BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS 231 BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS 231 Taharqa Est Le Souverain De La Xxve Dynastie Pour Lequel Nous Connaissons

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BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS 231 BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS 231 Taharqa Est Le Souverain De La Xxve Dynastie Pour Lequel Nous Connaissons BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS 231 UNE STATUE DE TAHARQA « EN ONOURIS » À THÈBES Taharqa est le souverain de la XXVe dynastie pour lequel nous connaissons aujourd’hui le plus de statues le représentant1. Une partie importante de cette statuaire royale provient de Nubie, mais plu- sieurs pièces ont été trouvées en Égypte, en particulier à Thèbes : parmi celles-ci, la tête royale en granodiorite CG 560 (35 cm de hauteur), aujourd’hui pièce maîtresse du musée de la Nubie à Assouan. Si le contexte de sa découverte et sa provenance ne sont pas connus, il est cependant vrai- semblable qu’elle ait été trouvée dans la région thébaine puisqu’elle fut achetée au XIXe siècle à Louqsor2. L’identification du roi Taharqa est assurée par la lecture partielle de son nom de couron- nement non martelé sur le pilier dorsal contre lequel s’appuie la tête du souverain (fig. 1). Ce dernier porte une calotte qui servait de support à une couronne à plumes presque intégralement manquante. Fig. 1. Pilier dorsal de la statue CG 560, musée de la Nubie, Assouan (© Ch. Labarta). 1 Voir notamment E. R. Russmann, TheRepresentationoftheKingintheXXVth Dynasty (MRE 3), 1974, p. 47-51. 2 L. Borchardt, StatuenundStatuetten(CGC), II, 1925, p. 108, pl. 94 (560) ; E. R. Russmann, op.cit., 1974, p. 47, fig. 8-9 ; JWIS III, p. 185 (48.106). Revued’égyptologie68, 231-235. doi : 10.2143/RE.68.0.3285276 Tous droits réservés © Revue d’égyptologie, 2017-2018. 232 BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS La (re)découverte d’un fragment de cette statue dans l’un des magasins du temple de Karnak permet de compléter et de confirmer la nature de celle-ci et, plus particulièrement, la couronne por- tée par Taharqa. Entre février et mars 2011, au cours de l’inventaire du magasin Gadaya où des saisies de la police égyptienne étaient entreposées, un fragment en granodiorite inscrit au nom de ce même souverain kouchite fut identifié (Gadaya R-8 ; fig. 2). Il s’agit de la partie supérieure d’une couronne composée de quatre hautes plumes, comme celle que porte habituellement le dieu Onouris. Le sommet du pilier dorsal, gravé en creux, conserve le début de la titulature du roi Taharqa. On y lit son nom d’Horus, suivi des premiers signes du nom de couronnement, sans trace de martelage. Fig. 2. Fragment de statue, Gadaya R-8 (© CNRS-CFEETK no 134063-4/J.-Fr. Gout, J. Maucor). S’il n’a pas été possible de le vérifier matériellement, le fragment provenant d’un magasin de Karnak et la tête CG 560 formaient probablement la partie supérieure d’une seule et même statue de Taharqa. Les proportions correspondent, l’ensemble tête-couronne mesurant environ 75 cm de hauteur. La brisure en biais du pilier dorsal concorde elle aussi (fig. 3). On peut ainsi reconstituer entièrement le nom de couronnement du pharaon : la partie inférieure du signe nfr de la couronne se retrouve sur la pièce d’Assouan, de même que l’extrémité du signe tm manquante est conservée sur le haut de la couronne du magasin de Karnak. Le rapprochement entre les fragments du musée d’Assouan et du magasin de Karnak permet de renforcer l’hypothèse d’une origine thébaine de cette statue. Le secteur du temple de Karnak est RdE 68 (2017-2018) BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS 233 Fig. 3. Proposition de restitution de la statue de Taharqa, CG 560 + Gadaya R-8 (© Montage Th. Nicq / HALMA). évidemment une possibilité à envisager, mais comme le magasin où fut trouvé cet objet réunissait quelques pièces provenant également d’autres sites thébains3, et même des nécropoles de la rive ouest4, il faut rester prudent. 3 Parmi les éléments provenant des temples de Karnak entreposés auparavant dans le magasin Gadaya, on peut men- tionner un bloc en grès au nom de Ptolémée VIII Évergète II qui appartiendrait au temple adossé de Khonsou à Karnak (Gadaya R-94, cf. Chr. Thiers, « Membra Disiecta Ptolemaica (II) », CahKarnak 14 [2013], p. 488-489) ; un nouvel exemple de la stèle de la restauration de Toutânkhamon (Gadaya R-74, cf. S. Biston-Moulin, « Un nouvel exemplaire de la Stèledelarestauration de Toutânkhamon à Karnak », CahKarnak 15 [2016], p. 23-28) ; un fragment de naos inscrit au nom d’Amasis qui pourrait provenir d’un site thébain où fut honoré Ptah (Gadaya R-84, cf. Chr. Thiers, « Un montant de naos au nom d’Amasis consacré au dieu Ptah », dans Chr. Zivie-Coche – I. Guermeur (éd.), « Parcourir l’éternité ». HommageàJeanYoyotte [BEHESR 156/2], 2012, p. 981-989). 4 Quelques objets proviennent possiblement de sites plus lointains, notamment une stèle d’Akhmîm. RdE 68 (2017-2018) 234 BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS L’association de ces deux éléments permet aussi de confirmer que cette statue représente Taharqa sous les traits d’Onouris, coiffé de la couronne caractéristique de cette divinité. Cette hypothèse avait été avancée par Borchardt qui signalait déjà, en 1925, les traces de la base d’une couronne à plumes tout en rapprochant cette caractéristique d’un relief de Taharqa au Gebel Barkal5. La statue du même roi découverte en 1916 par Reisner dans les deux « cachettes » du temple d’Amon du Gebel Barkal offre un parallèle monumental à l’exemple thébain. Ce colosse, actuellement exposé au Sudan National Museum (no 1841), mesure pas moins de 4,18 m de haut. Notre statue thébaine de Taharqa « en Onouris » présentait quant à elle des dimensions plus modestes : si l’on se base sur les parallèles napatéens, on peut estimer que sa hauteur avoisinait tout de même 2,25 m. Cette tête de statue de Taharqa constituerait le seul exemple actuellement connu d’une représen- tation en ronde bosse d’un pharaon kouchite « en Onouris » découverte en Égypte6 ; les autres pro- viennent en effet de Nubie et ne concernent que des rois napatéens. En dehors de la statue colossale de Taharqa déjà mentionnée, deux autres furent découvertes dans les « cachettes » du Gebel Barkal par Reisner7. La première représente le roi Anlamani (National Museum of Sudan, Khartoum no 1845) et la seconde appartient à son successeur Aspelta (Boston, MFA 23.730). Aucun autre exemple n’est, à ce jour, attesté dans la statuaire royale nubienne ou égyptienne. Ces quatre statues appartiennent donc à un roi kouchite de la XXVe dynastie, Taharqa, ou à un monarque de la dynastie napatéenne qui lui a succédé en Nubie. Il est à noter que ces trois rois sont également figurés sur des reliefs de temples ou sur des stèles avec la couronne d’Onouris, alors qu’il faut attendre la période ptolémaïque pour que le pharaon soit coiffé de cet attribut dans des scènes cultuelles égyptiennes8. Aucun relief préservé ne témoigne cependant de cette couronne portée par Taharqa en Égypte. Dans l’état actuel de la documentation, le port de la couronne d’Onouris par un pharaon semble donc trouver son origine avec les rois de Napata, et plus particulièrement sous le règne de Taharqa9. Les raisons ayant justifié ce choix sont encore difficiles à déterminer et feront l’objet d’une étude plus détaillée10. La documentation disponible met toutefois clairement en évidence le lien privilégié 5 La référence à une couronne à quatre plumes se retrouve notamment chez St. Wenig, « Kuschitische Königsstatuen im Vergleich, Versuch einer weiteren Analyse (Teil 1) », MittSAG 17 (2006), p. 41-42, fig. 8 et Kl. Dallibor, Taharqo, PharaoausKusch:einBeitragzurGeschichteundKulturder25.Dynastie(Achet 6), 2005, p. 125. 6 Nous ne connaissons pas la nature des couronnes des trois statues fragmentaires de Taharqa « aimé d’Onouris » retrouvées en Iraq dans un palais assyrien (JWIS III, p. 185). 7 G. A. Reisner, « The Barkal Temples in 1916 (part I) », JEA 4 (1917), p. 215-217 et id., « The Gebel Barkal Temples in 1916 (part 3) », JEA 6 (1920), p. 251-253 ; D. Dunham, TheBarkalTemples, 1970, pl. XIX, XXI-XXII. Voir aussi les commentaires de T. Kendall, « Fragments Lost and Found: Two Kushite Objects Augmented », dans P. Manuelian (éd.), StudiesinHonorofWilliamKellySimpson, II, 1996, p. 468-470 ; T. Kendall – E. A. Mohamed, AVisitor’sGuidetothe JebelBarkalTemples, 2016, p. 68-73. 8 Anlamani, cintre de la stèle Kawa VIII (M. F. L. Macadam, TheTemplesofKawa, I, TheInscriptions, 1949, pl. 16) ; Aspelta, cintre de la stèle du Louvre C 257 (D. Valbelle, Lesstèlesdel’an3d’Aspelta [BdE 154], 2012, p. 109, pl. IIb) ; voir également la chapelle d’Aspelta dans le temple de Kawa où une image ayant les traits d’Onouris/Chou est associée aux noms d’Aspelta (M. F. L. Macadam, TheTemplesofKawa, II, HistoryandArchaeologyofthesite, 1955 pl. XVIII, LVII). 9 Selon G. A. Reisner (« Inscribed Monuments from Gebel Barkal », ZÄS 66 [1931], p. 93, pl. 6), Piânkhy aurait pu porter une couronne à quatre plumes (ou la couronne blanche) dans le cintre de stèle Khartoum 1851 (JWIS II, p. 350-351). Cependant, si l’on restitue l’image effacée du roi selon les proportions d’Amon-Rê et de Mout, il semble peu probable que celui-ci ait porté originellement une couronne de haute taille. 10 Voir les commentaires de L. Török, The Royal Crowns of Kush, a Study in Middle Nile Valley Regalia and Iconographyinthe1st milleniaB.C.andA.D. (BAR 338), 1987, p. 17-18 ; E. R. Russmann, op.cit., p. 33-34. L’ensemble des éléments soulignant la proximité entre Taharqa et le dieu Onouris(-Chou) a fait l’objet d’une étude dans ma thèse RdE 68 (2017-2018) BRÈVES COMMUNICATIONS 235 entre Taharqa et cette divinité. Ainsi, le roi se déclare lui-même « fils de Rê comme Onouris » sur la stèle Kawa IV (l. 3)11 – « fils de Rê » est d’ailleurs l’épithète la plus courante de cette divinité du fait de son assimilation avec le dieu Chou.
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