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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
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INDEX,VOLUME 59* Absorption coefficients Albite, continued attapulgite 1113 1ow-, comparison with ussingite 347 clay ninerals 11r3 nelting in nultispecies fluid 598 dickite 274 Alexandrite, chrorniumIII centers in 159 hal loysite 274 hectorite I 113 ALLAN, DAVID illite 1113 with V. Brown, and J. Stark, Rocke kaolinite 274 and Minez,als of Califowi,a; reviewed metabentonite 1113 by J. Murdoch 387 nontronite 1113 Allemontite, see stibarsen 1331 srnectite 1113 ALLMAN,MICHAEL Absorption spectra with D.F. Lawrence, Geological alexandrite, synthetic 159 Labonatony Techni.ques reviewed apophyllite 62I ; by F.H. Manley and W.R. Powers IL42 garnet 565 olivine 244 A1lophane rhodonite.. shocked t77 dehydration, DTA, infrared spectra 1094 Acmite, Ti-, phase relations of 536 Almandine Actinolite overgrowth by grossularite- spessartine 558 coexisting with hoinblende 529 in netamorphic rocks, optical Arnerican Crystallographic Association, properties 22 abstracts, Spring neeting,1974 1L27 Activity coefficients Amphiboles of coexisting pyroxenes 204 actinolite 2? 529 Al -Ca-anphibole ADMS, HERBERTG. 22 compositions 22 with L.H. Cohen, and W. Klenent, Jr.; coordination polyhedra M High-low quartz inversion : Thermal of site atons in I 083 analysis studies to 7 kbar I 099 hornblende L, 22, 529, 604 ADAMS,JOHN W. magnesioarfvedsonite (authigenic) 830 with T. Botinelly, W.N. Sharp, and refraction indices 22 K. Robinson; Murataite, a new richterite, Mg-Fe- 518 conplex oxide from E1 Paso County, AMSTUTZ,G.C. Colorado L72 with A.J. Bernard, Eds., )nes in Errata 640 Sediments; reviewed by P.B. Barton 881 Aenigmatite ANDERSEN,C.A. in volcanic conplex, composition, and X-ray data Micz,opnobeAnalysis; reviewed by A.E. -
Utahite, a New Mineral and Associated Copper Tellurates from the Centennial Eureka Mine, Tintic District, Juab County, Utah
UTAHITE, A NEW MINERAL AND ASSOCIATED COPPER TELLURATES FROM THE CENTENNIAL EUREKA MINE, TINTIC DISTRICT, JUAB COUNTY, UTAH Andrew C. Roberts and John A. R. Stirling Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K IA OE8 Alan J. Criddle Martin C. Jensen Elizabeth A. Moffatt Department of Mineralogy 121-2855 Idlewild Drive Canadian Conservation Institute The Natural History Museum Reno, Nevada 89509 1030 Innes Road Cromwell Road Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K IA OM5 London, England SW7 5BD Wendell E. Wilson Mineralogical Record 4631 Paseo Tubutama Tucson, Arizona 85750 ABSTRACT Utahite, idealized as CusZn;(Te6+04JiOH)8·7Hp, is triclinic, fracture. Utahite is vitreous, brittle and nonfluorescent; hardness space-group choices P 1 or P 1, with refined unit-cell parameters (Mohs) 4-5; calculated density 5.33 gtcm' (for empirical formula), from powder data: a = 8.794(4), b = 9996(2), c = 5.660(2);\, a = 5.34 glcm' (for idealized formula). In polished section, utahite is 104.10(2)°, f3 = 90.07(5)°, y= 96.34(3YO, V = 479.4(3) ;\3, a:b:c = slightly bireflectant and nonpleochroic. 1n reflected plane-polar- 0.8798:1 :0.5662, Z = 1. The strongest five reflections in the X-ray ized light in air it is very pale brown, with ubiquitous pale emerald- powder pattern are (dA(f)(hkl)]: 9.638(100)(010); 8.736(50)(100); green internal reflections. The anisotropy is unknown because it is 4.841(100)(020); 2.747(60)(002); 2.600(45)(301, 311). The min- masked by the internal reflections. Averaged electron-microprobe eral is an extremely rare constituent on the dumps of the Centen- analyses yielded CuO = 25.76, ZnO = 15.81, Te03 = 45.47, H20 nial Eureka mine, Tintic district, Juab County, Utah, where it (by difference) {12.96], total = {100.00] weight %, corresponding occurs both as isolated 0.6-mm clusters of tightly bound aggre- to CU49;Zn29lTe6+04)39l0H)79s' 7.1H20, based on 0 = 31. -
JOURNAL the Russell Society
JOURNAL OF The Russell Society Volume 20, 2017 www.russellsoc.org JOURNAL OF THE RUSSELL SOCIETY The journal of British Isles topographical mineralogy EDITOR Dr Malcolm Southwood 7 Campbell Court, Warrandyte, Victoria 3113, Australia. ([email protected]) JOURNAL MANAGER Frank Ince 78 Leconfield Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3SQ. EDITORIAL BOARD R.E. Bevins, Cardiff, U.K. M.T. Price, OUMNH, Oxford, U.K. R.S.W. Braithwaite, Manchester, U.K. M.S. Rumsey, NHM, London, U.K. A. Dyer, Hoddlesden, Darwen, U.K. R.E. Starkey, Bromsgrove, U.K. N.J. Elton, St Austell, U.K. P.A. Williams, Kingswood, Australia. I.R. Plimer, Kensington Gardens, S. Australia. Aims and Scope: The Journal publishes refereed articles by both amateur and professional mineralogists dealing with all aspects of mineralogy relating to the British Isles. Contributions are welcome from both members and non-members of the Russell Society. Notes for contributors can be found at the back of this issue, on the Society website (www.russellsoc.org) or obtained from the Editor or Journal Manager. Subscription rates: The Journal is free to members of the Russell Society. The non-member subscription rates for this volume are: UK £13 (including P&P) and Overseas £15 (including P&P). Enquiries should be made to the Journal Manager at the above address. Back numbers of the Journal may also be ordered through the Journal Manager. The Russell Society: named after the eminent amateur mineralogist Sir Arthur Russell (1878–1964), is a society of amateur and professional mineralogists which encourages the study, recording and conservation of mineralogical sites and material. -
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THE AMERICAN MINER.{LOGIST, VOL. 55, SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1970 NEW MINERAL NAN4ES Polarite A. D GnNrrrv, T. L EvsrrcNrEVA, N. V. Tnoxnve, eno L. N. Vver.,sov (1969) polarite, Pd(Pb, Bi) a new mineral from copper-nickel sulfide ores.Zap. Vses.Mined. Obslrch. 98, 708-715 [in Russian]. The mineral was previouslv described but not named by cabri and rraill labstr- Amer. Mineral.52, 1579-1580(1967)lElectronprobeanalyseson3samples(av.of 16, 10,and15 points) gave Pd,32.1,34.2,32 8; Pb 35.2, 38.3,34 0; Bi 31.6, 99.1,334; sum 98 9, 102.8, 100.2 percent corresponding to Pcl (Pb, Bi), ranging from pd1.6 (pb04? Bi0.60)to pdro (PboogBio rs). X-ray powder daLa are close to those of synthetic PbBi. The strongest lines (26 given) are 2 65 (10)(004),2.25 (5)(331),2.16 (9)(124),1.638(5)(144). These are indexed on an orthorhombic cell with a7 l9l, D 8 693, c 10.681A. single crystal study could not be made. In polished section, white with 1'ellowish tint, birefringence not observed. Under crossed polars anisotropic with slight color effects from gray to pale brown Maximum reflectance is given at 16 wave lengths (t140 740 nm) 56.8 percent at 460 nm; 59.2 at 540; 59.6 at 580; 6I.2 at 660. Microhardness (kg/mmr) was measured on 3 grains: 205,232, av 217;168- 199, av 180; 205-232, av 219. The mineral occurs in vein ores of the'r'alnakh deposit amidst chalcopyrite, talnekhite, and cubanite, in grains up to 0.3 mm, intergro.wn with pdspb, Cupd6 (Sn, pb): (stannopal- ladinite), nickeloan platinum, sphalerite, and native Ag The name is for the occurence in the Polar urals. -
A Review of the Structural Architecture of Tellurium Oxycompounds
Mineralogical Magazine, May 2016, Vol. 80(3), pp. 415–545 REVIEW OPEN ACCESS A review of the structural architecture of tellurium oxycompounds 1 2,* 3 A. G. CHRISTY ,S.J.MILLS AND A. R. KAMPF 1 Research School of Earth Sciences and Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 2 Geosciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia 3 Mineral Sciences Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA [Received 24 November 2015; Accepted 23 February 2016; Associate Editor: Mark Welch] ABSTRACT Relative to its extremely low abundance in the Earth’s crust, tellurium is the most mineralogically diverse chemical element, with over 160 mineral species known that contain essential Te, many of them with unique crystal structures. We review the crystal structures of 703 tellurium oxysalts for which good refinements exist, including 55 that are known to occur as minerals. The dataset is restricted to compounds where oxygen is the only ligand that is strongly bound to Te, but most of the Periodic Table is represented in the compounds that are reviewed. The dataset contains 375 structures that contain only Te4+ cations and 302 with only Te6+, with 26 of the compounds containing Te in both valence states. Te6+ was almost exclusively in rather regular octahedral coordination by oxygen ligands, with only two instances each of 4- and 5-coordination. Conversely, the lone-pair cation Te4+ displayed irregular coordination, with a broad range of coordination numbers and bond distances. -
Cesbronite, a New Copper Tellurite from Moctezuma, Sonora
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER 1974, VOL. 39, PP. 744-6 Cesbronite, a new copper tellurite from Moctezuma, Sonora SIDNEY A. WILLIAMS Phelps Dodge Corporation, Douglas, Arizona SUMMARY. Cesbronite occurs at the Bambollita mine, near Moctezuma, Sonora, with a variety of other tellurites. The colour is 'green beetle' (R.H.S. 135-B) with a pale streak. H 3; Dmeas 4"45:1:0'2. Crystals are orthorhombic 2 mmm with a 8'624 A, b I I '878, C5'872 (all :I:0'016 A); space group Pbcn. For Z = 2 the calculated density is 4'455 gfcm3. The strongest powder lines are 5'934 (100),3'490 (92), 4'889 (71), 2'358 (70), 2'379 (38),1'592 (34), 2'156 (28), and 1.698 (27). Electron-probe analysis gave: CuO 50'3 %, 50'3, 49'8, 49'4; TeO. 39'3 %. 39'2, 38,6, 38,6. Water determined gravimetrically II'O"la. This gives CU5(Te03).(OH)6.2H.O. Cesbronite is pleochroic with absorption y ~ f3 ?> a:. Optically positive with 2Vy calc. 72°; a: 1.880 11[100],f3 1'928 I![OOI],y 2'02911[010]. CESBRONITE was first collected by Peter Embrey and Pierre Bariand during a visit we made to the Bambollita (La Oriental) mine near Moctezuma, Sonora. The mineral is named in honour of Dr. Fabien Cesbron, French mineralogist. There are two thin veins exposed in this mine, and cesbronite occurs in only one. This vein is closer to the portal and is more severely oxidized than the other vein (where quetzalcoatlite occurs). -
Revision 2 Lead–Tellurium Oxysalts from Otto Mountain Near Baker
1 Revision 2 2 3 Lead–tellurium oxysalts from Otto Mountain near Baker, California: XI. Eckhardite, 2+ 6+ 4 (Ca,Pb)Cu Te O5(H2O), a new mineral with HCP stair-step layers. 5 6 Anthony R. Kampf1,*, Stuart J. Mills2, Robert M. Housley3, George R. Rossman3, Joseph Marty4, 7 and Brent Thorne5 8 9 1Mineral Sciences Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 10 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, U.S.A. 11 2Geosciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia 12 3Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 13 CA 91125, U.S.A. 14 45199 E. Silver Oak Road, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, U.S.A. 15 53898 S. Newport Circle, Bountiful, UT 84010, U.S.A. 16 *e-mail: [email protected] 17 18 ABSTRACT 2+ 6+ 19 Eckhardite, (Ca,Pb)Cu Te O5(H2O), is a new tellurate mineral from Otto Mountain near Baker, 20 California, U.S.A. It occurs in vugs in quartz in association with Br-rich chlorargyrite, gold, 21 housleyite, khinite, markcooperite, and ottoite. It is interpreted as having formed from the partial 22 oxidation of primary sulfides and tellurides during or following brecciation of quartz veins. 23 Eckhardite is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with unit cell dimensions a = 8.1606(8), b = 24 5.3076(6), c = 11.4412(15) Å, β = 101.549(7)°, V = 485.52(10) Å3, and Z = 4. It forms as needles 25 or blades up to about 150 x 15 x 5 µm in size, typically in radial or sub-radial aggregates, but also 26 as isolated needles. -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
A New Mineral from Poзos De Caldas, Minas Gerais
Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû Ïåêîâ È. Â., Âèíîãðàäîâà Ð. À., ×óêàíîâ Í. Â., Êóëèêîâà È. Ì. Î ìàãíåçèàëüíûõ è êîáàëüòîâûõ àð- ñåíàòàõ ãðóïï ôàéðôèëäèòà è ðîçåëèòà / ÇÂÌÎ. 2001. ¹ 4. Ñ. 10—23. 4+ Burns P. C., Clark C. M., Gault R. A. Juabite, CaCu10(Te O3)4(AsO4)4(OH)2(H2O)4: crystal structure and revision of the chemical formula / Canad. Miner. 2000a. Vol. 38. P. 823—830. Burns P. C., Pluth J. J., Smith J. V., Eng P., Steele I., Housley R. M. Quetzalcoatlite: A new octahed- ral-tetrahedral structure from a 2 % 2 % 40 ìm3 crystal at the Advances Photon Source-GSE-CARS Facility / Amer. Miner. 2000b. Vol. 85. P. 604—607. 4+ 6+ Frost R. L., Keefe E. C. Raman spectroscopic study of kuranakhite PbMn Te O6 — a rare tellurate mi- neral / J. Raman Spectroscopy. 2009. Vol. 40(3). P. 249—252. Grice J. D., Roberts A. C. Frankhawthorneite, a unique HCP framework structure of a cupric tellurate / Canad. Miner. 1995. Vol. 33. P. 823—830. Lam A. E., Groat L. A., Ercit T. S. The crystal structure of dugganite, Pb3Zn3TeAs2O14 / Canad. Miner. 1998. Vol. 36. P. 823—830. Mandarino J. A. The Gladstone—Dale relationship: Part IV. The compatibility concept and its applicati- on / Canad. Miner. 1981. Vol. 19. P. 441—450. Pekov I. V., Jensen M. C., Roberts A. C., Nikischer A. J. A new mineral from an old locality: eurekadum- pite takes seventeen years to characterize / Mineral News. 2010. Vol. 26(2). P. 1—3. Pertlik F. Der Strukturtyp von Emmonsit, {Fe2(TeO3)3$H2O}$xH2O(x = 0—1) / Tschermaks Miner. -
Rongibbsite, Pb2(Si4al)O11(OH), a New Zeolitic Aluminosilicate Mineral with an Interrupted Framework from Maricopa County, Arizona, U.S.A
American Mineralogist, Volume 98, pages 236–241, 2013 Rongibbsite, Pb2(Si4Al)O11(OH), a new zeolitic aluminosilicate mineral with an interrupted framework from Maricopa County, Arizona, U.S.A. HEXIONG YANG,* ROBERT T. DOWNS, STANLEY H. EVANS, ROBERT A. JENKINS, AND ELIAS M. BLOCH Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, U.S.A. ABSTRACT A new zeolitic aluminosilicate mineral species, rongibbsite, ideally Pb2(Si4Al)O11(OH), has been found in a quartz vein in the Proterozoic gneiss of the Big Horn Mountains, Maricopa County, Arizona, U.S.A. The mineral is of secondary origin and is associated with wickenburgite, fornacite, mimetite, murdochite, and creaseyite. Rongibbsite crystals are bladed (elongated along the c axis, up to 0.70 × 0.20 × 0.05 mm), often in tufts. Dominant forms are {100}, {010}, {001}, and {101}. Twinning is common across (100). The mineral is colorless, transparent with white streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of ∼5; cleavage is perfect on {100} and no parting was observed. 3 The calculated density is 4.43 g/cm . Optically, rongibbsite is biaxial (+), with nα = 1.690, nβ = 1.694, Z nγ = 1.700, c = 26°, 2Vmeas = 65(2)°. It is insoluble in water, acetone, or hydrochloric acid. Electron microprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula Pb2.05(Si3.89Al1.11)O11(OH). Rongibbsite is monoclinic, with space group I2/m and unit-cell parameters a = 7.8356(6), b = 13.913(1), c = 10.278(1) Å, β = 92.925(4)°, and V = 1119.0(2) Å3. -
New Mineral Names*
American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages 873-475, 1974 NEWMINERAL NAMES* Mrcnapl Frprscnpn Bjarebyite* Borovskite* P. B. MooRE, D. H. LuNo, eNo K, L. KBrsrBn (1923) A. A. Yerovor, A. F. Sroonov, N. S. RuomnEvsKrr AND Bjarebyite, (Ba,Sr)(Mn,Fe,Mg),AL(Olt)s(por)a a new I. A. Buo'ro (1973) Borovskite, PdSbTer, ? n€w mineral. species. Mineral. Rec. 4, 282-285, Zapiski Vses.Mineral. Obshch. 102, 427431 (in Russian). Microprobe pure Microprobe analysis by G. Z. Zecttnan gave (av. 60 area analyses, using metals and BirTer as standards, on 4 grains gave scan) Ba 21.81, Sr O.79, Ca 0.06, Mn 7.15, Fe 6.95, Pd 32.94, 31.90, 32.37, 32.37, av. 32.39; Pt. 1.21, 1.25, 1.23, Mg 0.84, Al 7.01, giving the formula above with pOr and 1.20, av. 1.23; Ni 0.26, O.24,0.26, O.25,av.0.25; Fe OH on the basis of the structure. The ratio Mn/Fe is 0.04, 0.04, 0.06, 0.02, av. 0.04; Sb 1,0.92,10.97, 11.01, 11.00, av. 10.98; variable, indicating the likelihood of the occurrence of an Bi 3.35,3.34,3.34, Fe'g*analogue. av. 3.34; Te 51.86, 52.39, 51.70, 51.93, av. 51.97; sum 100.58, 99.98, percent, Weissenberg and rotation photographs show the mineral 10O.14, 100.11, av. 10O.21 corre- sponding to (Pd" (Sbo to be monoclinic, space grotp P2r/m, a 8.930, b lZ.O73, 6PtowNio orFeo o.) *Bio ru)Te" or, or PdaSbTe+.