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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History Ira M. Lapidus Index More information INDEX Abbas I (Shah), 496–500 Abu Madyan al-Andalusi, 380 Abbasid Caliphs, 94, 127, 217–218 Abu Muslim, 103 Abbasid Empire, 91–104, 105–113, 126–140 Abu Said b. Abi Khayr, 282 Arabic literature, 131–134 Abu Said Kharraz, 170 Baghdad, 91–93 Abu Talib, 40–41, 49, 94 Caliphate and, 87–90, 126–131 Abu Yusuf, 158, 196 central government, 93–97 Aceh, 568, 574–576 culture, legitimacy and state, 139–140 Achaemenid Empire, 10 decline of central government, 105–108 adab Hellenistic literature, and philosophy, defined, 659 136–139 literature, 276, 386 local government, 99–102 adab al-qadi, 303 Persian literature, 134–136 adat, 659 provincial autonomy and rise of adl, 659 independent states, 109–113 administration provincial government, 97–99 Abbasid Empire, 93–97 resistance and rebellion, 102–104 Algiers, 413 abd, 659 Arab-Muslim Empire, 61–65 Abd al-Aziz b. Saud (Ibn Saud), 488 comparison of Islamic states, 366 Abd al-Malik (Caliph 685–705), 70, 86–87, 116 Hafsid dynasty, 408 Abd al-Mu´min, 378–379 Marwanid Caliphs, Egypt, 71 Abd al-Qadir (1776–1806), 609 Marwanid Caliphs, Mesopotamia, 70 Abd al-Rahman al-Rashid (1786/87–1800/01), Mataram, Java, 571 622 Ottoman Empire, 438–441, 442 Abd al-Rahman I, 383 Sokoto Caliphate, 611–613 Abd al-Rahman II, 383 Afghanistan Abd al-Rahman III, 383–384 Britain and, 508–509 Abdallah b. Yasin, 377 India and, 507–509 Abdallah ibn Abi Bakr, 39 language, 508 Abu al-Ala´ al-Marri (poet), 254 Pashtun tribes, 508 Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, 440 Russia and, 508–509 Abu Bakr al-Khallal, 165–166 Africa, 581–587.SeealsoEast Africa; North Abu Bakr (Caliph 632–634), 55, 58, 59, 80–81 Africa; West Africa; specific countries by Abu Hafs al-Naysaburi, 169 name Abu Hanifa, 165 Central, 628–630 Abu Hashim, 169 colonialism, 586–587, 631 731 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History Ira M. Lapidus Index More information 732 Index Africa (cont.) Ali b. Dunama (1476–1503), 595 diffusion of Islam, 352 Ali Mughayat Shah (Sultan), 574 Islam, 581–585 Ali Qapu palace (Sublime Porte), Isfahan, slavery, 585–586 497 South Africa, 630 Alids, 326–329, 660 Sub-Saharan, 350–353, 589, 594 alim (pl. ulama´), 364–368, 660.Seealso agha, 659 ulama´ (scholars) Aghlabid dynasty, 370–374, 379 aljamiado, 393 agnatic clan, 183–184 Al-Karkhi, 165 agriculture 35.Seealsoeconomy; trade al-khass (intellectuals and theologians), Brazil and the West Indies, 653 129 Spanish-Islamic civilization, 383 al-Khayzuran, 149 Syria and Mesopotamia, 68 al-Mahdi (the Savior), 127 West Africa, 585 Almohads, 375–379, 389–390 Yemen, 35 Almoravids, 375–379 ahdath, 272 conquests in North Africa, Spain, and ahi, 659 Mediterranean in late eleventh century, ahi al-bayt, 659 376 ahi al-hadith, 659 countering Christian advance in Spain, ahl al-dhimma (Peoples of the Book), 63, 389 659 West Africa, 591 ahl i-hadith, 659 Alptigin, 228 ahl-khurasan military units, 95 al-Rashid (the Rightly Guided), 127 Ahmad al-Jazzar, 485 alternative Islam, 315–319 Ahmad b. Hanbal, 219 American revolution, 656 Ahmad b. Taymiyya (Ibn Taymiyya), 295 Amharic language, 626 Ahmad b.Tulun (r. 868–884), 109 amin, 660 Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 129, 162, 165, 196 al-Amin (son of Harun al-Rashid), 105 Ahmadiyya Sufi order, 628 amir, 660 Ahreman, 15 amir al-mu´minin (commander of the Ahura Mazda, 15 believers), 80, 83, 123, 660 A´isha (wife of the Prophet), 184 amir al-umara´ (general-in-chief), 111, 660 Akbar (1556–1605), 522, 525 Amirids, 387 Akbar, marriage of, 523 Ammar al-Basri, 200 akhbari school, 178, 502–504 analytic and comparative historical approach, akhi, 659 1–2 akhlaq, 659 Anatolia al-amma (common people), 129 conquests and conversion to Islam, al-Aqraba, battle of (633), 59 347–350 alaras, 578 local dynasties, 474 Alawi dynasty, 417–420 Sufi-led resistance against state domination, Aleppo 461–462 under Ottoman Rule, 484–485 Andalusian immigration to Tunisia, 411 spread of Catholicism, 458–459 anjuman, 660 Alexander the Great, 10 annulment, marriage, 269 Alexandrian school, 137 ansar, 142, 660 al-fitra, 307–309, 329 apostasy (Ridda) wars, 80–81 Alfonso X, 399 aql (rational judgment), 307–309, 329, 660 Algeria, 412–414 aql al-kull (universal intelligence), 175–176, Alawi dynasty to French protectorate, 274 417–420 al-Aqsa, 148 states and Islam, 422 Aqsa mosque, 121–122 al-Hadi (the Guide), 127 Arab conquests Alhambra, 393–394 effect on language, 255–256 Ali (Caliph 656–661), 55, 58, 81–82 Mediterranean, 644–645 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History Ira M. Lapidus Index More information Index 733 Arab provinces Fatimid dynasty, 241 local dynasties, 474 Hafsid dynasty, 409 under Ottoman rule, 482–486 Hispano-Arabic civilization in Mudejar and Arab Shiis, 495 Christian Eras, 393–395 Arabia, Mamluk period, 249 clans and kingdoms, 34–16 Middle Eastern states, 254 conversion to Islam, 346 Ottoman, 446 Judeo-Christianity and, 33, 36–37 Ottoman, European influence on, 476 language, poetry and gods, 37–38 Spain, Caliphal era, 386 Mecca, 36–37 tombs and mosques, 258–259 origin of political and religious identities Umayyads, 118–122 for Middle Eastern societies, 330–331 Archons, 457 slavery and, 586 arif, 358–368 Wahhabi movement, 360 Aristotelianism, 200, 397–398 Arabian kingdoms, 31 Aristotle, 136 Arabian Peninsula, 486–489 Organon of Aristotle, 163–164 Gulf, 488–489 philosophy in Spain, 386 Saudi Arabia, 488 Armenian Christians, 455–457 Yemen, 487 art Arabic language comparing Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal during Arab-Muslim Empire, 78–79 empires, 540 Christian literature in, 199–200 Indian, Mughal Empire, 526 in Ghana and Mali, 592 Ottoman, European influence on, Arabic literature, Abbasids, 131–134 477 Arab-Islamic renaissance phase, 212–213 representation of people and animals, Arabization, resistance to in Spain.Seealso 124–125 Arab conquests Timurid-period paintings, 260–261 Arab-Muslim Empire Umayyad, 123, 124 to 750 CE, 62 asabiyya (group solidarity), 34, 660 Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages, asabiyyat, 279–280 78–79 Asawira, 73 conquests, 58–61 asceticism, 167–173, 380 conversions to Islam, 75–78 Asharis economic and social change in Egypt, defined, 326–329 70–71 theology, 313–314 economic and social change in Iran, 71–72 Asharism, 153–154 economic and social change in Iraq, 66–68 ashraf, 358–368, 660 economic and social change in Syria and ashura´, 274, 328–329, 660 Mesopotamia, 68–70 Asia.SeealsoInner Asia; Southeast Asia elite’s resistance to mass conversions, 75 Asian empires as Islamic states, 540–542 integration of conquering and conquered empires and societies, 425–426 peoples, 72–75 Askiya Muhammad Ture, 593 overview, 55–57 Assyria Empire, 10, 22 socioeconomic bases of, 61–65 Astarabadi, Fadlallah, 491–492 Arabs Astrakhanid dynasty (1599–1785), 552 resistance and rebellion under Abbasid atabeg (tutor; regent), 231, 660 rule, 102–103 Auliya, Nizam al-Din, 517 Spanish-Islamic civilization, 382–383 Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707), 527–531 architecture authority Abbasids, 130–131 Caliph, 83 comparing to Ottoman Empire, Safavid religious, 286 Empire, and, Mughal Empire, 539 scholarly, 286 Delhi Sultanate period, 526 autopragia (independent estates), 71 development (transformation) of Islam Avesta (Zoroastrian scripture), 21 and, 213–214 awan (helpers), Abbasid, 101 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51441-5 - Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History Ira M. Lapidus Index More information 734 Index awqaf (trusts), 236 baraka (power of blessing), 276, 356, medieval colleges, 276 358–368, 415–416, 514–515, 661 nonroyal elite women, 266 Barani, 512 royal women, 266 barbarians, 9 al-Awzai, 165 barid (messenger and information service), Awzai school of law, 165 96 ayan, 660 Barmakid family, 97 ayatollah, 364–368, 660 Basra, 63 Ayn Jalut, battle of, 247 recapturing Arabic of the Quran, ayyarun (gangs), 190, 272, 287, 660 146 Ayyubids, 246–247, 248–249, 291 stimulating agricultural output, 68 Azarbayjan, 257 Sufis, 169 Azariqa, 326–329 batin (inner, esoteric truth) defined, 661 Baba Farid (Farid al-Din Ganj-i Shakr), Ismaili Shiis, 179 514–515 baya, 661 babas, 427, 660 Bayazid I (Sultan 1389–1402), 438–439 Babur, 521–522 Bayazid II (Sultan 1481–1512), 439 Babylonian yeshivas, 208 Baybars (Sultan 1260–1277), 249, 291 Babylonians, 204 Bedouins, 34 Baghdad misr (pl. amsar) (garrison city), 63 Abbasid Empire, 91–93 under Ottoman Rule, 484 architecture and court ceremony, poetry, 34 131 Bedreddin, 461 in early Abbasid era, 92 Bektash, Hajji, 428, 461 madrasa, 275–276 Bektashis, 461 post-Abbasid era, 254–255 Bello, Muhammad, 611 transformations in legal education, benefices, European feudal system, 251–252 165 Bengal Baghdadi Shiis, 174–179 British power in, 536 Baghdadi tendency, Sufis, 171 conversion to Islam, 514 Bahmanid regime, 513 Fara´idi movement, 360 Baisunghur, 260 Mughal Empire, 530 Bakr tribe, 59 Berbers, 370 Balkans Almohads, 378–379 conversion to Islam in, 347–350 Almoravids, 375–378 local dynasties, 474–475 Kitama, 239 movement toward national independence, Lamtuna and Sanhaja, 597 478–479 Marinids, 414–415 Ottoman conquests, 431 Morocco, 374 trade during Ottoman Empire, 471–472 Spanish-Islamic civilization, 382–383 weakening Ottoman Empire and, 470 Western and Central Sudan, 588–590 Banten, Java, 569 beylerbeyliks, Ottoman Empire, 443 Banu Furat faction, 107–108 beys, 410, 427 Banu Hashim, 39, 49, 88 Algiers, 412–413 Banu Hilal Arabs, 374–375 defined, 661 Banu Jarrah faction, 107–108 Bihafarid rebellion, 103 Banu Nadir, 50–51 Bihzad, 498 Banu Nawbakht, 176–177 Bijapur, 513 Banu Qaynuqa, 50–51 bilateral kinship system, 466 Banu Umayya, 84 bishops, 14 baqa´ (persistence in the self), 170, 307–329, al-Bistami, Abu Yazid, 170, 321 660 Bofo Abba Gomol, 627 al-Baqillani, 323–324 Bohras, 533, 661 al-Baqir, Muhammad b.
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    The Boundaries of Afghans’ Political Imagination The Boundaries of Afghans’ Political Imagination: The Normative-Axiological Aspects of Afghan Tradition By Jolanta Sierakowska-Dyndo The Boundaries of Afghans’ Political Imagination: The Normative-Axiological Aspects of Afghan Tradition, by Jolanta Sierakowska-Dyndo This book first published in Polish by the Warsaw University Press, 2007 00-497 Warszawa, ul. Nowy Świat 4, Poland e-mai:[email protected]; http://www.wuw.pl First published in English by Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK Translation into English by Teresa Opalińska British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Jolanta Sierakowska-Dyndo Cover image © Wiktor Dyndo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4229-X, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4229-7 CONTENTS The Rules of Transcription........................................................................ vii Introduction ................................................................................................ ix Part I: Ethical Standards in the Afghan World Chapter One................................................................................................. 3 Pashtunwali: The Warrior Ethos
  • International Human Rights Instruments

    International Human Rights Instruments

    UNITED NATIONS HRI International Distr. GENERAL Human Rights HRI/CORE/1/Add.46 Instruments 8 June 1994 ENGLISH Original: FRENCH CORE DOCUMENT FORMING PART OF THE REPORTS OF STATES PARTIES TUNISIA [16 May 1994] TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. LAND AND PEOPLE ................... 1- 46 2 A. Geographical and historical data......... 1- 23 2 B. Demographic and economic data .......... 24- 46 6 II. GENERAL POLITICAL STRUCTURE ............. 47- 77 10 A. Overall political development .......... 47- 58 10 B. Current constitutional and legal framework.... 59- 77 11 III. GENERAL FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH HUMAN RIGHTS ARE PROTECTED .................... 78-106 17 A. Political and administrative organs competent in the field of human rights .......... 78- 80 17 B. The judicial bodies responsible for the protection of human rights............ 81- 93 17 C. Other institutions and organs responsible for monitoring respect for human rights ....... 94-103 19 D. Supremacy of international conventions over internal legislation and their direct enforcement in Tunisia.............. 104-106 21 IV. INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY .............. 107-118 23 GE.94-17521 (E) HRI/CORE/1/Add.46 page 2 I. LAND AND PEOPLE A. Geographical and historical data 1. Tunisia occupies a privileged position at the heart of the Mediterranean. Its relief is varied, with snow-covered mountains in winter, a sandy desert in the south and several hundred kilometres of sandy beaches along its coast. It has a temperate climate. It is located in the extreme north-east of Africa, between 37 and 30 degrees north, and is 164,150 square kilometres in area. Its coasts, which are washed by the Mediterranean to the north and east, are over 1,300 km long.