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Heraldry in the Republic of Macedonia (1991-2019)
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 1 September 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0027.v1 Article Heraldry in the Republic of Macedonia (1991-2019) Jovan Jonovski1, * 1 Macedonian Heraldic Society; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +38970252989 Abstract: Every country has some specific heraldry. In this paper, we will consider heraldry in the Republic of Macedonia, understood by the multitude of coats of arms, and armorial knowledge and art. The paper covers the period from independence until the name change (1991-2019). It co- vers the state coat of arms of the Republic of Macedonia especially the 2009 change. Special atten- tion is given to the development of the municipal heraldry, including the legal system covering the subject. Also personal heraldry developed in 21 century is considered. The paper covers the de- velopment of heraldry and the heraldic thought in the given period, including the role of the Macedonian Heraldic Society and its journal Macedonian Herald in development of theoretic and practical heraldry, as well as its Register of arms and the Macedonian Civic Heraldic System. Keywords: Heraldry in Macedonia; Macedonian civic heraldry; Republic of Macedonia. 1. Introduction The Republic of Macedonia became independent from the Socialist Federative Re- public of Yugoslavia with the Referendum of 8 September 1991. The Democratic Federal Macedonia was formed during the first session of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the Na- tional Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) on 2 August 1944 (it later became the People’s Republic of Macedonia, a federal unit of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia). -
Graham Jones
Ni{ i Vizantija XIV 629 Graham Jones SEEDS OF SANCTITY: CONSTANTINE’S CITY AND CIVIC HONOURING OF HIS MOTHER HELENA Of cities and citizens in the Byzantine world, Constantinople and its people stand preeminent. A recent remark that the latter ‘strove in everything to be worthy of the Mother of God, to Whom the city was dedicated by St Constantine the Great in 330’ follows a deeply embedded pious narrative in which state and church intertwine in the city’s foundation as well as its subse- quent fortunes. Sadly, it perpetuates a flawed reading of the emperor’s place in the political and religious landscape. For a more nuanced and considered view we have only to turn to Vasiliki Limberis’ masterly account of politico-religious civic transformation from the reign of Constantine to that of Justinian. In the concluding passage of Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christianity, Limberis reaffirms that ‘Constantinople had no strong sectarian Christian tradition. Christianity was new to the city, and it was introduced at the behest of the emperor.’ Not only did the civic ceremonies of the imperial cult remain ‘an integral part of life in the city, breaking up the monotony of everyday existence’. Hecate, Athena, Demeter and Persephone, and Isis had also enjoyed strong presences in the city, some of their duties and functions merging into those of two protector deities, Tyche Constantinopolis, tutelary guardian of the city and its fortune, and Rhea, Mother of the Gods. These two continued to be ‘deeply ingrained in the religious cultural fabric of Byzantium.. -
INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119
INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary Ingo Gildenhard https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2018 Ingo Gildenhard The text of this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the author(s), but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work. Attribution should include the following information: Ingo Gildenhard, Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119. Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2018. https://doi. org/10.11647/OBP.0156 Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https:// www.openbookpublishers.com/product/845#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://www. -
Historical Context the Real Julius Caesar
Name _____________________________________ Period __________ Standards Focus: Historical Context The Real Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar born July 12, 100BC, is one of the most well-known political leaders in history. Caesar was considered to be a military genius and brilliant politician, and his life and conquests continue to be widely revered and studied throughout the world. It was believed that Caesar was a direct descendant of the Trojan prince Aeneas, who was the son of the goddess Venus. His father, whom he was named after, was a war hero and respected politician. Although a member of the aristocracy, Caesar and his family lived in one of the lower-class neighborhoods in Rome. Little is known about Caesar’s early years, other than having two sisters, both of whom were apparently named Julia. Caesar’s father died in 84BC, and Caesar found himself the patriarch of the family at age sixteen. A year later, Caesar married Cornelia, daughter of the famous orator Cinna. As a young man, Caesar saw plenty of political and social unrest under the harsh dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Shortly after Caesar married Cornelia, Civil War erupted and Cinna was killed, leaving Caesar without an inheritance. In fear for his own life, he fled to Asia and joined the army, serving under Marcus Thermus. He received numerous honors, including the Civic Crown which was the second highest Roman military award at the time. In 78BC, Sulla died unexpectedly in his sleep, and Caesar returned to Rome. He began his political career, becoming a renowned orator and powerful politician. -
Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5131
Roberto Breschi: Precursory Projects of the Regional Emblems in Italian Geopolitical Area Abstract: In 1927 emblems for all the Regions of the Italian geopolitical area - Kingdom of Italy and some geographically Italian territories across the border - were proposed. Some were quite new hut most of them were inspired by historical symbols. From the end of the Second World War to 1970 the Regions of the new Italian Republic, once simple traditional entities, became more or less autonomous administrative subjects, and they needed local symbols as coats of arms, gonfalons and flags. In some cases the 1927 proposal can be considered a bridge betw’een the earliest times and the today emblems. Caesar Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, had already arranged Italy in regions, and it is surprising how some of them quite exacdy coincide with modern ones 1^1. The boundaries of the various states that over the centuries had divided the peninsula marked even more the shape of the future regions. So in 1861, when the unity of the nation (1861) was going to be completed, the Italian regions had a well defined profile. Nevertheless, from the administrative point of view, they remained for several decades only assemblages of provinces, without any organ of local government. Just after the Second World War, when the republican constitution came into force in Italy (1948), the regions became autonomous bodies with their powers and assignments. A statute of special autonomy, at once effective, was provided for four regions (Sicily, Sardinia, Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige (in 1963, a fifth, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, was added). -
11 Leadership Lessons from Julius Caesar
11 LEADERSHIP LESSONS FROM JULIUS CAESAR If there ever was a most characteristic military leader in history, that was Julius Caesar. Beyond his indisputable ability for strategy, the Roman General stood apart due to his prowess in leadership and his ability to transmit his wisdom and vision to the troops he was commanding who in turn gave Caesar their trust and loyalty. Caesar was born into a patrician family, the gens Julia, which claimed descent from Iulus, son of the legendary Trojan Prince Aeneas. Due to instability in Rome and because of Sullas proscriptions, Caesar the age of 19 Caesar joined the army and served with distinction at the Siege of Mytilene earning the Civic crown. After hearing of Sulla’s death, Caesar thought it safe to return to Rome although Pirates captured him and although eventually released he swore he would hunt them down and kill them, an act he successfully completed. Caesar climbed up the political ladder throughout his life eventually becoming Proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum. Caesar went on to become the greatest General and statesman of his era in which he attained ultimate power and received the title ‘Dictator for life’. However, the underlying political conflicts had not been resolved and on the Ides of March, 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus and Decimus Junius Brutus. Caesar thought differently than his contemporaries and to help us to understand why he stood out as arguably the Greatest Roman who ever lived. Here are some lessons that a bright dead personality could teach us were they alive today, Gaius Julius Caesar – a man so successful in his time that his last name became synonymous with “Emperor”. -
RANKS) Part 14 Regulations Covering Standards, Guidons, Colours And
ARMY DRESS REGULATIONS (ALL RANKS) Part 14 Regulations covering Standards, Guidons, Colours and Banners of the British Army Ministry of Defence PS12(A) August 2013 SECTION 1 – GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION 14.01 Scope. These regulations contain the regulations dealing with the scale, provision, accounting, control, design and care of Standards, Guidons, Colours and Banners. 14.02 Application. These regulations are applicable to the Regular Army, the TA, the ACF and the CCF, and the MOD sponsored Schools. 14.03 Layout. These regulations is divided into the following Sections and related Annexes and Scales: Section 1 – General Instructions. Section 2 - Standards, Guidons and Colours. Annex A - Scales of issue of Standards, Guidons and Colours. Annex B - Pictorial Guide to designs of Standards, Guidons and Colours. Annex C - Badges, Devices, Distinctions and Mottoes borne on Standards, Guidons and Colours. Annex D - Company Badges borne on the Regimental Colours of the Guards Division. Annex E - Badges borne on the Regimental Colours of the Infantry. Annex F - Regimental Facing Colours. Annex G - Divisional Facing Colours. Section 3 - State Colours. a. Annex A - Full Description. Section 4 - RMAS Sovereign’s Banner, ACF and CCF Banners and DYRMS and QVS Banners. 14.04 Related Publications. These regulations should be read in conjunction with Queen’s Regulations (QRs) paras 8.019 to 8.032, Ceremonial for the Army AC 64332 and the Army List. Part 14 Sect 1 PROVISION, ACCOUNTING AND AINTENANCE 14.05 Provision and Accounting. Unless otherwise indicated, the items covered by these regulations are provided and maintained by DES. They are to be held on charge in the appropriate clothing account on AF H8500 (Clothing Account Sheet) as directed on the Unit clothing account database. -
Marble Sculptures from the Imperial Palace in Sirmium
UDC 904:73"652"(497.113) DOI: 10.2298/STA0656153P 153 IVANA POPOVI] Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade MARBLE SCULPTURES FROM THE IMPERIAL PALACE IN SIRMIUM Abstract. – Few fragments of marble sculpture have been found in the course of the archaeological excavations conducted in Sirmium between 2003 and 2005 at site 85 which is believed to be part of the imperial palace complex. The most important are two almost completely preserved heads of deities. The head of a young person made of milky white, fine-grained marble of exceptionally fine texture from Pentelicon was found under the Late Roman floor in room 7 of the residential structure. The sculpture, of exceptional quality, is from the second half of the 1st century and represents a deity, most probably Venus or Apollo. Another head made of Carrara marble, from the 4th century, was found in a secondary position and on the basis of its mural crown is identified as the Tyche of Sirmium. Key words. – Roman sculpture, marble, Sirmium, deities, personifications. ew fragments of marble sculptures have been smooth surface of the face. It is parted in the middle, discovered in the course of systematic archae- framing the face in gentle waves modeled in relief and F ological excavations conducted in Sirmium with locks emphasized by incisions. On the back of the from 2003 to 2005 at site 85 which is almost certainly head the side locks combed over the ears are gathered the imperial palace complex1 (Fig. 1). The most im- portant are certainly two almost completely preserved heads of deities. * The author presented a brief account of these finds at the The head of a young person (C 109/2003) made of International Meeting Les ateliers de sculpture réginoaux: techni- milky white, fine-grained marble of exceptionally fine ques, styles et iconographie, Xe Colloque international sur l’art texture and originating from Pentelicon2 was discove- provincial romain, Arles et Aix-en-Provence, 21–23 mai 2007. -
Ancient Coins
ANCIENT COINS GREEK COINS 1. Satraps of Caria, Pixodorus (340-334 BC), gold hekte or stater, head of Apollo to r., rev. Zeus Labraundos standing to r. holding double axe and lotus-tipped sceptre, wt. 1.35gms. (Sear 4963; F.440), very fine and rare ⅙ $1000-1200 2. Kings of Lydia, temp. Alyattes-Kroisos, circa 610-546 BC, electrum ⅓ stater or trite, Sardes mint, head of roaring lion to r., rev. two incuse square punches, wt. 4.70gms. (GCV.3398; F.448), very fine $500-700 3. Bactria, Eucratides I (170-145 BC), tetradrachm, dr., cuir. bust r., wearing crested helmet adorned with bull’s horn and ear, rev. BAΣIΛEΩΣ MEΓAΛOY, Dioskouroi holding palm fronds and lances, on horses rearing r., monogram to lower r., in ex. ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ, wt. 16.94gms. (Sear 7570), certified and graded by NGC as Choice About Uncirculated, Strike 5/5, Surface 4/5 $3200-3500 ANCIENT COINS 4. Kyrene, Kyrenaika (322-313 BC), gold stater, Magistrate Polianthes, KYPANAION, Nike driving quadriga r., sun above r., rev. Zeus stg. l. by thymiaterion, holding patera and sceptre, wt. 8.70gms. (BMC.117), flan a little irregular, extremely fine $4000-4500 5. Kingdom of Thrace, Koson, King of Scythians (died 29 BC), gold stater, c. 40-29 BC, consul between lictors, all togate, walking l., rev. eagle standing l., holding wreath in one claw, wt. 8.33gms. (GCV.1733), obverse struck off-centre, otherwise extremely fine $650-850 ANCIENT COINS ROMAN COINS 6. Roman Republic, C. Servilius (136 B.C.), silver denarius, helmeted head of Roma facing r., wearing a necklace, a wreath and mark of value (XVI monogram) behind, ROMA below, rev. -
Anglo-Saxon Constitutional History
Outline 9/14/2020 ROMAN LAW PRINCIPATE CONSTITUTIONAL OUTLINE, PROCEDURE OUTLINE I. Chronology: Principate 27 BC – 284 AD; Dominate: 284–476 AD (in the West). There is some controversy as to where to place the beginning of the Dominate. 284 AD, the beginning of the reign of Diocletian, seems best. He seems to have been the first emperor to use the word dominus, from which we get ‘dominate’ as part of his official title. 1. 27 BC – 284 AD: Principate a. 27 BC – 69 AD: Julio-Claudian emperors. Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius (called Caligula), Claudius (made emperor by the praetorian guard), Nero (of burning of Rome fame) b. 68/69 AD, the year of the four emperors: Galba, Otho, Vitellus, Vespasian. The succession problem becomes public c. .69–96 AD: Flavian emperors (soldiers all): Vespasian, Titus (sacks Jerusalem), Domitian (Titus’ brother) d. 96–180 AD: “5 good emperors”: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. The first three were unrelated, the last two began a dynasty of Antonines. e. 180–235 AD: The Antonine dynasty merged into the Severan dynasty: Commodus (Marcus Aurelius’ son, a disaster as an emperor), Septimius Severus (a tough soldier and a good administrator), Caracalla (of baths and constitutio Antoniniana fame), Elagabalus (a sun-worshipper from the East), Severus Alexander (the last of the line). The last great classical jurist died shortly after the end of the Severan dynasty. The chronology continues; the following will be considered in class on 9/22/2020: f. 235–284 AD: “30 tyrants” 2. 284–565 AD: Dominate II. The Constitution of the Principate 1. -
Jerusalem of Gold — Revisited Shalom M
Shalom M. Paul Jerusalem of Gold — Revisited Shalom M. Paul Hebrew University of Jerusalem 25* Jerusalem of Gold — Revisited In an article published over thirty-five years ago,1 I discussed the meaning of the unique Sumerian phrase uru kù·gi which appeared in line 4 of an inventory list of the trousseau of Ahatmilku, queen of Ugarit (mid-fourteenth century BCE):2 1 uru kù·gi (= Akk. ālu hurāsuִ ) ki·lá·bi (= Akk. šuqultašu) 2 me’at 15, “one city of gold whose weight is 215 (sheqels).”3 Though Nougayrol provisionally translated this item as a “couronne murale,” he was unable to bring any additional epigraphic evidence for the identification of this piece of jewelry. He supported his assumption, however, by referring to iconographic representations that depict such a crown on the heads of female deities and queens. I, in turn, drew documentary support from rabbinic literature for such a mural crown worn by women, where the Hebrew interdialectical semantic and partially etymological cognate, כל תכשיטי נשים טמאים: עיר של :was well attested. Thus, in m. Kelim 11:8 it is stated ,עיר של זהב All women’s ornaments are susceptible to impurity (e.g.), a city of gold.” Compare“ ,זהב A woman may not go out (to the public domain“ ,לא תצא אשה...בעיר של זהב ,also m. Šabb. 6:1 on the Sabbath wearing)… a city of gold.”4 That this article of jewelry was worn only by ר' ,women of a high and wealthy status is shown by the following statements: b. Šabb. 59b Rabbi Elazar was of the opinion, ‘Who“ ,אלעזר סבר מאן דרכה למיפק בעיר של זהב? אשה חשובה is accustomed to go out (wearing) a city of gold? A women of high standing’”; y. -
9730 Ira.Ant. 12 Goldman
Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXII, 1997 WOMEN’S ROBING IN THE SASANIAN ERA BY Bernard GOLDMAN This brief description is intended as an introduction to women’s dress in Sasanian times with comparanda that helps to place the Iranian styles within the general history of late antique dress in Western Asia. Unfortu- nately, the task is self-limiting, bringing to mind the platonic metaphor of dancing shadows on the cave wall. The habiliment of early Iranian women, like all other early Asian dress, has not survived except as a few bits and pieces of woven stuff1. Our knowledge, then, must derive from those shadowy costumes cast on a few rock reliefs, on some luxury table- ware, glyptics and coin types, and on less than a handful of painting and mosaic fragments. The fragility of this type of evidence accounts no doubt for the scant attention Sasanian costuming has received and, when it is remarked, too often the tendency is to accept these shadows as if they were the substance2. A further complication in any discussion results from the relatively small numbers of pictured women in the several art media, and most of these examples are not easily controlled as to date or place of origin. 1 For preserved Sasanian textiles, figural designs, patterns, Goldman 1993, n. 2; for textile patterns related to or derived from the Sasanian, von Falke 1951; Ierusalimskaia 1972, 11, 14. 2 Several factors pertain in discussing pictured dress and its usefulness in dating: a particular type of dress may assume a traditional role and be worn, copied, or portrayed long after it had dropped out of fashion; an outmoded style may enjoy a revival; official and religious portraits may be clothed in traditional forms that are not limited to any one period; a style may come into fashion later and persist longer in one region than in another; distinctive style details of different periods may overlap and equitably coexist for extended periods.