Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: a Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

by H R Hannaford

Archaeology Service Archaeology Service Report Number 204 © Shropshire County Council November 2001

LINGEN BRIDGE, BUCKNELL, SHROPSHIRE: A DESK-BASED ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGE STRENGTHENING WORKS

by H R HANNAFORD MIFA

A Report for the

COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE SHROPSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL

Archaeology Service Unit 4, Owen House, Radbrook Centre, Radbrook Road,Shrewsbury, SY3 9BJ Tel: (01743) 254018 Fax: (01743) 254047 TELFORD & WREKIN COUNCIL Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

CONTENTS Page No SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3 2.1 Aims and Objectives of the Assessment 3 2.2 Methodology of the Assessment 3 3 THE DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT 4 3.1 The Archaeological and Historical Background 4 3.2 The Site Visit 8 4 THE IMPACT ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE 9 5 FURTHER FIELD EVALUATION 9 6 RECOMMENDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROVISION 9 7 REFERENCES AND SOURCES CONSULTED 10 7.1 Sources 10 7.2 Othersourcesandbibliography 11

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Location of the study area; 1:20,000 scale Figure 2: The study area; 1:2500 scale Figure 3: Extract from John Rocque's 1752 Map of Shropshire, showing the study area Figure 4: Extract from the Ordnance Survey 25" 1st edition (Shropshire Sheet LXXVII.13); 1:2500 scale Figure 5: The study area; 1:500 scale

SUMMARY There is currently a proposal to strengthen the Lingen Bridge across the River Teme near Bucknell in south Shropshire. The repair programme will include the demolition of parts of the existing bridge, and the construction of a temporary roadway and bridge to the east of the present structure. Because of the historical importance of the bridge, and the potentially destructive nature of some aspects of the repair works, it was considered necessary to carry out a desk-top archaeological assessment of the bridge and the adjacent area of land required for these works. This assessment has recommended that a full photographic record be made of the bridge prior to the start of the repair works, and that an archaeological watching brief be maintained on all destructive groundworks associated with the repairs.

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 1 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 There is currently a proposal to strengthen the Lingen Bridge across the river Teme near Bucknell, Shropshire.

1.2 Lingen Bridge is situated across the river Teme 0.75km south of the village of Bucknell in south Shropshire (Fig. 1). Bucknell itself lies 15km west of Ludlow. The bridge lies just on the Shropshire side of the county boundary with Herefordshire, and carries a secondary road, the B 4367, from the Ludlow to Knighton road (the A 4113) to Craven Arms. The present bridge dates to the 19th century and comprises an iron deck on stone piers. There has been a crossing point of the river Teme at the site of the present Lingen Bridge since the 18th century at least, and probably from considerably earlier.

1.3 The proposed bridge strengthening will involve placing a new deck on the existing stone piers, and the demolition and in-filling of a stone flood arch. Additionally, a temporary roadway and bailey bridge will be constructed to the east of the present bridge to carry road traffic while the strengthening works are carried out. This will involve excavation for the temporary roadway and for the mass concrete piers of the bailey bridge.

1.4 In view of the historical and potential archaeological significance of Lingen Bridge, it was deemed necessary to undertake an archaeological assessment of the bridge and adjoining area of land to be affected by the proposed works.

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 2 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Aims and Objectives of the Assessment A project design for the archaeological assessment of the bridge strengthening works was prepared by the Head of Archaeology, Shropshire County Council.

The aim of this desk-based assessment is to provide information enabling an informed decision to be taken regarding the archaeological provision for the bridge strengthening works.

The objectives were: (a) To assess the known or potential archaeological resource within the study area. (b) To identify the likely character, extent, quality, and significance of the known or potential archaeological resource in a local, regional, and national context as appropriate. (c) To identify and recommend options for the management of the archaeological resource, including any mitigation strategies. (d) To recommend a strategy for further Field Evaluation, where the character and value of the resource is not sufficiently defined to permit a mitigation strategy or other response to be devised.

2.2 Methodology of the Assessment 2.2.1 In order to achieve these objectives, the Desk-Based Assessment would examine and assess all appropriate sources. These were to include:

Archaeological Databases Historical Documents Cartographic Sources Pictorial Documents Aerial Photographs Geotechnical Information Secondary and Statutory Sources

2.2.2 A site visit would be undertaken as part of the assessment in order to assess possible factors such as existing or previous land use and its affect on the survival or condition of known or potential archaeological sites.

2.2.3 The Archaeology Service was commissioned by the Community and Environment Directorate, Shropshire County Council, to conduct this assessment. This report details the result of the assessment.

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 3 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works 3 THE DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT 3.1 The Archaeological and Historical Background 3.1.1 Prehistoric and Roman activity A search of the database and records held by the County Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) revealed no known prehistoric sites or find- spots within the study area. However, prehistoric activity dating back to the Neolithic period has been recorded in the immediate vicinity of the study area.

In 1954-6, approximately 300 flint flakes (SMR no. SA3034) were recovered from a field to the south of the Vicarage, Bucknell (centred on NGR SO 355 732; see Fig. 1). The flints included some Neolithic and early Bronze Age implements, but mainly consisted of debris from implement manufacturing. The find-spot lies approximately 450m to the northwest of Lingen Bridge. In 1912, a plain bronze spearhead (SA2675) of probable Bronze Age date was ploughed from a field near Coxall Knoll. The precise find-spot is far from certain - the finder was a labourer from Upper House farm on the northwest side of Bucknell, who made the find while working in "a field near Caractus' Camp" (there was a local tradition in the 19th century, dismissed by later researchers, that Coxall Knoll was the site of Caradoc's last stand against the Roman army). Another Bronze Age winged spearhead (SA2997) was also been found in the Bucknell area, within 1km of the study area, although again the precise find-spot is not known. (SMR files SA2675, SA2997, & SA3034)

Aerial photographs of the environs of the study area show two cropmark ring ditches (SA4175 & SA4176) 700m to the northwest of Lingen Bridge, immediately to the west of the Vicarage, Bucknell. Ring ditches usually represent the remains of ploughed down burial mounds of early Bronze Age date (c. 2300 - 1400 BC); the circular cropmarks are formed by the in-filled quarry ditch surrounding the ploughed-down burial mound, which produces marks in ripening crops that are visible from the air. Ring ditches can appear as single monuments, but tend to cluster in groups of two or more, perhaps representing cemeteries serving particular Bronze Age communities. (SMR files SA4175 & SA4176)

There is likely to have been a sizeable Iron Age community in the area, centred on the Coxall Knoll hillfort (SA1159). This is a small multivallate hillfort of 3.4ha with annexes on east side, situated some 750m to the northeast of Lingen Bridge on a hill between the rivers Teme and Redlake. The hillfort represents the remains of a defended settlement of Iron Age date, though flint flakes have been found within the hillfort, suggesting occupation of the hilltop probably began in the Neolithic or Bronze Age periods. (SMR file SA1159)

Other later prehistoric activity in the vicinity of the study area is attested by a cropmark enclosure (SA2072) about 800m to the northwest of the bridge, again lying close to Bucknell Vicarage. This cropmark enclosure

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 4 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

is of a type which has been demonstrated by excavation to represent the remains of farmsteads occupied variously during the late Bronze Age, Iron Age, Romano-British, and early medieval periods. (SMR file SA2072)

Six sherds of Roman pottery of 2nd century date (SA3033) have been recovered from the River Teme near Bucknell, within 1km to the west of Lingen Bridge, although the exact find-spot is not recorded. The nearest known sites of the Roman period to the study area are the Roman fort and settlement of Bravonium at Leintwardine and the Roman road between Viroconium (Wroxeter) and Glevum (Gloucester), Watling Street South. Both the fort and the road lie some 4.5km to the east of the study area. (SMR file SA3033)

3.1.2 The Medieval Manors The study area occupies land that in the medieval period probably lay within two separate manors, Bucknell to the north and Brampton Bryan to the south, with the river Teme probably marking the boundary between the two. The land on both sides of the river is likely to have formed part of the manors' meadow lands, although beyond the study area traces of ridge and furrow ploughing in the northern corner of the field to the northwest of the bridge indicate arable cultivation of this land too in the medieval or early post-medieval periods (Cartographic Services, 1983, 6096).

Bucknell The northern half of the study area once formed part of the manor of Bucknell. The name, then Buchehalle, probably means "Bucca's Hill" or "hill of the he-goat" (the former is considered to be the more likely). There may have been two holdings at Bucknell at the time of the Domesday Survey; this is not certain, however, as the smaller holding is said to have been in Patton Hundred, whereas Bucknell was in Leintwardine Hundred. (Gelling, 1990, p64-5; Eyton, 1860, pp316-21; Thorn and Thorn 1986, 4,14,29; 6,29 and notes.)

Before the Norman Conquest, Bucknell was held by Alwy. At the time of the Domesday Survey of 1086, it was held from Ralph de Mortimer by Helgot (whose lands went to form the barony of Castle Holdgate). Bucknell however continued to descend in the Mortimer fief. The manor comprised two hides, and although it was waste at the time of the Survey, there was land for 6 ploughs. There was also 1 league of woodland (possibly the woodland around Coxall Knoll). In 1165, the tenant was Andrew de Stanton, and in 1221 the manor was held by Gilbert de Bucknell. (Eyton, 1860, pp316-21; Thorn and Thorn 1986, 6,29 and notes.)

The smaller holding, Buchehale, was one virgate in size (¼ of a hide) and was held before the Norman conquest by Aelmer. His holding here, although it had land for ½ plough; was also waste then and remained so at the time of the Domesday Survey. In 1086 it was held from Roger of Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 5 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, by William Pandolf. According to Eyton, Pandolf's land at Buchehale was annexed to the Barony of Clun before the death of Henry I. In 1165 the Clun estate at Bucknell was held by Hugh de Bucknell and his brother Adam. The holding passed to Hugh's grandson, Gilbert de Bucknell, who had united the two holdings by 1221. (Eyton, 1860, pp316-21; Thorn and Thorn 1986, 4,14,29 and notes.)

The motte and bailey castle at Bucknell (SA1160) probably dates from the Domesday period. Civil war period finds, including a spearhead, sword, and axe, were found in the moat in 1952. (SMR file SA1160)

Brampton Bryan Brampton Bryan is a village, now in Herefordshire but formerly in Shropshire, and situated about 1.2km southeast of the study area. Brampton may mean "settlement in the broom", the Bryan from its second Norman subtenant, Brian de Bromton. Before the Norman Conquest, Brampton Bryan was held by Gunward. At the time of the Domesday Survey of 1086, it was held from Ralph de Mortimer by Richard (who also held nearby Pedwardine). The manor comprised 2½ hides, with land for 6½ ploughs. There was land for 1½ ploughs in demesne, and there were 3 ploughmen, one villager and 3 smallholders. there was also ½ a league of woodland. Before 1066, the manor had been waste, but by 1086 its taxable value was 10s. (Thorn and Thorn 1986, 6,23 & notes)

The manor passed by marriage to the Harley family in the 14th century. During the first English Civil War, Brampton Bryan castle was held for Parliament by Sir Robert Harley, a prominent member of the Long Parliament. The castle was besieged during his absence for six weeks in 1643 by royalist troops stationed at Knighton under the command of a Colonel Lingen. The castle was successfully defended by Lady Brilliana Harley, who then went on the offensive and attacked Lingen's forces in Knighton. The castle eventually fell to the royalists in 1644 and was destroyed. (Bracher and Emmett, 2000, 67-8)

3.1.3 Lingen Bridge Lingen Bridge probably takes its name from the village Lingen in north Herefordshire, which lies some 6km to the south of the bridge. However, the 1st edition 25" OS map labels the bridge "Lingen's Bridge" (see Fig. 4), which implies the bridge was named from a person, possibly the Civil War Colonel Lingen. The first map to show the road south from Bucknell and the river crossing in the study area is John Rocque's map of the county of Shropshire of 1752 (see Fig. 3). The road from Bucknell formed part of a coach road from Shrewsbury to Knighton, and was popular because it avoided the steep hills around Clun. Rocque's map shows the road crossing the river in the study area; it is unclear from this map whether the crossing was by bridge or ford (or both). (OS LXXVII.13; Rocque, 1752; Blackwall, 1985, 79)

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 6 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

The first documented bridge across the Teme in the study area was recorded in 1780. In that year, a timber horse and foot bridge was erected across the river by a local carpenter named Morris. Wheeled traffic still had to ford the river. This bridge was replaced 1830 by a carriage bridge. Funding for the bridge was raised by public subscription matched by the County. The bridge was built by James Cole, a builder from Presteigne, and was built to a design similar to that used by Telford for his temporary bridges. The new bridge comprised four timber spans set on three piers. The southern two piers were of timber, but the northernmost was of stone. A stone masonry flood arch was added behind the north abutment in 1837. (Blackwall, 1985, 79; Hill, 1959, 116)

By 1839 a toll-gate had been placed across the end of the road south from Bucknell at its junction with the Ludlow to Knighton road, presumably to provide revenue for the upkeep of the bridge. A cottage Turnpike Cottage (not the modern house of the same name), appears in the western angle of this road junction on the 1st edition OS map of 1885 (see Fig. 4) and was probably the toll-house; woodland to the south of the road is labelled Turnpike Nursery on the same map. (Foxall, 1980; OS 1885 LXXVII.13)

In 1876, floods washed away one of the bridge's wooden piers. It had already been decided to improve the bridge, and drawings for a new iron decking had been prepared by the Coalbrookdale Company. By 1877, a temporary roadway had been made through the river bed, and a footway built for pedestrians. The new bridge was completed by the end of 1877, and consisted of a decking of two wrought iron lattice through girder spans on stone piers and abutments (the existing stone arch and abutment at the Shropshire end of the old bridge were retained and incorporated into the new structure). In addition the area of the river bed beneath the bridge was pitched with stonework retained by timber piles in an attempt to prevent scouring. (Hill, 1959, 116-7; Blackwall, 1985, 79)

The 1885 OS 1:2500 map shows this bridge. The map also shows a water channel running parallel to the north side of the main channel of the Teme immediately to the west of the bridge. The channel was about 180m long, and was crossed by a footbridge from the north giving access to long narrow island. A weir ran across the main river channel opposite the footbridge. The smaller channel originally passed through the northern flood arch of the bridge to rejoin the main river channel on the east side of the bridge. The arrangement of the water channels here and other features such as the weir suggest that this might have been the site of a former water mill. However, no structures are shown on the early maps, and there is no reference to a former mill in the surrounding field names. The site in any case lies outside of the study area of this report. (OS 1885 LXXVII.13; Foxall, 1980)

The 1885 map also shows a leat taken off south side of the main channel at the weir to the west of the bridge. The leat crosses the road Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 7 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

about 25m south of bridge, running from west to east across the study area. The leat is shown heading east to Brampton Bryan, passing along the northern edge of the castle grounds. The stream is still shown on the 1963 OS 1:10,560 (revised before 1930), but has gone by 1983, when it is marked only by a few small trees in the field to the southeast of the bridge. (OS 1885 LXXVII.13 &1963 SO 37 SE; Cartographic Services, 1983, 6096)

The weir on the east side of the bridge is not shown on the 1885 map. However, in 1886 a large area of the pitched stonework in the river bed was swept away by floods, and one of the bridge's wing walls and its central pier were damaged. The weir was probably built as part of the repairs effected to this damage.(OS 1885 LXXVII.13; Hill, 1959, 116-7; Blackwall, 1985, 79)

Further repairs to the bridge were needed just a few years later, when the bridge was re-floored, with ironwork supplied by the Horsehay Company. A further scheme to strengthen the bridge in the 1950s was put aside when an unexpected design weakness was discovered in the main girders of the bridge, and a weight restriction was imposed instead. (Hill, 1959, 116-7; Blackwall, 1985, 79-80)

3.2 The Site Visit A walk-over survey of the study area was carried out in November 2001. The land to the northeast and southeast of the river crossing was under arable cultivation (stubble) at the time of the field visit. The field to the northwest of the bridge was under close-cropped pasture. The land to the southwest was open woodland. There were no visible earthworks in either the fields or the woodland to either side of the road, nor were any surface finds recovered from the study area in the fields to the northeast and southeast of the river crossing.

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 8 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works 4 THE IMPACT ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE 4.1 The removal of the topsoil and excavations for the temporary road and bridge will adversely affect any below-ground archaeological remains within the affected parts of the study area.

4.2 The strengthening works to the bridge itself will involve the removal of the existing iron decking, the demolition of the upper parts of the existing piers and abutments, the demolition of the existing wing walls, and the demolition and in-filling of the stone flood arch (Fig. 5; a) at the north end of the bridge.

5 FURTHER FIELD EVALUATION 5.1 A programme of further archaeological field evaluation was not considered necessary in order to produce the full recommendations for the nature and level of the archaeological provision for the study area.

6 RECOMMENDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROVISION 6.1 This desk-based assessment has noted a high level of prehistoric and Romano-British activity in the vicinity of the study area. It is recommended therefore that an archaeological watching brief should be maintained during the removal of topsoil and subsoil from the study area in order to record archaeological features revealed during the course of the groundworks. Provision of time and resources should be made for the recording of any archaeological features revealed.

6.2 A full photographic record should be made of the bridge before and during the demolition works. This photographic record should include both general views of the bridge and its setting, and detailed photographs of structural and architectural features.

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 9 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works 7 REFERENCES AND SOURCES CONSULTED 7.1 Sources 7.1.1 Full and detailed published histories of the Lingen Bridge are to be found in Hill, 1959, and Blackwall, 1985.

7.1.2 Other repositories and sources consulted for the desk-based assessment included the Shropshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and the Shropshire Records and Research Centre (SRRC).

7.1.3 At the SMR, in addition to the SMR itself, the Sites & Monuments Industrial Record, and the site specific aerial photographic coverage of the study area were searched.

SMR computer files for Primary Record Numbers: SA1159 Coxall Knoll Iron Age Hillfort SA2072 Iron Age/Romano-British cropmark farmstead enclosure SA2675 Find-spot of Bronze Age spearhead SA2997 Find-spot of Bronze Age spearhead SA3033 Find-spot of Roman pottery SA3034 Find-spot of Neolithic/Bronze Age flints SA4175 Bronze Age cropmark ring ditch SA4176 Bronze Age cropmark ring ditch SA3457 Lingen Bridge

SMR Aerial photographs: Cartographic Services 1:10,000 6096 (22/07/83)

7.1.4 Among the various sources consulted at the SRRC, the following proved the most productive sources of information for the particular requirements of this assessment of the study area:

Cartographic sources (e.g.. Rocque, 1752; Baugh 1808) Ordnance Survey 1:2500 (25") 1st edition Shropshire Sheet Nos. LXXVII.9 & 13, 1885 (surveyed 1884) H D G Foxall's field-name maps based on Tithe Apportionments and Maps, and other surveys, c. 1830-50 Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society Documents Concerning the Parishes of Bucknell and Stow

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 10 Report No. 204 November 2001 Lingen Bridge, Bucknell, Shropshire: A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of Bridge Strengthening Works

7.2 Other sources and bibliography

Baugh, R, 1808: Map of Shropshire, Llanymynech Blackwall, A, 1985: Historic Bridges of Shropshire, Shrewsbury Bracher, T, and Emmett, R, 2000: Shropshire in the Civil War, Shrewsbury Cary, J, 1805: A Map of Shropshire Eyton, Rev. W, 1860: Antiquities of Shropshire, vol. xi Fletcher, Rev. W G D (ed), 1907: The Shropshire Lay Subsidy Roll of 1 Edward III, 1327 Foxall, H D G, 1980: Shropshire Field-Names, Shrewsbury Foxall, H D G, 1980: Field-name map based on Tithe Apportionment and Maps for Bucknell Parish, Bucknell Township, 1839 Gelling, M, 1990: The Place-Names of Shropshire, EP-NS vol. LXII/LXIII Part One, 1984-5 & 1985-6 Gelling, M, and Cole, A, 2000: The Landscape of Place-Names, Stamford Greenwood, C & J, 1827: Map of the County of Salop Hill, M C, 1959: Iron and Steel Bridges in Shropshire, 1788-1901, TSAS vol. LVI Part II (1959) pp 104-24 Ordnance Survey 1885: 1:2500 (25") 1st edition Shropshire Sheet Nos. LXXVII.9 & 13 Ordnance Survey 1932: Geological Survey of England and Wales; Solid; Shrewsbury, Sheet 152 Ordnance Survey 1932: Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales); Drift; Shrewsbury, Sheet 152 Ordnance Survey 1963: 1:10,560 (6") Sheet No. SO 37 SE Rees, U, (ed), 1975: The Cartulary of Shrewsbury Abbey, Aberystwyth Rees, U, (ed), 1978: The Cartulary of Haughmond Abbey, Cardiff Rocque, J, 1752: Actual Survey of the County of Salop Rowley, T, 1972: The Shropshire Landscape Saxton, C, 1577: Salopiae Comitatus, map of Shropshire, SRRC Stanford, S C, 1980: The Archaeology of the Welsh Marches Thorn, F and Thorn, C (eds), 1986: Domesday Book, Shropshire, Phillimore, Chichester Toghill, P, 1990: Geology in Shropshire, Shrewsbury

Abbreviations: APs Aerial Photographs EP-NS English Place-Name Society NGR National Grid Reference OS Ordnance Survey RCHME Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England SMR Sites and Monuments Record, Shire Hall, Shrewsbury SRRC Shropshire Records and Research Centre, Castle Gates, Shrewsbury TSAS Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society TSAHS Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society VCHS Victoria County History of Shropshire

Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council 11 Report No. 204 November 2001 ?SA2997

SA1159

SA2072 ?SA2675 SA4175 SA4176

SA3034

SA3033

the study area

Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Shropshire County Council. LA 076821. 27/11/01

LINGEN BRIDGE, BUCKNELL 2001 Figure 1: Location of the study area; 1:20,000 scale N

Lingen Bridge

the study area

LINGEN BRIDGE, BUCKNELL 2001 Figure 2: The study area; 1:2500 scale the study area

LINGEN BRIDGE, BUCKNELL 2001 Figure 3: Extract from John Rocque's 1752 Map of Shropshire, showing the study area LINGEN BRIDGE, BUCKNELL 2001 Figure 4: Extract from the Ordnance Survey 25" 1st edition (Shropshire Sheet LXXVII.13); 1:2500 scale N Lingen Bridge

0 20 metres a

River Teme weir the study northern channel area

main channel

Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission weir of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Shropshire County Council. LA 076821. 27/11/01

LINGEN BRIDGE, BUCKNELL 2001 Figure 5: The study area; 1:500 scale