepède (see Myers 1923:112 [ref. 12875]). •Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède 1801 -- (Kottelat 2013:457 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus Lacepède 1801. Osphronemidae: Trichogastrinae.

Species Trichopodus leerii (Bleeker, 1852) - [=Trichopus leerii Bleeker [P.], 1852:577, Trichopus cantois Sauvage [H.-E.], 1884:218] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3; ref. 334] Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Trichopodus leerii (Bleeker, 1852). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (cantois) [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 9; ref. 14401] Perak,"mainly at Pengkalan-Pegou, om Kinta River, 150 km from mouth of Perak River", Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Trichopodus leerii (Bleeker, 1852). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae.

Species Trichopodus microlepis (Gunther, 1861) - [=Osphromenus microlepis Günther [A.], 1861:385, Deschauenseeia chryseus Fowler [H. W.], 1934:147, Fig. 117, Trichopus parvipinnis Sauvage [H.-E.], 1876:98 [2]] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 3; ref. 1964] Cambodia. Current status: Valid as Trichopodus microlepis (Günther, 1861). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Thailand. Introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater. (chryseus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 86; ref. 1417] Bangkok, Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus microlepis (Günther, 1861). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (parvipinnis) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (6th Série) v. 13; ref. 19811] Laos cambodgien [Cambodia: Phnom Penh]. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus microlepis (Günther, 1861). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichopodus pectoralis Regan, 1910 - [=Trichopodus pectoralis Regan [C. T.], 1910:784, Pl. 79 (fig. 1), Osphronemus saigonensis Borodin [N. A.], 1930:48] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4); ref. 14593] Malay Peninsula; Thailand; Singapore. Current status: Valid as Trichopodus pectoralis Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater. (saigonensis) [Bulletin Vanderbilt Marine Museum v. 1 (art. 2); ref. 16069] Near Saigon, southern Vietnam. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus pectoralis Regan, 1910. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichopodus poptae Low et al., 2014 - Low's trichopodus [=Trichopodus poptae Low [B. W.], Tan [H. H.] & Britz [R.], 2014:70, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33509] Borneo, Kalimantan Tengah, Barito River drainage, Desa Kerendan, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Trichopodus poptae Low, Tan & Britz, 2014. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) - threespot gourami [=Labrus trichopterus Pallas [P. S.], 1770:45, Stethochaetus biguttatus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:174, Osphomenus trichopterus var. cantoris Günther [A.], 1861:384, Osphromenus insulatus Seale [A.], 1910:530, Osphromenus trichopterus var. koelreuteri Günther [A.], 1861:384, Colisa (Trichopus) maculatus Swainson [W.], 1839:235, Trichopus sepat Bleeker [P.], 1845:520, Osphromenus siamensis Günther [A.], 1861:385, Trichogaster sumatranus Ladiges [W.], 1934:169] Notes: [Spicilegia Zoologica v. 1 (fasc. 8); ref. 12293] Java, Indonesia; Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia; erroneous. Current status: Valid as Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater. (biguttatus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] "India." Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (cantoris) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 3; ref. 1964] Penang, Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia (if valid). Habitat: freshwater. (insulatus) [The Philippine Journal of Science Section A v. 4 (no. 6) (for 1909); ref. 4000] Lake on Cagayan Sulu Island, Sulu Sea, . Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae Habitat: freshwater. (koelreuteri) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 3; ref. 1964] Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (maculatus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (sepat) [Natuur-en Geneeskundig Archief voor Neȇrlandsch Indië v. 2 (3); ref. 312] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. (siamensis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 3; ref. 1964] Thailand. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater. (sumatranus) [Tropical fishes for the home; ref. 20522] Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Habitat: freshwater

************************************************************************************************************************************************* SUBFAMILY Osphroneminae van der Hoeven, 1832 - giant gouramies [=Osphromenidei] Notes: Osphromenidei van der Hoeven, 1832:225 [ref. 5061] (family) Osphronemus [as Osphromenus, name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; corrected to Osphronemidae by Fowler 1905b:504 [ref. 1370], confirmed by Jordan 1923a:176 [ref. 2421], by Liem 1962:3 [ref. 20932], by Lindberg 1971:184 [ref. 27211] and by Nelson 1976:292 [ref. 32838]]

GENUS Osphronemus Lacepede, 1801 - gouramies [=Osphronemus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1801:116, Osphromenus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:377, Osphromenus van der Hoeven [J.], 1832:228, Osphromenus Günther [A.], 1861:382] Notes: [ref. 2710]. Masc. Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801. Type by subsequent designation. Type apparently designated by Bleeker 1879:16-17 [ref. 457], goramy in synonymy of olfax. Osphromenus is an unjustified emendation (e.g., by Günther 1861:382 [ref. 1964]). Genus description also appeared in Sonnini 1803:127 (vol. 8) [ref. 30473]. •Valid as Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Jayaram 1981:385 [ref. 6497], Kottelat 1985:275 [ref. 11441], Kottelat 1989:20 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:177 [ref. 6439] as sole member of Osphronemidae, Roberts 1992:352 [ref. 14373], Roberts 1994:67 [ref. 22560], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Tan & Ng 2005:130 [ref. 28283], Tan 2013:323 [ref. 32497], Kottelat 2013:454 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. (Osphromenus C) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Masc. Osphromenus olfax Commerson, in Lacepède, 1801 (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801). Unjustified emendation of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. •Synonym of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. Current status: Synonym of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. (Osphromenus dH) [Handboek der Dierkunde; ref. 5061] Masc. Osphronemus olfax Commerson, in Lacepède, 1801 (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801). Unjustified emendation of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. •Synonym of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. Current status: Synonym of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. (Osphromenus G) [ref. 1964]. Masc. Osphronemus goramy ? Lacepède, 1801. Unjustified emendation of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. •Synonym of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. Current status: Synonym of Osphronemus Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae.

Species Osphronemus exodon Roberts, 1994 - [=Osphronemus exodon Roberts [T. R.], 1994:68, Fig. 1-6] Notes: [Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society v. 42 (no. 1); ref. 22560] Stung Treng market, Cambodia. Current status: Valid as Osphronemus exodon Roberts, 1994. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Distribution: Mekong River basin, southeastern Asia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801 - [=Osphronemus goramy Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson), 1801:116, 117, Pl. 8 (fig. 2), Trichopodus mentum Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson), 1801:125, 126, Pl. 8 (fig. 3), Osphromenus notatus Cuvier [G.] (ex Kuhl & van Hasslet), in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:386, Osphromenus olfax Cuvier [G.] (ex Commerson), in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:377, Pls. 198, 205 (part), 206 (part), Trichopus satyrus Shaw [G.], 1803:391, Pl. 55, bottom] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 3; ref. 2710] Mauritius, Mascarenes, introduced; Chine [China]; Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia: Sumatra, Borneo and Java, Malay Peninsula, Thailand and Indochina; introduced in Mascarenes. Habitat: freshwater. (mentum) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 3; ref. 2710] Current status: Synonym of Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Habitat: freshwater. (notatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Habitat: freshwater. (olfax) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] [Mauritius] erroneous, is Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Habitat: freshwater. (satyrus) [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Indian Seas. Current status: Synonym of Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Osphronemus laticlavius Roberts, 1992 - giant redtail gourami [=Osphronemus laticlavius Roberts [T. R.], 1992:358, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 14373] Malaysia (Bangkok, Thailand, aquarium stock). Current status: Valid as Osphronemus laticlavius Roberts, 1992. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992 - Robert's osphronemus [=Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts [T. R.], 1992:355, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 14373] Bo River, Mahakam basin, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992. Osphronemidae: Osphroneminae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater

************************************************************************************************************************************************* SUBFAMILY Belontiinae Liem 1962 - combtail gouramies [=Belontiidae M, Belontiidae L] Notes: Belontiidae Myers & Storey, 1956:11 [ref. 32831] (family) [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; unavailable publication] Belontiidae Liem, 1962:39 [ref. 20932] (family) Belontia [family name sometimes seen as Belontidae]

GENUS Belontia Myers, 1923 - gouramies [=Belontia Myers [G. S.], 1923:63, Notes: [ref. 3089]. Fem. Polyacanthus hasselti Cuvier, 1831. Type by original designation. •Valid as Belontia Myers, 1923 -- (Liem 1962:37 [ref. 20932], Kottelat 1989:19 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:171 [ref. 6439], Britz 2001:316 [ref. 25717], Hui & Ng 2005:116 [ref. 28283], Kottgelat 2013:448 (ref. 448).). Current status: Valid as Belontia Myers, 1923. Osphronemidae: Belontiinae.

Species (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) - Malay combtail [=Polycanthus hasselti Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:353, Pls. 195, 205 (part), Polyacanthus einthovenii Bleeker [P.], 1851:423, Polyacanthus helfrichii Bleeker [P.], 1855:162, Polyacanthus kuhlii Bleeker [P.], 1845:520] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Belontiinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. (einthovenii) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2; ref. 16897] Sambas, western Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Belontiinae. Habitat: freshwater. (helfrichii) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 8; ref. 16837] Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Belontiinae. Habitat: freshwater. (kuhlii) [Natuur-en Geneeskundig Archief voor Neȇrlandsch Indië v. 2 (3); ref. 312] Current status: Synonym of Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, 1831). Osphronemidae: Belontiinae.

Species (Gunther, 1861) - Ceylonese combtail [=Polyacanthus signatus Günther [A.], 1861:379, 566] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 3; ref. 1964] Sri Lanka. Current status: Valid as Belontia signata (Günther, 1861). Osphronemidae: Belontiinae. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Habitat: freshwater

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Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Anostoma van Hasselt [J. C.] in Bleeker 1859:82 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 6 (art. 3); ref. 371] Neut. Panchax pictum Valenciennes 1846. Type by monotypy. Apparently not available, name in synonymy; apparently never subsequently made available; type as listed by Fowler (MS). •In the synonymy of Betta Bleeker 1849 -- (Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.

(species) pallida, Betta Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.] 2004:2, Figs. 1-2 [Zeitschrift für Fischkunde v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 28030] About 30 kilometers west of Narathiwat at the street to Ruso, about 6°21'N, 101°38'E, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Holotype: MTD F 28389. Paratypes: MTD F 28390 (1). •Valid as Betta pallida Schindler & Schmidt 2004 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2006:54 [ref. 28865], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:44 [ref. 30459]). •Questionably a synonym of Betta prima Kottelat 1994 -- (Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Betta prima Kottelat 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand (if valid), Habitat: freshwater. pictum, Anostoma van Hasselt [J. C.] in Bleeker 1859:82 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 6 (art. 3); ref. 371] Not available, name mentioned in synonymy of Betta trifasciata Bleeker 1850. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. strohi, Betta Schaller [D.] & Kottelat [M.] 1989:33, Unnum. fig.; Figs. 2, 5 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 43 (no. 1) [Jan. 1990]; ref. 13604] Nataik Sedawak, about 30 kilometers south of Sukamara (2°41'S, 111°13'E), Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype: ZSM 26718. Paratypes: LIPI uncat. [ex ZSM 26719] (6); ZRC 32126-29 [ex ZSM 26719] (4) but returned to ZSM; ZSM 26719 (38, now 32), 26979 (10, 2 missing, probably at CMK). •Status uncertain -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Valid as Betta strohi Schaller & Kottelat 1989 -- (Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Schindler & van der Voort 2011:26 [ref. 32382]). •Synonym of Betta foerschi Vierke 1979 -- (Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989] with question). Current status: Uncertain as Betta foerschi Vierke 1979. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater. baviensis, Macropodus Nguyen [H. D.] & Nguyen [V. H.] in Nguyen 2005:644, Fig. 11 [Freshwater fishes of Vietnam v. 3; ref. 29809] Creek Hai, Ba Vi, Ha Tay, Vietnam. Holotype: Univ. Su Pham, Ha Noi. Paratypes: (2). •Valid as Macropodus baviensis Nguyen & Nguyen 2005. •Questionably a synonym of Macropodus opercularus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kottelat 2013:454 [ref. 32989]), Current status: Uncertain as Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus 1758). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Ba Vi, Ha Tay, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater. simoni, Macropodus Dabry de Thiersant [P.] 1872:187 [La pisciculture et la pêche en Chine; ref. 12507] Name only, not available. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. tramiensis, Macropodus Nguyen [V. H.] & Nguyen [V. H.] in Nguyen [V. H.] & Nguyen [H. D.] 2004:92, Fig. 1 [ ref. 33393] Quang Nam Province, Tra Mi District, Tranh River Basin, Vietnam. Holotype: HNUE. From Kottelat (2013). •Status uncertain as Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller 1936 -- (Kottelat 2013:454 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller 1936. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Vietnam (if valid). Habitat: freshwater. yeni, Macropodus Nguyen [H. D.] & Nguyen [V. H.] in Nguyen [V. H.] & Nguyen [H. D.] 2004:93, Fig. 2 [ ref. 33393] Ouang Nam Province, Phuoc Son District, Daksa spring in Phuoc Doc commune, Vietnam. Holotype: HNUE. From Kottelat (2013). An alternative name for yeni on page 93 is nigrocorpus, probably an inadvertent error; Kottelat (2013) picked yeni as valid. •Status uncertain as Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller 1936 -- (Kottelat 2013:454 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Macropodus spechti Schreitmüller 1936. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater. minor, Malpulutta kretseri race Deraniyagala [P. E. P.] 1958:138 [Spolia Zeylanica v. 28 (pt 2); ref. 11990] Type information: Pethiyagoda 1991:336 [ref. 20075]. Described as a race; we regard as infrasubspecific and unavailable. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. malayanus, Osphromenus Duncker [G.] 1904:163, Pl. 1 (fig. 8) [Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg v. 21; ref. 5560] Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia. Lectotype: ZMH H411a. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1905.5.6.19-20 [ex SSMKL] (2), ZMH H411b (4), ZRC 2310 (1). Type catalog: Alfred 1963:165 [ref. 20555], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:408 [ref. 21161]. Type catalog and lectotype designation: Ladiges et al. 1958:166 [ref. 19181]. •Possibly valid as Sphaerichthys malayanus (Duncker 1904) -- (Roberts 1989:176 [ref. 6439]). •Uncertain as synonym of Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini 1860 -- (Kottelat 2013:456 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini 1860. Osphronemidae: Luciocephalinae. Distribution: Malaysia (if valid). Habitat: freshwater. maculosus, Nemaphoerus Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.] in Bleeker 1879:22 [Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde (Amsterdam) v. 19 (art. 1); ref. 457] •Not available, name mentioned in passing in the synonymy of Trichopodus trichopterus. Osphronemidae: Trichogastrinae. Habitat: freshwater. jonklaasi, Belontia signata Benl [G.] & Terofal [F.] 1975:246, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-3) [Veröeffentlichungen des Zoologischen Staatssammlung München v. 18; ref. 6768] Benl, Sri Lanka. Holotype: ZSM 24710. Paratypes: ZSM 22934 (2), 24711 (1) 24714 (1). Type catalog: Neumann 2011:272 [ref. 31652]. Osphronemidae: Belontiinae. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Habitat: freshwater.