DOCSLIB.ORG

ABJ December 2020 FINAL BT-Sm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ABJ_December_2020.indb 1281 11/5/2020 1:10:23 PM ABJ_December_2020.indb 1282 11/5/2020 1:10:26 PM Editor - Eugene Makovec Advertising Manager -Marta Menn Publishing Department - Dianne Behnke & Susan Nichols [email protected] www.americanbeejournal.com [email protected] CONTENTS DEPARTMENTS Volume 160 No. 12 December 2020 From the Editor . 1287 ARTICLES Letters to the Editor . 1289 • Time Warp: Cryopreservation of Honey Bee Germplasm Part 1: The drone contribution News and Events . 1293 M.E.A. McNeil . 1307 Classified Advertising . 1389 • Running Interference: RNAi and the promise of healthy bees Bill Hesbach . 1315 Year-end Index . 1393 • A Zooming Success in Georgia Advertising Index . 1398 Jonathan Hayes and Linda Tillman . 1333 COLUMNS • Honey Skep Cakes: An Eastern European holiday tradition The Classroom M.E.A. McNeil . 1340 Jamie Ellis . 1297 • Mite Control While Honey is on the Hive, Part 2 Beekeeping Basics: Randy Oliver . 1349 Using Wax to Preserve Woodenware Meghan Milbrath . 1303 • Ellen Tupper, the Iowa Bee Queen Beekeeping, Past and Present: Peter L. Borst . 1363 Summer Swarms: A prelude to usurpation Wyatt A. Mangum . 1321 • Does Locally Sourced Honey Alleviate Seasonal Allergies? The research is inconclusive Science Insider: Feeding Pollen Might Not Andrew Bauer . 1369 Be as Useful as You Think Alison McAfee . .1327 • Monitoring Honey Bee Colony Activities with a The Curious Beekeeper: Food from Bugs: Temperature Sensor Grid, Part 3 Insects that feed humans Frank Linton, Anna Stumme, Brett Padula, Rusty Burlew . 1345. Gail Ifshin, Gregory Behrmann . 1373 Notes from the Lab: • Memphis Medical Startup Heals with Honey: How Honey Bees Recognize Their Sisters Product bioengineered for chronic or acute wound care Scott McArt . 1359 Justin Stokes . 1379 The American Bee Journal ISSN 0002-7626 • Oregon Master Beekeeper Anna Ashby Brings Honey to THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL (ISSN 002-7626) is Resort’s Table published monthly at American Bee Journal, 51 S. 2nd Street, Hamilton, IL 62341. Periodicals Postage Dewey M. Caron . 1383 Paid at Hamilton, IL and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to American Bee Journal, 51 S. 2nd Street, Hamilton, IL 62341. In the United States, $29.00 a year; two years, $55.00 and three years, ON THE COVER $78.00. Canada $47.00 a year; two years $90.00. Foreign $54.00 a year; two years $99.00. Subscriptions stop at Shannon Wallace of Claremore, Oklahoma, shared this great photo and expiration date printed on label. Available in microfilm caption with us: form at moderate prices by writing to National Archive Publishing Co., 300 N. Zeeb Road, P.O. Box 998, Ann “With all the crazy things going on with the COVID virus and numerous Arbor, Michigan 48106. ©Copyright Dadant & Sons, Inc., changes to every part of life, my wife Jody and I decided to start 2019. All rights reserved, printed in USA. The Publishers cannot guarantee advertisements in this magazine, but homeschooling our two girls. They traveled with us up to North Dakota we ask that any advertising complaints be made known and helped work bees. On the first day of homeschooling we took a to us, so we can further check the company’s reliability. Opinions expressed in articles are not necessarily those picture of our girls, Alesha (left, 9th grade) and Faith (11th grade), while of the publisher. American Bee Journal, 51 S. 2nd St., Hamilton, IL 62341. (888) 922-1293. Fax (217) 847-3660. working the bees. We did some school work and had a ton of fun!” December 2020 1283 ABJ_December_2020.indb 1283 11/5/2020 1:10:26 PM 1284 American Bee Journal ABJ_December_2020.indb 1284 11/5/2020 1:10:30 PM ABJ_December_2020.indb 1285 11/5/2020 1:10:33 PM ABJ_December_2020.indb 1286 11/5/2020 1:10:36 PM From the Editor Eugene Makovec [email protected] The Grinchy Beekeeper My very favorite Christmas pro- oils that, according to the workshop light-bulb heaters, essential oils again gram from childhood was the Dr. she’d attended, were critical to keep- (this time in feed), bananas (yes, ba- Seuss classic “How the Grinch Stole ing them healthy. I managed to talk nanas), and shelters of all kinds. Christmas.” One of our three chan- her down, explaining that essential One Facebook post showed a row of nels would show it every December, oils — which Ana Heck of the Min- a half-dozen hives, surrounded by and it was so special that, in years nesota Bee Squad has described as a straw bales and covered entirely by when we had a working TV, Dad “fire hose” of scents overpowering a plastic tarp. Don’t get me wrong — would let us boys come in early from the bees’ natural pheromones — are insulation can be helpful in colder cli- milking cows to watch it. not in fact “essential” to a functioning mates, late-winter protein may be in Of course, while both the rhymes bee colony. In two decades, I told her, order for early spring splitting, and and the graphics were hilarious I have never put essential oils in my more commercial pollinators have throughout, the moral of the story hives, save for occasional, short-term taken to inside wintering to be ready came at the end, when Whoville’s can- use of thymol-based Apiguard for for the early almond bloom. tankerous northern neighbor discov- mite treatment. As for me, I make sure the lids are ered the true meaning of Christmas: Small hive beetles are certainly an on — though I have seen abandoned annoyance, but I’ve yet to see them hives that survived winter with- And the Grinch, with his take down an otherwise-healthy col- out benefit of covers. I also attach Grinch-feet ice-cold in the snow, ony. Yet there is a great trade in both mouse guards, and ensure they have stood puzzling and puzzling, how commercial and homemade SHB enough honey. One of 13 is light and could it be so? It came without rib- traps, while many of the beekeepers just got a candy board. A fourteenth bons! It came without tags! It came using them are inadvertently draw- went queenless at some point and without packages, boxes or bags! ing those beetles into their hives by dwindled to nothing last month, and And he puzzled three hours till his feeding pollen supplements when a couple of the late splits have small puzzler was sore. Then the Grinch they are not needed. Worse, I’ve seen populations and might be iffy. But thought of something he hadn’t be- more than one conference speaker with luck I expect to bring 10-12 col- fore. Maybe Christmas, he thought, instruct beekeepers in the placement onies through to spring — at which doesn’t come from a store. Maybe of hive beetle traps containing actual point I will again invoke the Grinch: Christmas, perhaps, means a little roach poison (!) inside their hives. bit more! This time of year, the worries are And the beek, with his beek-feet about getting colonies through win- all wet in the grass, stood puzzling In his “Three Things” article last ter. For context, we’re talking in my and puzzling, how did they all month, North Carolina bee inspector case about Eastern Missouri, where last? They lived without tar-paper, Lewis Cauble said he advises bee- winter is child’s play compared what or electrical coil. They lived with- keepers that if they properly manage some of you experience in the north- out quilt-boxes, or essence of oil. varroa, queen events, and feeding (if ern U.S. and Canada. Still, for my Dad Then the beek thought of something needed), lesser issues tend to take in Central Wisconsin, winter prep he hadn’t been taught. Maybe bees care of themselves. meant finally getting his supers off can survive without something Yet in so many of our interactions in about October, then stacking some I’ve bought. Maybe they’ve done with newer beekeepers there is en- straw bales at the end of the row to just that for more years than we’ve tirely too much time spent worrying temper the worst of the north winds. thought! about trivial matters. Much local club Granted, this was pre-varroa — but Q&A is spent reassuring folks about again, take care of the mites, and … I’m out of space, and secondary pests (no, wax moths did Beginners especially have a hard the aroma from the not kill your colony), while tamping time believing that their tender kitchen tells me it’s al- down old wives’ tales, magic elixirs charges can survive in a thin-walled most time to carve the and quick fixes. wooden box outside in the elements. roast beast. To all I got a call one April from a be- So they often go to great lengths — of our ABJ readers, ginner who was frantic because her and sometimes great expense — to here’s hoping your packages were on the way and she’d protect them. Quilt boxes, insulation holiday feasts are not found a source for the essential boards, black tarpaper or poly wrap, delicious. December 2020 1287 ABJ_December_2020.indb 1287 11/5/2020 1:10:37 PM 1288 American Bee Journal ABJ_December_2020.indb 1288 11/5/2020 1:10:41 PM Send your letters to the editor, Attn: Eugene Makovec, Dadant, 51 S. 2nd Street, Hamilton, IL 62341, Fax: 1-217-847-3660, or email: [email protected] Due to size and content, we may be unable to publish all information received. We may also edit your letter to avoid offensive language. Thank You! BEEKEEPING IN SCIENCE AND SKEPTICISM curve.
Recommended publications
  • Honey Bee Immunity — Pesticides — Pests and Diseases

    Honey Bee Immunity — Pesticides — Pests and Diseases

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Distance Master of Science in Entomology Projects Entomology, Department of 2017 A GUIDEBOOK ON HONEY BEE HEALTH: Honey Bee Immunity — Pesticides — Pests and Diseases Joey Caputo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entodistmasters Part of the Entomology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Distance Master of Science in Entomology Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Photo by David Cappaert, Bugwood.org 1 A GUIDEBOOK ON HONEY BEE HEALTH Honey Bee Immunity — Pesticides— Pests and Diseases By Joey Caputo A graduate degree project submitted as partial fulfillment of the Option III requirements for the de- gree of Masters of Science in Entomology at the graduate school of the University of Nebraska- Lincoln, 2017. Last updated April 2017 — Version 1.2 i Contents Introduction 1 Honey Bee Immune System 2 Mechanical and Biochemical Immunity 2 Innate and Cell-Mediated Immunity 2 Humoral Immunity 2 Social Immunity 3 Detoxification Complexes 5 Problems in Beekeeping 5 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) 5 Bacterial, Fungal and Microsporidian Diseases 6 American foulbrood 6 European foulbrood 7 Nosemosis 8 Chalkbrood 10 Crithidia 10 Stonebrood 11 Varroa Mite and Viruses 11 Varroa Biology and Life Cycle 12 Varroa Mite Damage and Parasitic Mite
  • The Controllable Bee Hive and New System of Bee Management: 1887 Annual Circular

    The Controllable Bee Hive and New System of Bee Management: 1887 Annual Circular

    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Maine History Documents Special Collections 1887 The Controllable Bee Hive and New System of Bee Management: 1887 Annual Circular Lizzie E. Cotton Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistory Part of the History Commons This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History Documents by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pamp 88 i Mrs. Lizzie E. Cotton, WEST GORHAM, MAINE. the CONTROLLABLE BEE HIVE ------•—^-AND—j—•------ NEW SYSTEM Of BEE MANAGEMENT. In bringing this my Annual Circular for 1887 before the public, I wish to advise every intelli­ gent person who has a spot of land on which to set a hive, to keep bees. Managed on my plan in Controllable Hives, bees are more profit than any­ thing connected with the farm or garden. Bees will go many miles in all directions from their hives to collect honey. The sources from which bees collect honey are almost innumerable. Nearly every flower, plant, tree, shrub and vine in field, forest, garden and pasture yield honey. If it is not desired to enter largely into the production of honey for market, it is certainly very desirable to keep one or two hives of bees to produce honey for family use. There is no greater health giving lux­ ury than pure honey in snow white comb. Severe hoarseness, sore throats, coughs, and many other diseases are cured by the use of pure honey.
  • Save the Bees Save the Bees

    Save the Bees Save the Bees

    Unit for week 5 save the bees Save the bees Stresses on the Honey bee Several factors may create stress in the hive, which can cause a decrease in population. Below are some of those possible contributors. All of these effects on the colony can be observed, some more easily than others, in the Observation Hive. VARROA MITES: The Varroa mite is a parasitic, invasive species that was introduced to the United States in the 1980’s . It BEYOND THE originated in Asia and the western honey bee has no resistance. The mated adult female Varroa mites enter the brood cells right before HIVE the bees cap the pupae and feed on the growing bee. The bee will hatch with deformities such as misshapen wings that result in an inability to fly. SMALL HIVE BEETLES: Hive beetles are pests to honey bees. Ask the Audience They entered the United States in the late 90’s. Most strong hives will not be severely affected by the beetle; however, if the hive • Do you know what it feels like beetle becomes too overbearing, the colony will desert the hive. The to be stressed? beetle tunnels in the comb and creates destruction in the storage of honey and pollen. Ways to identify a beetle problem is a smell of • Do you have any pests in your fermented honey, a slimy covering of the comb, and the presence life? of beetle maggots. • Do you have a vegetable DISEASE: although bees keep their hive very clean and try to garden or any flowers in your maintain sanitation as best as possible, there are many pathogens, yard? disease causing microorganisms, which can infect the bees.
  • The Buzz About Bees: Honey Bee Biology and Behavior

    The Buzz About Bees: Honey Bee Biology and Behavior

    4-H Honey Bee Leaders Guide Book I The Buzz About Bees: 18 U.S.C. 707 Honey Bee Biology and Behavior Publication 380-071 2009 To the 4-H Leader: The honey bee project (Books Grade 5 1 - 4) is intended to teach young people the basic biology and behavior of honey bees in addition to Living Systems 5.5 hands-on beekeeping management skills. The honey The student will investigate and understand that bee project books begin with basic honey bee and organisms are made up of cells and have distin- insect information (junior level) and advance to guishing characteristics. Key concepts include: instruction on how to rear honey bee colonies and • vertebrates and invertebrates extract honey (senior level). These project books are intended to provide in-depth information related Grade 6 to honey bee management, yet they are written for the amateur beekeeper, who may or may not have Life Science 5 previous experience in rearing honey bees. The student will investigate and understand how organisms can be classified. Key concepts include: Caution: • characteristics of the species If anyone in your club is known to have severe Life Science 8 allergic reactions to bee stings, they should not The student will investigate and understand that participate in this project. interactions exist among members of a population. The honey bee project meets the following Vir- Key concepts include: ginia State Standards of Learning (SOLs) for the • competition, cooperation, social hierarchy, and fourth, fifth, and sixth grades: territorial imperative Grade 4 Acknowledgments Authors: Life Processes 4.4 Dini M.
  • Colony Growth and Seasonal Management of Honey Bees

    Colony Growth and Seasonal Management of Honey Bees

    Colony Growth and Seasonal Management of Honey Bees Management of honey bees varies based on whether Although honey is essential food for bees, colonies pollination or honey production is the primary objective. cannot grow without sufficient amounts of incoming A simple scheme for those interested in maximizing honey pollen. Pollen contains the essential amino acids, sterols, production can be a template for any beginning beekeeper. minerals, and vitamins that bee larvae need to grow into Managing honey bees involves seasonal manipulations adult honey bees. Bee colonies cannot grow without brood of hive space to provide room when necessary for the production, and brood production hinges on good-quality expanding brood-rearing area and for storage of surplus nutrition that comes from pollen. Hence, bee colonies grow honey. Good management includes reducing colony space largest during or just after periods of maximum numbers during periods of dearth of incoming food, preventing of blooming plants in the spring and autumn (Figure 1). swarming of bees, feeding food supplements to offset any These periods are called honey flows. shortcomings in winter stores or to help stimulate brood Blooming of food plants can be predicted by a crude production during critical periods of colony development, geographic rule of adding a 1-week delay in bloom for keeping young and good-quality queens in colonies, and every 200 miles or so northward in latitude. For example, if managing diseases and parasites. sumac is blooming heavily in southern Mississippi during the first week of May, a person living near the Mississippi- Basic Growth Cycle Tennessee border might expect sumac to bloom from the Good seasonal management begins with understand- third week of May into the beginning of June.
  • Conservation of Asian Honey Bees Benjamin P

    Conservation of Asian Honey Bees Benjamin P

    Conservation of Asian honey bees Benjamin P. Oldroyd, Piyamas Nanork To cite this version: Benjamin P. Oldroyd, Piyamas Nanork. Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2009, 40 (3), 10.1051/apido/2009021. hal-00892024 HAL Id: hal-00892024 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00892024 Submitted on 1 Jan 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 40 (2009) 296–312 Available online at: c INRA/DIB-AGIB/EDP Sciences, 2009 www.apidologie.org DOI: 10.1051/apido/2009021 Review article Conservation of Asian honey bees* Benjamin P. Oldroyd1, Piyamas Nanork2 1 Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Lab, School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 2 Department of Biology, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand Received 26 June 2008 – Revised 14 October 2008 – Accepted 29 October 2008 Abstract – East Asia is home to at least 9 indigenous species of honey bee. These bees are extremely valu- able because they are key pollinators of about 1/3 of crop species, provide significant income to some of the world’s poorest people, and are prey items for some endemic vertebrates.
  • Gender and Non-Timber Forest Products

    Gender and Non-Timber Forest Products

    Gender and non-timber forest products Promoting food security and economic empowerment Marilyn Carr, international consultant on gender, technology, rural enterprise and poverty reduction, prepared this paper in collaboration with Maria Hartl, technical adviser for gender and social equity in the IFAD Technical Advisory Division. Other staff members of the IFAD Technical Advisory Division contributing to the paper included: Annina Lubbock, senior technical adviser for gender and poverty targeting, Sheila Mwanundu, senior technical adviser for environment and natural resource management, and Ilaria Firmian, associate technical adviser for environment and natural resource management. The following people reviewed the content: Rama Rao and Bhargavi Motukuri (International Network for Bamboo and Rattan), Kate Schreckenberg (Overseas Development Institute), Nazneen Kanji (Aga Khan Development Network), Sophie Grouwels (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and Stephen Biggs (School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia). The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Cover: Women make panels and carpets from braided coconut leaves at this production unit near Naickenkottai, India.
  • A Saliva Protein of Varroa Mites Contributes to the Toxicity Toward Apis Cerana and the DWV Elevation Received: 10 August 2017 Accepted: 9 February 2018 in A

    A Saliva Protein of Varroa Mites Contributes to the Toxicity Toward Apis Cerana and the DWV Elevation Received: 10 August 2017 Accepted: 9 February 2018 in A

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A Saliva Protein of Varroa Mites Contributes to the Toxicity toward Apis cerana and the DWV Elevation Received: 10 August 2017 Accepted: 9 February 2018 in A. mellifera Published: xx xx xxxx Yi Zhang & Richou Han Varroa destructor mites express strong avoidance of the Apis cerana worker brood in the feld. The molecular mechanism for this phenomenon remains unknown. We identifed a Varroa toxic protein (VTP), which exhibited toxic activity toward A. cerana worker larvae, in the saliva of these mites, and expressed VTP in an Escherichia coli system. We further demonstrated that recombinant VTP killed A. cerana worker larvae and pupae in the absence of deformed-wing virus (DWV) but was not toxic to A. cerana worker adults and drones. The recombinant VTP was safe for A. mellifera individuals, but resulted in elevated DWV titers and the subsequent development of deformed-wing adults. RNAi- mediated suppression of vtp gene expression in the mites partially protected A. cerana larvae. We propose a modifed mechanism for Varroa mite avoidance of worker brood, due to mutual destruction stress, including the worker larvae blocking Varroa mite reproduction and Varroa mites killing worker larvae by the saliva toxin. The discovery of VTP should provide a better understanding of Varroa pathogenesis, facilitate host-parasite mechanism research and allow the development of efective methods to control these harmful mites. Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) was originally identifed as an ectoparasite of the Asian honeybee Apis cerana. Before the year 2000, V. destructor was miscalled V. jacobsoni. In fact, these two species are diferent in body shape, cytochrome oxidase (CO-I) gene sequence, and virulence to honey bees1.
  • Effectiveness of Three Pesticides Against Carmine Spider Mite (Tetranychus Cinnabarinus Boisduval) Eggs on Tomato in Botswana

    Effectiveness of Three Pesticides Against Carmine Spider Mite (Tetranychus Cinnabarinus Boisduval) Eggs on Tomato in Botswana

    Vol. 17(8), pp. 1088-xxx, August, 2021 DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2021.15591 Article Number: 3489C4F67485 ISSN: 1991-637X Copyright ©2021 African Journal of Agricultural Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Research Full Length Research Paper Effectiveness of three pesticides against carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval) eggs on tomato in Botswana Mitch M. Legwaila1, Motshwari Obopile2 and Bamphitlhi Tiroesele2* 1Botswana National Museum, Box 00114, Gaborone, Botswana. 2Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P/Bag 00114, Gaborone, Botswana. Received 13 April, 2021; Accepted 16 July, 2021 The carmine spider mite (CSM; Tetranychus cinnabarinus Bois.) is one of the most destructive pests of vegetables, especially tomatoes. Its management in Botswana has, for years, relied on the use of pesticides. This study evaluated the efficacy of abamectin, methomyl and chlorfenapyr against CSM eggs under laboratory conditions in Botswana. Each treatment was replicated three times. The toxic effect was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay after 24, 48 and 72 h of application of pesticides. This study revealed that chlorfenapyr was relatively more effective since it had lower LD50 values than those for abamectin and methomyl. It was further revealed that at recommended rates, 90% mortalities occurred 48 h after application of methomyl and chlorfenapyr, while abamectin did not achieve 90% mortality throughout the study period. This implies that abamectin requires extra dosages to achieve mortalities comparable to those of the other two pesticides. The study has found that chlorfenapyr was the most effective insecticide followed by methomyl and then abamectin when applied on CSM eggs.
  • Life Cycles: Egg to Bee Free

    Life Cycles: Egg to Bee Free

    FREE LIFE CYCLES: EGG TO BEE PDF Camilla de La Bedoyere | 24 pages | 01 Mar 2012 | QED PUBLISHING | 9781848355859 | English | London, United Kingdom Tracking the Life Cycle of a Honey Bee - dummies As we remove the frames, glance over the thousands of busy bees, check for brood, check for capped honey, maybe spot the queen… then the frames go back in their slots and the hive is sealed up again. But in the hours spent away from our hives, thousands of tiny miracles are happening everyday. Within the hexagonal wax cells little lives are hatching out and joining the hive family. The whole process from egg to adult worker bee takes around 18 days. During the laying season late spring to summer the Queen bee is capable of laying over eggs per day. Her worker bees help direct her to the best prepared comb and she lays a single egg in each hexagon shaped cell. The size of the cell prepared determines the type of egg she lays. If the worker bees have prepared a worker size cell, she Life Cycles: Egg to Bee lay a fertilized egg. This egg will produce a female worker bee. If the worker bees have prepared a slightly larger cell, the queen will recognize this as a drone cell and lay an unfertilized egg. This will produce a male drone bee. It is the workers and not the queen that determine the ratio of workers to drones within the hive. In three days the egg hatches and a larva emerges. It looks very similar to a small maggot.
  • PREVALENCE of WOLBACHIA PIPIENTIS and VARROA DESTRUCTOR MITES in AFRICANIZED BEES in the DEMING, NEW MEXICO AREA Niccole D

    PREVALENCE of WOLBACHIA PIPIENTIS and VARROA DESTRUCTOR MITES in AFRICANIZED BEES in the DEMING, NEW MEXICO AREA Niccole D

    International Journal of Science, Environment ISSN 2278-3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 9, No 2, 2020, 274 – 284 2277-663X (P) PREVALENCE OF WOLBACHIA PIPIENTIS AND VARROA DESTRUCTOR MITES IN AFRICANIZED BEES IN THE DEMING, NEW MEXICO AREA Niccole D. Rech1*, Alea Darrow2, Eliza Lopez3, Daniel Mendoza4, Viviana Nicoll5 and Lauren Paulk6 1Western New Mexico University, Deming, New Mexico 2,3,4,5,6Early College High School Deming, New Mexico E-mail: [email protected] (*Corresponding Author) Abstract: Africanized Honeybees (AHB) were colonized in New Mexico by 1992. Since then, they have virtually replaced Western honeybees in Luna County, which is adjacent to Mexico’s Northern border. AHB are hybrids between Apis mellifera scutellata, an African honeybee, and A. m. ligustica, A.m.iberiensis, which are both Western honeybees. Wolbachia pipientis is a Rickettsial endosymbiont bacterium that infects arthropods and nematodes. W. pipientis infestation can manipulate the reproduction of arthropods causing cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, parthenogenesis, sterilization, and male killing which decreases the number of progeny and skews the male/ female ratios in arthropod populations. Varroa destructor mites also impact honeybee populations by spreading viral infections such as the deformed wing virus (DWV). Honeybees, Africanized or not, are the main pollinators of many crops grown in Southern New Mexico and are suppliers of honey, royal jelly, wax, and bee venom. A decline in honey bee populations impacts the entire agricultural industry of New Mexico. In this study 88 AHB were tested for W. pipientis and 92 AHB were inspected for V. destructor mites. Twenty-six percent of the bees were infected with W.
  • Evidence for Synonymy Between Tetranychus Urticae And

    Evidence for Synonymy Between Tetranychus Urticae And

    Evidence for synonymy between Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): Review and new data Philippe Auger, Alain Migeon, Edward A. Ueckermann, Louwrens Tiedt, Maria Navajas Navarro To cite this version: Philippe Auger, Alain Migeon, Edward A. Ueckermann, Louwrens Tiedt, Maria Navajas Navarro. Ev- idence for synonymy between Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): Review and new data. Acarologia, Acarologia, 2013, 53 (4), pp.383-415. 10.1051/ac- arologia/20132102. hal-00979843 HAL Id: hal-00979843 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00979843 Submitted on 16 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Acarologia 53(4): 383–415 (2013) DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/2013XXXX EVIDENCE FOR SYNONYMY BETWEEN TETRANYCHUS URTICAE AND TETRANYCHUS CINNABARINUS (ACARI, PROSTIGMATA, TETRANYCHIDAE): REVIEW AND NEW DATA Philippe AUGER1,*, Alain MIGEON1, Edward A. UECKERMANN2, 3, Louwrens TIEDT3 and Maria NAVAJAS1 (Received 19 April 2013; accepted 02 June 2013; published online 19 December 2013) 1 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR CBGP (INRA / IRD / CIRAD / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France.