Die Legende Vom Heiligen Karantanerlierzog Domitianus

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Die Legende Vom Heiligen Karantanerlierzog Domitianus Die Legende vom heiligen Karantanerlierzog Domitianus. Von Robert Eisler. Ganz Kärnten, in seinen deutschen, wie in seinen slavischen Gegenden, ist erfüllt von erdgeschichtlichen Sagen. Sie ei-zählen von der Vergletscherung der Almen, von Erdbeben und Bergrutschungeu, von Muhren und Schlammlawinen, von der Bildung merkwürdiger Fels- formen, von der Entstehung von Tälern aus ehemaligen Seen und von Sümpfen, in denen ganze Orte versunken liegen i). Eine seltsame Sint- flutsage, die meines Wissens nirgends erwähnt ist, knüpft sich an den Millstätter See. Ich habe selbst noch als Volksschüler in iiillstatt einen alten Nachbarn erzählen hören, wie einst eine große und reiche Stadt an den Ufern des Sees gelegen sei, in der tausende von Heiden- götzen verehrt wurden, bis der Herzog des Landes, der hier seinen Sitz hatte, mit seinem ganzen Haus und seinem Gefolge das Christentum angenommen habe. Das Volk sei im Unglauben verblieben, hätte den frommen Herzog und seine christlichen Anhänger vertrieben, so dass sie in die Wälder und Gebirge hinaufflüchten mussten, dort wo heute Obermillstatt steht. Eines nachts aber sei der Herzog ganz allein vom Berg herabgestiegen und hätte alle heidnischen Götzen in den See gestürzt. Da sei der See brausend angeschwollen und habe, den Spuren des nach Obermillstatt zurückwandernden Herzogs nachdrin- gend bis zur Höhe des jetzigen Kalvarienberges, die schlaftrunkenen ') Valentin Pogatschnigg, in dem Band .Kärnten' der 5sterr.-ung. Monarchie in Wort und Bild, S. ]44; Scheinigg, Volkssagen der Slovenen ebenda, p. 158. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/25/15 11:01 PM Die Legende vom hl. Karantanerherzog Domitianus. 53 Heiden mit ihrer ganzeu Stadt verschlungen. Als das Wasser sich nach einer Zeit wieder verlaufen habe, sei der Herzog mit den Seinen von den Bergen herabgekommen und hätt« zur Erinnerung an das grosse Wunder die Millstätter Kirche erbaut. Ich erinnere mich noch deutlich^ mit welchem Bildungstolz ich dann meinerseits dem Alten eine Geschichte von diesem heiligen Herzog zutrug, die er selber nicht kannte und die ich in Hohenauers ,Geist- lichem Ehrenkranz von Kärnten"') beim Schullehrer verstohlen gelesen hatte: wie Domitianus, mit seinem heidnischen Namen "Waltunc" genannt, au.s dem Hause der .Grafen von Tauern"-), ursprünglich Feld- hauptmami bei ,Baldorich, Erzherzog von Kärnten", gewesen, wie er durch seine milde Fürsprache das hartgedrückte Volk beschirmt habe, wie er in bedrängten Zeiten den ganzen kärntnerischen Adel bei Friesach zu einem Landtag berufen, den Heerbann über Laibach nach Dalmatien geführt und dort den ,heidnischen Tyrannen Litemusel" in Saloua belagert und besiegt habe, und endlich selbst Erzherzog von Kärnten geworden sei. Alles das sollte nach Hohenauers Gewährs- mann, dem Millstätter Jesuiten Ignaz Jung, der im Jahre 1692 eine weitläufige Biographie^t) des hl. Domitian verfasste und nach einer etwas y< Eine Erinnerung an Beförderer des Christentums im Vaterlande, welche im Ruf der Heiligkeit gestanden sind, Villach, bei F. F. Hofifmann, 1851, S. 50- Kürzere oder längere Erwähnungen des hl. Domitianus finden sich ferner bei: Asse- manii, Calendarium Eccles. Rom 1752, Tom. II. fol. 57 u. 75; Hansiz, Germania Sacra, 1729 II. fol. 109 u. 93 et alibi; Pusch, Chronologia Ducum Styriae 1725, fol. 141; Granelli, Topographia Germaniae Australis edit. nov. 1720, fol. 143; Heiligenlexikon, Frankfurt 1719, fol. 507; Mezger, Historia Salisburgensis, 1690, lom. II. fol. 204: Reichardt, Breviarium Hist. Carinthiae 1675, fol. 45, 67, 69; Biiccelini, Germania topo-ehronol., 1655 (Pars II. fol. 235, t. 11. P. II. f. 62); Hohenwart, Chronica Styriae t. I. Z. 1. c. 53; Merian, Topographia Austriae, 1589, fol. 63, 10). Deren Güter in der Nähe von »Teurnia« lagen!! s) Von dieser Biographie haben sich zwei Abschriften erhalten: ein schon von Seh roll und Ankershofen als .Hs. von 1692* zitirtes Exemplar im Pfarrarchiv von Millstatt, übei-schrieben .Kurzer Inhalt des Lebens und deren Wunderwerken, göttlichen Gnaden und übernatürlichen Wohlthaten des h. Domitianus etc. zu- sammengezogen von P. Ignaz Jung S. J. zu Millstatt 1692ist laut einer am Schluss angebrachten Notiz eine .Abschrift genommen aus einer uralten Schrift, wo noch keine Rechtschreibung herrschte und selbst die Alphabethbuchstaben bei vielen AVörtern nicht immer den gleichen Namen behalten, sondern nur aus mehrmals durchlesen erst den Sinn herausgezogen werden musste etc. ... im Jahr 1874 den 21. September . vollendet von Matthias Rm. L. Mss. et Ast. zu Lieseregg«. Das Stück war eine Zeitlang verschollen, kam aus dem Nachlass des Millstätter Kooperators P. Mitt«ndorfer wieder an das Pfarramt Millstatt, von wo aus es dem Verf. in dankenswertester Bereitwilligkeit leihweise übersandt Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/25/15 11:01 PM 54 Robert Eisler. früheren anomymen Aufzeichnung^) in der , uralten Millststätter Kirchentafelund zwar mit dem Datum 826^) zu finden sein, was jener Anonymus ruhig behaupten durfte, da er sie selbst nicht lesen kounte und daher auch eine Nachprüfung seiner Behauptungen nicht wohl befürchtete. Sonst hätte er vielleicht lieber seine wirkliche Quelle, den alten Hieronymus Megiser') angeführt, der sich für diese Fabeln seinerseits auf die ,Farrago' des ehrwürdigen .AmmoniusSalassus" und den ebenso verlässlichen ,Nicolaus Claudianus"^) beruft. Diese alte Kirchentafel mit ihrem geheimnisvollen Inhalt hat mir damals wohl wenig Eindruck gemacht. Allein es gab auch ansehnlichere Zeugnisse vom Leben des hl. Domitian. Am Hochgosch, drüben überm See zeigte man mir die Mauerreste seiner Burg, am Radstätter Tauern •sollte noch sein Geburtshaus stehen^), am Herzogsstuhl im Zollfeld, wo er nach Megiser die Kirche Maria-Saal gestiftet hatte, sein Name eingegraben sein®); am Marktbrunnen von Millstatt, deu er als wurde. Ein Fragment der als Vorlage erwähnten »uralten Schrift« liegt unter den Domitiansakten im Klagenfurter Landesarchiv (Millstatt fasc. 53, Sig. XXV, 5, Nr. 1); ebenda auch ein Auszug aus der Jung'schen Biographie. Eine Abschrift aus dem Jahr 1850 von der Hand Hohenauers besitzt der Kärntner Geschichts- verein (Ms. 1/10, 369, XXVn, b 85). Eine von Zemel 1734 verfasste Vita Domi- tiani .Ms. 75 foliorum*, zitivt von Rieberer in den Domitiansacten, habe ich nicht auffinden können. ') Diese unmittelbare Vorlage P. Jungs befindet sich unter dem Titel »Quin- ternio antiquissimus id est ex antiqnissimis instrumentis mendosissime descriptus' und der Signatur 10/24 im Archiv des GeschichtsVereins. Die Aufzeichnung ist von einem anonymen Jesuiten, wenn man aus den am Ende beigefügten annali- stischen Zusätzen bis zum Jahre 167G diesen Schluas ziehen darf, wenig später verfasst worden. Der heidnische Namen des hl. Domitianus lautet hier wie bei Jung noch in bedenklicher Anlehnung an den biblischen Tubalcain .Dubalco«, woraus erst Hohenauer in Anlehnung an den .Waltunc« der Conversio Bagoari- orum »Waltuncon« machte. Domitian zieht hier mit Karl d. Gr. zur Kaiser- krönung nach Rom, auf der Rückreise macht der grosse Frankenkaiser in Mill- statt halt, setzt den Domitian als Herzog ein etc. Über einige noch ältere Domitiansviten der Jesuitenzeit siehe unten S. 106 f. «) Über den Ursprung dieser Jahreszahlen siehe unten S. 71. s) Ann. Gar. I. B. p. 10, 23. 531 fF. *) Über diese beiden fiktiven Quellen siehe neuerdings Doblingers Ausfüh- nmgen in Mitt. d. Inst. 26. B. S. 460 fiF. Vgl. Hohenauer nach Jung S. 3. Tatsächlich besassen die Millstätter Mönche 8eit\^U91 ein Haus in Radstatt, das sie im Tausch vom Stift Admont erworben hatten (M. Duc. Gar. Nr. 1382), und an dem später einmal irgendein Do- mitiansbild aufgemalt worden sein mag. Den Burgstall erwähnt Mittendorfer a.a.O- ') Diese einfUltige Lesung findet sich zuerst bei Lazius, Comm. Rei Publicae Romanae Basel 1551 S. 1230, cf. de gentium migrationibus, Basel 1557 S. 202. Das Corpus Inscript. Latin. (IlL 4941 cf. 11519) bietet zwei gleich sinnlose und Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/25/15 11:01 PM Die Legende vom hl. Katantanerhei-zog Domitianus. 55 Pferdeträuke für sein Heer erbaut haben soll, stand seine Statue mit Krone, Hergogshut, Fahne und dem landständischen kärtner Wappen- schildi), eine ähnliche ist noch heute am Hochaltar der Stiftskirche falsihe Lesungen von Momn.sen und Pichler. Schon auä deu beiden Photogra- phien des Herzogsstuhls bei Pantschart, Herzogseinsetzung in Kärnten S. 18. u. 19 ergibt sich die Richtigkeit der bei Megiser und im Diarium der Erbhuldigung von 1564 (Or. H. H. St. A.) gegebenen Lesung .Rndolphus Dux', wie zuerst A. von Jaksch in seiner Rezension des Puntschart'schen Buchs Mitt. d. Inst. 23. B. S. 312 richtig hervorgehoben hat. •) Seit der Eröffnung der neuen Millstätter Wasserleitung ist diese Brunnen- figur durch eine gusseiserne Schale verdrängt worden. Sie befindet sich jetzt in einer Kische eines Eckhauses am Marktplatz. Hohenauer (a. a. 0. S. 51) sah noch in einem grossen ,Domitianssaal* genannten Raum des Stiftsgebäudes ein Deckengemälde, auf dem dargestellt war, wie die Götzenbilder auf Befehl des Herzogs in den See gestürzt werden. (Dieser Zug erscheint zuerst bei Megiser a. a. 0. I. i. b. 5. cap. 36). Eine Zusammenstellung zahlreicher jetzt t«il- weise verlorener Denkmäler des Domitianskultes findet sich in dem ca. 1627 abgefassten .Quaternio R. P. Philippi Algamb« (Lanclesarchiv Kl., Millst. fa;c. 53, XXV.
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