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The Compilation of the Qur'an According to As-Suyuti

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The Compilation of the Qur'an According to As-Suyuti COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). 1-510 AH(1[ THE COMPILATION OF THE QUR'AN ACCORDING TO AS-SUYiJTI by MUKHTAR AHMED SHORT THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SEMITIC LANGUAGES in the FACULTY OF ARTS at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNNERSITY PROMOTER: PROFESSOR J A NAUDE JANUARY 1990 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to all those who either directly or indirectly contributed to the fruition of this thesis. My sincere and heartfelt gratitude to Professor JA Naude who agreed to conduct long-distance supervision, and whose enquiring mind elicited many thought provoking ideas. The libraries of the Universities of Makka and Madina, whose books helped immeasurably in my research. A special word of thanks to I Jhazbhay who obtained the microfilm copy of the Itqan's manuscript from the National library of Cairo. And finally my wife Nazeema and daughter Il-haam whose patience and support have brought this research to fulfillment. ii Table of Contents * Acknowledgements * Translator's Note v * Transliteration Note vi * Introduction 1 Notes for Introduction 6 CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL MILIEU AND AS-SUYOTl'S BIOGRAPHY 7 1. Academic Activity during the Mamliik Dynasty 7 1.1 The Oral transmission of Knowledge 9 2. Biography of Jalal ad-Din As-Suynj] 11 2.1 Suyiill'S early life 11 2.2 Education 12 2.3 Teaching career 14 2.4 His Works 16 2.5 Opponents 17 2.6 Suyiill's Death 18 Notes for Chapter 1 19 CHAPTER 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ITQAN FI CULOM AL-QUR'AN 22 1. The Title 22 1.1 AI-Itqan 22 1.2 CUlUm al-Our'an 23 1.3 Al-Our'an 23 2. The Contents of the Itqan 24 2.1 Volume one 25 iii 2.2 Volume two 27 3. Impetus for writing the Itqan 31 4. Itqan's association with Burhan fi euliim al-Our'an 31 5. Sources quoted by SUyU!l 32 6. Edition. 33 Notes for Chapter 2 35 CHAPTER 3 THE COMPILATION AND SEQUENCE OF THE SUWAR OF THE QUR'AN 36 1. Compilation 36 2. Arrangement of the Ayat in the Suwar 49 Notes for Chapter 3 56 CHAPTER 4 THE ITQAN IN RELATION TO ITS SOURCES 62 1. The Case for Dependence 62 1.1 Comparison with Original Sources 63 1.2 Sequence of Material 64 1.3 Duplication of Wording 66 2. Dependence on Ibn Hajar 67 2.1 Quotations from Ibn Hajar 67 2.2 Dispersion 69 3. A Profile of Dependence 70 Notes for Chapter 4 71 IV CHAPTERS SUYUTI'S UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPT OF COMPILATION 72 1. The Compilation of the Our'an 72 1.1 The Prophetic Period 72 1.2 The Caliphate of Abu Bakr 73 1.3 The Caliphate of CUthman 74 2. The Ordering of the Suwar 76 3. An Evaluation of SUyU!l's concept of Compilation 77 3.1 The term lame 77 3.1.1 Memorization during the Prophetic Period 79 3.1.2 Documentation 81 3.2 Naskh. 82 3.3 Abu Bakr's Recension 83 3.3.1 The role of CUmar 84 3.3.2 The position of Khuzaima 84 3.4 The need for a Standardized Canon 86 3.4.1 The omission of Ibn Mas'ud 87 Notes for Chapter S 89 CONCLUSION 92 GLOSSARY OF ARABIC TERMS 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARABIC WORKS 97 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENGLISH WORKS 101 APPENDICES v TRANSLATOR'S NOTE All Arabic words and book titles have been italicised throughout. The words Itqan and Our'an have not been italicised due to their frequent appearance in this thesis. The author's name Suyii!l and As-Suynji have been used interchangeably as he is known by both names. Where English equivalents of Arabic words have been found to be unsatisfactory, the Arabic words have been retained, but with an explanatory note. All Arabic words appear in the glossary which is at the end of the thesis. All the traditions cited by the author have been translated intact, and this includes the source authority as well as the chain of transmission. Suyii!I's work represents a paratactic style of writing, and in the translation, this researcher has incorporated punctuation and paragraphs to facilitate narrative continuity. Paragraphs were used whenever the author cited long traditions. In some cases the author makes comments or observations which appear in the text as qultu. This researcher has translated this whenever it appears as 'I (Suyii!l) say...'. The round brackets are this researcher's additions and have been used throughout this thesis as a means of clarification. In the latter part of the translation this researcher has used an asterisk * as a substitute for Suyii!l's phrase wa minha which means 'included in it (textual evidence)', since it is repetitive in the text. vi NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Consonants ~ \..Y'. b '-" d UO t U ! .b ~ th ~ j; j C C .l h 'C ill t. kh t f ~.. d ~. q dh ~ k ~ r -.J I J'" z ..J· m .» s ~ n 0 sh . ••· L)-U w ...9 h JJ:J y. C, Long Vowels Short Vowels \~ a a -" i ~-:r - "".!J n ~2- u - Consonants are transcribed according to the above transliteration table. The definite article al-, when it is followed by the sun (shamsi) letters viz. t, !b, d, .Qh, r, Z, ID, ~, g, 1, !, I and n is assimilated to the following letter which is then pronounced as a double consonant ego al-ruq'a is pronounced as ar-ruq'a, Consonantal assimilations are marked in the transliteration in this thesis. Another common assimilation occurs when the conjunction waw precedes a shamsi letter ego wa at-tilawa . In this thesis it is marked as wa-t-tilawa, The ta marbuta ego ilyat has not been transliterated, thus in this thesis it appears as ilya. Vowels have been transliterated according to the table. INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION The Our'an which is the divine Writ of the Muslims has attracted the attention of both Muslim as well as non-Muslim scholars. Their quest to understand the Our'an in its different dimensions and disciplines may be motivated by different reasons, but the final objective remains similar. For a Muslim, the Our'an is not merely confined to worship but rather has a broader application which leaves no part of his life or his existence untouched. There exists an inseparable link between the Our'an and the Revealer of the Our'an and it is on this Our'an that the Muslims base their belief and practice. The Our'an is viewed as both law and source, and the religion of Islam is conceptualized as a way of life rather than mere belief. Scholars from the earliest times have strived to understand the Kitab Allah both in its setting and framework as well as its collection and preservation. The latter concern forms an integral part of the development directed towards a more comprehensive analysis and understanding of the Our'an, The Our'anic Sciences emerged as a function of the intense preoccupation with the divine Writ in all its aspects, as opposed to the narrow view that the Our'an serves only the function of regulating religious matters. The Our'anic Sciences or cUlam al-Qur'an encompasses such studies as Our'anic revelation, its compilation, reasons for the descent of Ayat (Asbab INTRODUCfION 2 an-Nuzal),concerning the abrogating and abrogated passages, and what has . explicit and implicit meaning in the Our'an, The present thesis attempts to evaluate the contribution of SUyU!t to the Our'anic Sciences, with reference to his conceptualization of the compilation of the Our'an. The first chapter locates Jalal ad-Din As-Suytij] in the historical milieu in which he lived, as well as documenting his educational achievements, teaching career and scholarly contribution to the literary genre of the Mamltik dynasty. SUyU!l lived in an era where documentation rather than analysis and evaluation was the hallmark of scholarly pursuit. SUyU!t complies religiously with this tradition, and in doing so cites the works of earlier prodigious scholars. This serves to augment his own perceptions and lends credence to the subject matter. The primary focus of the second chapter is an introduction to SUyU!1's book Itqznfi 'ulam al-Qur'an which has been translated as 'The Ultimate Perfection in Understanding the Revelation.' This is a book in two volumes which deals very comprehensively with the branches of the Our'anic Sciences, which in the Itqan comprises eighty. SUyU!l presents a sequential progression of ideas in the Itqan , which is reflected in his structuring of the different chapters. The Itqan remains unrivalled both in its scope as well as the precision with which the author presents the subject matter, and bears testimony to the degree ofcomplexity to which the Our'anic Sciences INTRODUCfION 3 had developed by the 15th century." The Itqan, to this day, serves as an introduction to the study of the Our'an and has proved to be a valuable source book to both Muslim and Orientalist scholars.
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