Formal Reconstructions of Statehood in the Anglophone African Novel Maya Ganapathy Washington University in St
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Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2014 A Liberal State of Mind: Formal Reconstructions of Statehood in the Anglophone African Novel Maya Ganapathy Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Ganapathy, Maya, "A Liberal State of Mind: Formal Reconstructions of Statehood in the Anglophone African Novel" (2014). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 359. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/359 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Program in Comparative Literature Dissertation Examination Committee: J. Dillon Brown, Chair Seth Graebner, Co-Chair Jean Allman Nancy Berg Ignacio Infante Joya Uraizee A Liberal State of Mind: Formal Reconstructions of Statehood in the Anglophone African Novel by Maya Ganapathy A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2014 St. Louis, Missouri © 2014, Maya Ganapathy Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................. iv Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. vi Preface .............................................................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: The Right to Write: Individualism and the Postcolonial Writer in Chinua Achebe’s A Man of the People (1966) and Helon Habila’s Waiting for an Angel (2002) ..................................................... 1 1.1 Failed Individualism in A Man of the People (1966) ........................................................................ 3 1.2 Making a Case for Individualism in Waiting for an Angel (2002) ............................................... 18 1.3 Romantic Egoism and the Demands of Public Struggle ........................................................... 27 1.4 Imprisonment and the Solipsistic Desires of Self ...................................................................... 35 1.5 The Poet’s Unalienable Right to Self Determination ................................................................ 48 Chapter 2: Imagining Global Struggle: The Violence of The Beautyful Ones (1968) in Chris Abani’s Graceland (2004) ................................................................................................................................................ 54 2.1 The Form of Popular Resistance in The Beautyful Ones (1968) and Graceland (2004) ............. 58 2.2 Temporality and Naturalism in The Beautyful Ones (1968) .......................................................... 63 2.2.1 Temporality .............................................................................................................................. 64 2.2.2 Naturalism ................................................................................................................................ 73 2.3 Graceland (2004) as Naturalist Bildungsroman ................................................................................ 83 2.3.1 Temporality and Naturalism in Graceland’s Construction of Male Subjectivity ............. 84 2.4 Apocalyptic Fantasies: Messianic Struggle, Patriarchal Failure, and Torture ......................... 99 2.4.1 Redemption and Messianic Struggle .................................................................................. 100 2.4.2 Patriarchal Failure ................................................................................................................. 106 2.4.3 Torture and the State ............................................................................................................ 112 2.5 Apocalyptic Fantasies: Messianic Struggle, Patriarchal Failure, and Torture ....................... 120 Chapter 3: Sidestepping the Political “Graveyard of Creativity”: Polyphony, Metadiegetic Narratives, and Reenvisioning the Nation-State in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah (1987/88), Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), and Aminatta Forna’s The Memory of Love (2010) ............................................................................................................................................................... 124 3.1 Creating an Open Path to Reform in Anthills of the Savannah (1987/88) .............................. 125 3.2 Who Writes the Nation’s Story? Authorship and Politics in Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) ... 137 3.3 Reinforcing Narrative Accountability: Cross-Cultural Reciprocity and Rebuilding the Nation-State in The Memory of Love (2010) .............................................................................................. 162 3.4 National Belonging and the Middle Class ................................................................................. 182 ii Chapter 4: Round and Round We Go Again: The Neoliberal Paradigm in Nuruddin Farah’s Past Imperfect Trilogy ............................................................................................................................................... 187 4.1 The 19th Century Imperial Adventure Novel and the Language of Liberal Reason ........... 190 4.2 The Liberal Paradigm in Nuruddin Farah’s Links (2003) ....................................................... 201 4.3 Subverting the Liberal Paradigm: Nationalism and Cosmpolitanism in Links (2003) ........ 209 4.3.1 Nationalism ............................................................................................................................ 212 4.3.2 Cosmopolitanism .................................................................................................................. 216 4.4 Who Pulls the Strings? The State and Individual Subjecthood in Knots (2007) ................... 221 4.5 Synthetic Ties and National Regeneration in Crossbones (2011) .............................................. 235 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 248 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 267 iii Acknowledgments A mixture of scholarly and personal relationships made this dissertation possible. I would like to thank, in particular, the faculty mentors, committee members, friends, and family who gave their time and support to this project. The support from my committee members has been invaluable in facilitating my development as a scholar. Joya Uraizee, thank you for your interest in the project. Your encouragement and suggestions, as a scholar of African literature, are truly appreciated. Ignacio Infante, your enthusiasm for the project in its very early stages at the Graduate Student Comparative Literature Symposium encouraged me to further pursue this line of inquiry. Nancy Berg, thank you for your unwavering confidence in my scholarly work and for modeling a type of mentorship I sincerely hope to emulate in relationships with my own students. Jean Allman, your pedagogical expertise has shaped my own approach to stimulating thought and debate in the classroom. Thank you for your kindness and generosity. Seth Graebner, your belief in holding my work to a high standard has pushed me to give my strongest effort to my writing. And, J. Dillon Brown, my principal supervisor, your guidance has motivated me to perform at my highest potential and move past moments of self-doubt. Your questions, always challenging and perceptive, helped me refine my thinking and clarify the larger goals of the dissertation. Thank you for your patience. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their steadfast encouragement, understanding, and sense of humor throughout this process. To my Comparative Literature colleagues, thank you for providing honest and insightful comments in the early stages of the dissertation. To my parents, thank you for inspiring a love of books and learning. To my brother, Uday, thank you for providing a model of intellectual commitment and determination. And, to my iv husband, Jason, I would like to express my deepest, if inadequately articulated, gratitude for your unflagging support at every twist and turn of this Ph.D. Maya Ganapathy Washington University in St. Louis December 2014 v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A Liberal State of Mind: Formal Reconstructions of Statehood in the Contemporary Anglophone African Novel by Maya Ganapathy Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature Washington University in St. Louis, 2014 Professor J. Dillon Brown, Chair Professor Seth Graebner, Co-Chair While the idea of the nation and national identity is often taken as the starting point for examinations of the African state, this