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Rockefeller Philanthropy, Economic Research, and the Structure of Social Science--1911-1946 David Lee Seim Iowa State University

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Rockefeller Philanthropy, Economic Research, and the Structure of Social Science--1911-1946 David Lee Seim Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2007 "Perhaps we can hit upon some medium of course": Rockefeller philanthropy, economic research, and the structure of social science--1911-1946 David Lee Seim Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Economic History Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Social Welfare Commons, Theory, Knowledge and Science Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Seim, David Lee, ""Perhaps we can hit upon some medium of course": Rockefeller philanthropy, economic research, and the structure of social science--1911-1946" (2007). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15502. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15502 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Perhaps we can hit upon some medium of course”: Rockefeller philanthropy, economic research, and the structure of social science–1911-1946 by David Lee Seim A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: History of Technology and Science Program of Study Committee: Hamilton Cravens, Major Professor James Andrews Amy Sue Bix Alan I Marcus Robert Hollinger Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2007 Copyright © David Lee Seim, 2007. All rights reserved. UMI Number: 3259444 Copyright 2007 by Seim, David Lee All rights reserved. UMI Microform 3259444 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………. iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….... iv CHAPTER 1. ROCKEFELLER PHILANTHROPY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.. 1 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Rockefeller philanthropy and my thesis………………………………….. 1 1.3 The initial idea for Rockefeller support of social research……………….. 3 1.4 Periods of Rockefeller support of social science…………………………. 5 1.5 Previous research and my thesis………………………………………….. 7 CHAPTER 2. EARLY APPROACHES TO PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT OF SOCIAL RESEARCH–1902-14…………………………………. 16 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 16 2.2 Early foundation support of “scientific” social research–1902-15………. 16 2.3 Ideas for a Rockefeller-supported “Institute of Economic Research”…… 21 2.4 Gates’s philanthropic model for the Rockefeller Foundation–by 1913….. 24 2.5 The debate over an “Institute of Economic Research”…………………… 29 2.6 Real-world labor unrest–1913-14………………………………………… 40 2.7 Not the time for economic research………………………………………. 43 CHAPTER 3. NEW PRINCIPLES FOR PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT OF SOCIAL RESEARCH–1914-23…………………………………. 49 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 49 3.2 King’s industrial research study–1914-15……………………………….. 49 3.3 Rockefeller Jr.’s congressional testimony–1914-15……………………... 51 3.4 King’s project continues–1915-17……………………………………….. 56 3.5 Principle’s for establishing new institutes–1915-20..……………………. 60 3.6 The social sciences during the World War–1915-19…………………….. 66 3.7 The NBER and the Institute of Economics–1918-20……………………. 67 3.8 Guiding principles at the Rockefeller Foundation–1918-23…………... 74 3.9 The “Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial”–1918-22………………….. 78 3.10 Appointment of Beardsley Ruml–1922………………………………….. 81 CHAPTER 4. RUML’S PLAN AND SUPPORT OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY–1922-28……………………………………….. 86 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 86 4.2 Ruml’s policy statement–1922…………………………………………… 86 4.3 Program clarifications–1923……………………………………………... 93 4.4 A possible “research center” at the University of Pennsylvania–1923-28.. 100 4.5 Other industrial psychology research programs–1923-26………………... 106 4.6 The beginnings of a research center at Harvard University–1926-28……. 112 iii CHAPTER 5. RESEARCH “CENTERS” IN ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE–1922-28………….......................... 116 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 116 5.2 Professional political science, sociology, and economics by the 1920s….. 116 5.3 The London School of Economics–1923-28……………………………… 119 5.4 The University of Chicago–1923-28……………………………………… 126 5.5 The University of North Carolina–1924-28………………………………. 135 5.6 Columbia University–1925-28……………………………………………. 143 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCH “FIELDS,” PART ONE–1922-28………..………… 148 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 148 6.2 Race relations as a scientific field–1925-28……………………………… 148 6.3 Social and economic conditions in the American South–1925-28……….. 158 6.4 Social and economic conditions in the American West–1925-28………… 163 6.5 Studies of non-capitalist economies–1923-28…………………………….. 167 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCH “FIELDS,” PART TWO–1922-28…………...…….. 178 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 178 7.2 Land use and population studies–1922-28………………………………... 178 7.3 Human biology and social evolution–1923-28…………………………… 195 7.4 Home economics, parent training, and child welfare–1923-28…………… 200 7.5 International relations–1923-28…………………………………………… 207 7.6 Filling coordinative funds gaps–1923-28…...……………………………. 210 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND EXPANDED BOUNDARIES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE–1922-28………………. 214 8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 214 8.2 A fellowships program at the Memorial–1923-28……………………….. 214 8.3 The NBER and business cycle research as a field–1923-24……………… 219 8.4 The Social Science Research Council–1923-28………………………….. 224 8.5 Questions about the ‘boundaries’ of social science–1926-29…………….. 236 8.6 Boundaries between social science and humane studies–1923-28……….. 241 8.7 Legal studies as a boundary question–1927-28…………………………… 252 CHAPTER 9. ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE IN THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION–1928-33…………………….. 259 9.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 259 9.2 The Memorial’s self-review–1927-28……………………………………. 259 9.3 The last days of the Memorial–1928……………………………………… 267 9.4 Establishing the “Division of Social Science”–1929……………………… 270 9.5 A shift in psychology projects by the early 1930s………………………… 275 9.6 Ideas about the overall structure of social science by the early 1930s……. 279 9.7 The boundary question again–1931-34………………………...…………. 282 9.8 The Great Depression and the idea of economic experiments……………. 284 iv CHAPTER 10. ECONOMIC RESEARCH AND THE END OF THE “GENERAL” PROGRAM–1932-38…………………………….. 290 10.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 290 10.2 Outside opinion about the value of an economic focus–1932……………. 290 10.3 The need for economic research–1933-35……………………………….. 296 10.4 Planning to end the “general” program–1935-38………………………… 298 10.5 Outside views of possible explanations for the shutdown process……….. 302 10.6 Economic research–1933-36……………………………………………… 306 10.7 Deciding what to do–1935-39…………………………………………….. 315 CHAPTER 11. THE “NEW PROGRAM”–1938-46……………………………… 319 11.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 319 11.2 New officers’ reports and the search for unifying ideas–1938…………… 319 11.3 Evaluative reports and a new director–1939……………………………… 328 11.4 Willits’s arrival–1939-41…………………………………………………. 332 11.5 Willits’s program in fields of special concern–1940-44………………….. 337 11.6 Some projects under Willits’s directorship–1939-46...…………………… 340 11.7 End of an era–1946……………………………………………………….. 347 CHAPTER 12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS…………………………….. 349 12.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 349 12.2 Summary………………………………………………………………….. 349 12.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 372 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………… 374 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………. 409 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Carnegie Corporation CC Committee on National Income CNI Economic Foundation EF General Education Board GEB Institute for Government Research IGR Institute of Economics IE International Education Board IEB International Health Board IHB Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Memorial National Bureau of Economic Research NBER National Research Council NRC Oriental Education Commission OEC Rockefeller Archives Center RAC Rockefeller Foundation Foundation Social Science Research Council SSRC vi ABSTRACT In January 1957, Merle Curti published “The History of American Philanthropy as a Field of Research.” Curti believed the time was right for historians to ask: “how important has relatively disinterested benevolence been in giving expression to, and in promoting at home and abroad, a major American value—human welfare?” Historians have done much research over fifty years to answer Curti’s question. Some historians argue that philanthropic benevolence has been relatively unbiased when supporting research to solve social and economic problems; these historians interpret philanthropic support of social research as generally “compatible” with unbiased selection of research problems and methods. Other historians believe philanthropic financial assistance has been incompatible with the ideal of neutral and detached social research, that is, that philanthropic support is often in “conflict” with this ideal. During the first half of the twentieth century, the
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