DOCSLIB.ORG

The Royalist and Parliamentarian War Effort in Shropshire During the First and Second English Civil Wars, 1642-1648

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Royalist and Parliamentarian War Effort in Shropshire During the First and Second English Civil Wars, 1642-1648 The Royalist and Parliamentarian War Effort in Shropshire During the First and Second English Civil Wars, 1642-1648 Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Worton, Jonathan Citation Worton, J. (2015). The royalist and parliamentarian war effort in Shropshire during the first and second English civil wars, 1642-1648. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Download date 24/09/2021 00:57:51 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/612966 The Royalist and Parliamentarian War Effort in Shropshire During the First and Second English Civil Wars, 1642-1648 Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of The University of Chester For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jonathan Worton June 2015 ABSTRACT The Royalist and Parliamentarian War Effort in Shropshire During the First and Second English Civil Wars, 1642-1648 Jonathan Worton Addressing the military organisation of both Royalists and Parliamentarians, the subject of this thesis is an examination of war effort during the mid-seventeenth century English Civil Wars by taking the example of Shropshire. The county was contested during the First Civil War of 1642-6 and also saw armed conflict on a smaller scale during the Second Civil War of 1648. This detailed study provides a comprehensive bipartisan analysis of military endeavour, in terms of organisation and of the engagements fought. Drawing on numerous primary sources, it explores: leadership and administration; recruitment and the armed forces; military finance; supply and logistics; and the nature and conduct of the fighting. The extent of military activity in Shropshire is explained for the first time, informing the history of the conflict there while reflecting on the nature of warfare across Civil War England. It shows how local Royalist and Parliamentarian activists and 'outsider' leaders provided direction, while the populace widely was involved in the administrative and material tasks of war effort. The war in Shropshire was mainly fought between the opposing county-based forces, but with considerable external military support. Similarly, fiscal and military assets were obtained locally and from much further afield. Attritional war in Shropshire from 1643 to 1646 involved the occupying Royalists engaging Parliamentarian inroads, in fighting the garrison warfare characteristic of the period. Although the outcome of both wars in Shropshire was determined by wider national events, in 1646 and again in 1648 the defeat of the county Royalists was due largely to their local Parliamentarian adversaries. Broadening this study to 1648 has provided insight into Parliamentarian county administration during the short interwar period. CONTENTS List of maps ii List of tables iii List of plates iv List of abbreviations v-vi Explanatory notes and conventions vii Chronology viii Maps ix-xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Leadership and Administration 20 Pre-war county governance and administration 20 The adaptation of county governance to Civil War 26 Royalist leadership and administration 31 Parliamentarian leadership and administration 48 Chapter 2 The Armed Forces 68 Recruitment 69 Royalist forces in Shropshire 76 Parliamentarian forces in Shropshire 87 Chapter 3 Financing the War Effort 102 The Royalists 103 The Parliamentarians 115 Plunder and free quarter 133 Chapter 4 Military Supplies and Logistics 143 Arms and munitions procurement 143 Clothing and equipment 153 The supply of provisions 154 Obtaining horses and provender 160 Transportation and distribution 168 Chapter 5 Operational Aspects of the War Effort 181 The nature of warfare in Shropshire 181 Garrisons and fortification 188 Siege-craft 195 Military intelligence and communications 205 Medical services 211 Conclusion 216 i Bibliography 222 LIST OF MAPS Map 1 Reconstruction of the likely seventeenth-century boundaries ix of the Shropshire hundreds. Map 2 Likely extent of Parliamentarian control in Shropshire in x later September 1643. Map 3 Likely extent of Parliamentarian control in Shropshire in xi April 1644. Map 4 Likely extent of Parliamentarian control in Shropshire at xii the end of 1644. Map 5 Likely extent of Royalist control in Shropshire during xiii winter 1645-6. Map 6 Main supply lines into Shropshire as they may have operated 174 during summer 1644. Map 7 Shropshire garrisons during the First Civil War, 186 also showing the larger field engagements. ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Alphabetical listing of Royalist commissioners of array, 33-4 1642-6. Table 2 Alphabetical listing of Parliamentarian committeemen, 51 1643-4. Table 3 Sample of documents signed by the committee at Shrewsbury 53 during 1645. Table 4 Alphabetical listing of officials of the Parliamentarian 57-8 administration in Shropshire, 1646-8. Table 5 Royalist units raised by local commanders 80 (with date). Table 6 Parliamentarian regiments raised by local commanders 95 (with date). Table 7 Analysis of contribution and assessment paid by townships 127 within the liberties of Shrewsbury, 1644-6. Table 8 List of sorts, quantities and cash-equivalent values of provisions 157 supplied as contribution from the Shrewsbury area, 1644. iii LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Sir Francis Ottley, detail of a family portrait by Petrus Troueil, 35 dated 1636, in the collection of Shropshire Museums. (By courtesy of Shropshire Council/Shropshire Museums). Plate 2 Thomas Mytton, from a contemporary engraving. 52 (By courtesy of Shropshire Archives, ref. PR/1/744). Plate 3 Warrant issued in Sir Francis Ottley's name to muster the town 82 dragoons at Shrewsbury sometime in 1643 (By courtesy of Shropshire Archives, ref. 6000/13294). Plate 4 Bill presented by the Smithfield horse dealer Benjamin Ash 165 for purchasing horses and for livery services, authorised for payment by Sir Thomas Myddelton on 6 May 1644 (Crown Copyright The National Archives, SP28/346 Part 1, unfoliated). Plate 5 The tower house (or keep) of Hopton Castle 201 (author's photograph). Plate 6 View from the medieval castle earthworks on Panpudding 201 Hill, Bridgnorth (author's photograph). iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A&O Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, eds. C.H. Firth and R.S. Rait, 3 volumes (London, 1911). BCHRC Bishop's Castle Heritage Resource Centre, Bishop's Castle. BDL The Boldeian Library, Oxford. BRL The British Library, London. CPCC Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for Compounding, ed. M.A. Everett Green, 5 volumes (London, 1889). CPCM Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for Advance of Money, ed. M.A. Everett Green, 3 volumes (London, 1888). CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I, 1625-1649, ed. W.D. Hamilton [et al.], 23 volumes (London, 1858-97). HHL Henry Huntington Library, San Marino, California. HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission. v HRO Herefordshire Record Office, Hereford. IO List A List of Officers Claiming the Sixty Thousand Pounds, &c. Granted by his Majesty for the Relief of His Loyal and Indigent Party Truly (London, 1663). JHC Journals of the House of Commons. JHL Journals of the House of Lords. LBWB The Letter Books of Sir William Brereton, ed. R.N. Dore, 2 volumes (Gloucester, 1984, 1990). Mss Manuscripts. NAM The National Army Museum, London. NLW The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. NRO Northamptonshire Record Office, Northampton. ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, eds. H.C.G. Matthews and B. Harrison, 40 volumes (Oxford, 2004). OT List 'A list of the names of the Indigent Officers certified out of the county of Salop by His Majesty's Commissioners appointed by the Act of Parliament for the purpose', in 'Ottleiana: or letters & c. relating to Shropshire chiefly to Sir Francis Ottley, in, Anon., Collectanea Topographica & Geneaologica (London, 1841) 'Ottley Papers' ‘The Ottley Papers Relating to the Civil War’, ed. W. Phillips, in TSANHS, 1894, 1895, 1896. ROP The Royalist Ordnance Papers 1642-1646, ed. I. Roy, 2 parts (Banbury, 1963, 1975). SA Shropshire Archives, Shrewsbury. SRO Staffordshire Record Office, Stafford. TNA The National Archives, London. TSANHS Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. TSAS Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society. vi WRO Warwickshire Record Office, Warwick. WSL William Salt Library, Stafford. EXPLANATORY NOTES AND CONVENTIONS Dates are given according to the Old Style (Julian) Calendar, in use across the British Isles at the time of the Civil Wars. However, the New Year is taken to begin on 1 January, not 25 March. Spellings in contemporary manuscript and printed sources have been modernised to aid readability along with some minimal intervention in vii punctuation. However, spelling of the titles of contemporary publications has been retained. Contemporary monetary values have been quoted throughout. Thus 12 pennies (12d) = one shilling (1s); 20 shillings = one pound sterling (£1); £1 = 240d. To put these amounts into some local pre-Civil War context in terms of personal income, in 1640/1 the day rate paid by the corporation of Shrewsbury, Shropshire's county town, to skilled workmen such as carpenters and ordinary masons was 8d including food and drink or 14d without, meanwhile the respective rates for day labourers were 4d and 8d. At the opposite end of the social scale, among the county gentry proposed as suitably wealthy candidates for the shrievalty of Shropshire in 1632 were the future leading Royalists Thomas Wolrych of Dudmaston and John Weld of Willey, whose respective annual incomes were then estimated as £1,200 and £3,000.1 Finally, while acknowledging the vigorous scholarly debate since the turn of the twentieth century concerned with whether or not the warfare widespread across the archipelago of the British Isles from 1639 into the early 1650s were British civil wars, or, indeed, were wars fought between three kingdoms (or four nations, if Wales is considered as a separate land), because it is concerned with the conflict as if affected an English shire this thesis has kept the traditional convention of classifying the period as the English Civil Wars.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BT Consultation Listings October 2020 Provisional View Spreadsheet.Xlsx
    2020 BT Listings - Phonebox Removal Consultation - Provisional View October 2020 Calls Average Name of Town/Parish Details of TC/PC response 2016/2019/2020 Kiosk to be Tel_No Address Post_Code Kiosk Type Conservation Area? monthly calls Council Consultations PC COMMENTS adopted? Additional responses to consultation SC Provisional Comments 2020/2021 SC interim view to object to removal of telephony and kiosk on the following grounds: concerns over mobile phone Object to removal. Poor mobile signal, popular coverage; high numbers of visitors; rural 01584841214 PCO PCO1 DIDDLEBURY CRAVEN ARMS SY7 9DH KX100 0 Diddlebury PC with tourists/walkers. isolation. SC interim view to object to removal of telephony and kiosk on the following grounds: concerns over mobile phone Object to removal. Poor mobile signal, popular coverage; high numbers of visitors; rural 01584841246 PCO1 BOULDON CRAVEN ARMS SY7 9DP KX100 0 Diddlebury PC with tourists/walkers. isolation. SC interim view to Object to removal of telephony and kiosk on the following grounds: rural isolation; concerns over 01584856310 PCO PCO1 VERNOLDS COMMON CRAVEN ARMS SY7 9LP K6 0 Stanton Lacy PC No comments made mobile phone coverage. Culmington Parish Council discussed this matter at their last meeting on the 8th September 2020 and decided to object to the removal of the SC interim view to object to the removal Object. Recently repaired and cleaned. Poor payphone on the following grounds; 'Poor and endorse local views for its retention mobile phone signal in the area as well as having mobile phone signal in the area as well as having due to social need; emergency usage; a couple of caravan sites.
    [Show full text]
  • ACTON SCOTT St Margaret Diocese of Hereford SO45368943
    ACTON SCOTT St Margaret Diocese of Hereford SO45368943 There are no fewer than 6 ancient or veteran yews among the 13 that grow here. They form a cluster (numbers 5 to 10) at the west end of the churchyard. The majority of these older trees appeared to be male. Photos and girths are from 2012. Tree 5 is multi-stemmed from a short bole. It is only when viewed from the farmyard below that its size can be appreciated, with a root system that reaches the ground at the base of an 8' high wall. It was not possible to measure this tree. Tree 6 grows on the left side of the gate leading from the church- yard to the farmyard. Inclusion of the almost separated branch growing at the edge of the bole would create a girth of 26/28'. Excluding it gives a girth closer to 22'. The photo on the left shows the tree’s vast root system seen from the farmyard below. Tree 7 (left) grows on the right side of the gate. It is a solid tree, with a girth of approximately 17'. Tree 8 is the only yew that does not mark the churchyard perimeter. It is an ancient hollow tree with fine internal stems. Girth was 20' 4'' at 1', but it has been larger. It is the only tree singled out in The King’s England c1938 where Mee wrote that ‘among the fine yews in the churchyard is a grand veteran 21' round out-topping the massive 13th century tower’. It is seen here in 1998 (left) and 2012 (right).
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Bridgnorth Area Tourism Strategy and Action Plan
    Draft Bridgnorth Area Tourism Strategy and Action Plan For Consultation May 2013 Prepared by the Research and Intelligence Team at Shropshire Council Draft Bridgnorth Area Tourism Strategy and Action Plan Research & Intelligence, Shropshire Council 1 Introduction In March 2013, the Shropshire Council visitor economy team commissioned the Shropshire Council Research and Intelligence unit to prepare a visitor economy strategy and action plan for the Bridgnorth area destination. The strategy and action plan are being prepared by: • Reviewing a variety of published material, including policy documents, research and promotional literature. • Consultation with the following in order to refine the findings of this review: • Bridgnorth and District Tourist Association • Shropshire Star Attractions • Local media (Shropshire Review, What’s What etc) • Virtual Shropshire • Visit Ironbridge • Shropshire Council – councillors and officers • Telford and Wrekin Council • Other neighbouring authorities (Worcestershire, Wyre Forest) • Town and Parish Councils • Town and Parish Plan groups • Local interest groups (historical societies or others with relevance) • Shropshire Tourism • Shropshire Hills and Ludlow Destination Partnership • Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust • Principal attractions and accommodation providers • Major events and activities We would welcome your contribution to this consultation. To complete our consultation form on‐line, please follow: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VT9TYMD Alternatively, please address your comments to Tim King,
    [Show full text]
  • Cycling and Riding in Severn Valley Country Park Cycling in Severn
    Cycling and Riding in Severn Valley Country Park Cycling in Severn Valley Country Park The Mercian Way The Mercian Way is part of route 45 of the National Cycle Network and passes straight through the middle of the park. Running from Bewdley to Bridgnorth and beyond, route 45 covers rural lane and off road tracks to take visitors into a world of unspoilt riverside, woods and meadows. Riding through the park you have the unique opportunity to cycle in parallel to the vintage steam trains of the Severn Valley Railway. It is the perfect safe, family-friendly, traffic free environment. Click here for more information about the Mercian Way. The Shropshire Cycleway East: Severn takes cyclists on a journey from Telford through Ironbridge, Bridgnorth, the country park and on towards Cleobury Mortimer. It takes you through the beautiful landscape of the Severn Valley and passes by the country park. The full Shropshire Cycleway route is a 185 mile route around Shropshire’s border. Click here for more information about the Shropshire Cycleway. There is a bike rack located outside the visitor centre, to enable cyclists to enjoy a well deserved break in our teashop. Riding in Severn Valley Country Park The Jack Mytton Way comprises of over 100 miles of rural bridleways and quiet country lanes. The trail passes near to the park at Highley and riders can divert from their trek to enjoy some time with us. Through the park there is a public bridleway and riders are invited to use our other surfaced paths. In 2013, a project undertaken by our volunteers to transform a section of the park into a wild flower meadow included the addition of a new bridleway from our car parking area.
    [Show full text]
  • London and Middlesex in the 1660S Introduction: the Early Modern
    London and Middlesex in the 1660s Introduction: The early modern metropolis first comes into sharp visual focus in the middle of the seventeenth century, for a number of reasons. Most obviously this is the period when Wenceslas Hollar was depicting the capital and its inhabitants, with views of Covent Garden, the Royal Exchange, London women, his great panoramic view from Milbank to Greenwich, and his vignettes of palaces and country-houses in the environs. His oblique birds-eye map- view of Drury Lane and Covent Garden around 1660 offers an extraordinary level of detail of the streetscape and architectural texture of the area, from great mansions to modest cottages, while the map of the burnt city he issued shortly after the Fire of 1666 preserves a record of the medieval street-plan, dotted with churches and public buildings, as well as giving a glimpse of the unburned areas.1 Although the Fire destroyed most of the historic core of London, the need to rebuild the burnt city generated numerous surveys, plans, and written accounts of individual properties, and stimulated the production of a new and large-scale map of the city in 1676.2 Late-seventeenth-century maps of London included more of the spreading suburbs, east and west, while outer Middlesex was covered in rather less detail by county maps such as that of 1667, published by Richard Blome [Fig. 5]. In addition to the visual representations of mid-seventeenth-century London, a wider range of documentary sources for the city and its people becomes available to the historian.
    [Show full text]
  • Gwydir Family
    THE HISTORY OF THE GWYDIR FAMILY, WRITTEN BY SIR JOHN WYNNE, KNT. AND BART., UT CREDITUR, & PATET. OSWESTRY: \VOODJ\LL i\KD VENABLES, OS\VALD ROAD. 1878. WOODALL AND VENABLES, PRINTERS, BAILEY-HEAD AND OSWALD-ROAD. OSWESTRY. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE CLEMENTINA ELIZABETH, {!N HER OWN lHGHT) BARONESS WILLOUGHBY DE ERESBY, THE REPRESENTATIVE OF 'l'HE OLD GWYDIR STOCK AND THE OWNER OF THE ESTATE; THE FOURTEENTH WHO HAS BORNE THAT ANCIENT BARONY: THIS EDITION OF THE HISTORY OF THE GWYDIR FAMILY IS, BY PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE PUBLISHERS. OSWALD ROAD, OSWESTRY, 1878. PREFACE F all the works which have been written relating to the general or family history O of North Wales, none have been for centuries more esteemed than the History of the Gwydir Family. The Hon. Daines Barrington, in his preface to his first edition of the work, published in 1770, has well said, "The MS. hath, for above.a cent~ry, been so prized in North Wales, that many in those parts have thought it worth while to make fair and complete transcripts of it." Of these transcripts the earliest known to exist is one in the Library at Brogyntyn. It was probably written within 45 years of the death of the author; but besides that, it contains a great number of notes and additions of nearly the same date, which have never yet appeared in print. The History of the Gwydir Family has been thrice published. The first editiun, edited by the Hon. Daines Barrington, issued from the press in 1770. The second was published in Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Implementation and Impact of the Reformation in Shropshire, 1545-1575
    The Implementation and Impact of the Reformation in Shropshire, 1545-1575 Elizabeth Murray A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts United Faculty of Theology The Melbourne College of Divinity October, 2007 Abstract Most English Reformation studies have been about the far north or the wealthier south-east. The poorer areas of the midlands and west have been largely passed over as less well-documented and thus less interesting. This thesis studying the north of the county of Shropshire demonstrates that the generally accepted model of the change from Roman Catholic to English Reformed worship does not adequately describe the experience of parishioners in that county. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Dr Craig D’Alton for his constant support and guidance as my supervisor. Thanks to Dr Dolly Mackinnon for introducing me to historical soundscapes with enthusiasm. Thanks also to the members of the Medieval Early Modern History Cohort for acting as a sounding board for ideas and for their assistance in transcribing the manuscripts in palaeography workshops. I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of various Shropshire and Staffordshire clergy, the staff of the Lichfield Heritage Centre and Lichfield Cathedral for permission to photograph churches and church plate. Thanks also to the Victoria & Albert Museum for access to their textiles collection. The staff at the Shropshire Archives, Shrewsbury were very helpful, as were the staff of the State Library of Victoria who retrieved all the volumes of the Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society. I very much appreciate the ongoing support and love of my family.
    [Show full text]
  • By Bicycle … a Four-Day Circular Ride Through Some Of
    By bicycle … A four-day circular ride through some of Britain’s scenic green hills and quiet lanes … Page 1 of 12 A: Shrewsbury B: Lyth Hill C: Snailbeach D: The Devil’s Chair (The Stiperstones) E: Mitchell’s Fold (Stapeley Hill) F: Church Stoke G: Stokesay Castle H: Norton Camp J: The Butts (Bromfield) K: Stoke St. Milborough L: Wilderhope Manor M: Church Stretton N: Longnor O: Wroxeter Roman City P: The Wrekin R: Child’s Ercall S: Hawkstone Park T: Colemere V: Ellesmere W: Old Oswestry X: Oswestry Y: St. Winifred’s Well Z: Nesscliffe Day One From Shrewsbury to Bridges Youth Hostel or Bishop’s Castle Via Lead Mines, Snailbeach and the Stiperstones (17 miles) or with optional route via Stapeley Hill and Mitchells Fold (37 miles). The land of the hero, Wild Edric, the Devil and Mitchell, the wicked witch. Day Two From Bridges Youth Hostel or Bishop’s Castle to Church Stretton or Wilderhope Youth Hostel Via Stokesay Castle, Norton Camp, The Butts, Stoke St. Milborough (maximum 47 miles). Giants, Robin Hood and a Saint Day Three From Wilderhope Youth Hostel or Church Stretton to Wem Via Longnor, Wroxeter Roman City, The Wrekin, Childs Ercall, and Hawkstone Park (maximum 48 miles) Ghosts, sparrows and King Arthur, a mermaid and more giants. Day Four From Wem to Shrewsbury Via Colemere, Ellesmere, Old Oswestry, St. Oswald’s Well, St. Winifred’s Well, Nesscliffe and Montford Bridge. (total max. 44 miles) Lots of water, two wells and a highwayman The cycle route was devised by local CTC member, Rose Hardy.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did Britain Become a Republic? > New Government
    Civil War > Why did Britain become a republic? > New government Why did Britain become a republic? Case study 2: New government Even today many people are not aware that Britain was ever a republic. After Charles I was put to death in 1649, a monarch no longer led the country. Instead people dreamed up ideas and made plans for a different form of government. Find out more from these documents about what happened next. Report on the An account of the Poem on the arrest of setting up of the new situation in Levellers, 1649 Commonwealth England, 1649 Portrait & symbols of Cromwell at the The setting up of Cromwell & the Battle of the Instrument Commonwealth Worcester, 1651 of Government http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/ Page 1 Civil War > Why did Britain become a republic? > New government Case study 2: New government - Source 1 A report on the arrest of some Levellers, 29 March 1649 (Catalogue ref: SP 25/62, pp.134-5) What is this source? This is a report from a committee of MPs to Parliament. It explains their actions against the leaders of the Levellers. One of the men they arrested was John Lilburne, a key figure in the Leveller movement. What’s the background to this source? Before the war of the 1640s it was difficult and dangerous to come up with new ideas and try to publish them. However, during the Civil War censorship was not strongly enforced. Many political groups emerged with new ideas at this time. One of the most radical (extreme) groups was the Levellers.
    [Show full text]
  • I 'A MAN MOSTE MEETE': a NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF
    'A MAN MOSTE MEETE': A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF JUSTICES OF THE PEACE IN MID-TUDOR ENGLAND, 1547-1582 _____________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _____________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________ By Clarissa Elisabeth Hinojosa May 2014 i 'A MAN MOSTE MEETE': A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF JUSTICES OF THE PEACE IN MID-TUDOR ENGLAND, 1547-1582 _____________ An Abstract of a Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _____________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________ By Clarissa Elisabeth Hinojosa May 2014 ii ABSTRACT This dissertation is a national study of English justices of the peace (JPs) in the mid- Tudor era. It incorporates comparable data from the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I, and the Elizabeth I. Much of the analysis is quantitative in nature: chapters compare the appointments of justices of the peace during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, and reveal that purges of the commissions of the peace were far more common than is generally believed. Furthermore, purges appear to have been religiously- based, especially during the reign of Elizabeth I. There is a gap in the quantitative data beginning in 1569, only eleven years into Elizabeth I’s reign, which continues until 1584. In an effort to compensate for the loss of quantitative data, this dissertation analyzes a different primary source, William Lambarde’s guidebook for JPs, Eirenarcha. The fourth chapter makes particular use of Eirenarcha, exploring required duties both in and out of session, what technical and personal qualities were expected of JPs, and how well they lived up to them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marches Evidence Base for VES 2019
    THE MARCHES EVIDENCE BASE APRIL 2019 BLUE SAIL THE MARCHES EVIDENCE BASE APRIL 2019 CONTENTS 1 ABOUT THIS PAPER .................................................................................. 3 2 VOLUME & VALUE ................................................................................... 4 3 THE ACCOMMODATION OFFER ................................................................ 9 4 VISITOR ATTRACTIONS ........................................................................... 15 5 FESTIVALS AND EVENTS ......................................................................... 17 6 CULTURAL OFFER ................................................................................... 22 7 ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................. 29 2 BLUE SAIL THE MARCHES EVIDENCE BASE APRIL 2019 1 ABOUT THIS PAPER This paper sets out the key data and information used to inform the Visitor Economy Strategy. It looks at the information provided to us by the client group and additional desk research undertaken by Blue Sail. This paper is a snapshot in time. The Marches needs to separately establish and maintain a base of core data and information to benchmark performance. Where data collected by different local authorities uses different methodologies and/or relates to different years, we’ve looked at third party sources, e.g. Visit Britain, to enable us to provide a Marches-wide picture, to compare like with like and to illustrate how the Marches compares. 3 BLUE SAIL THE MARCHES EVIDENCE
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvania Magazine of HISTORY and BIOGRAPHY
    THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Governor John Blackwell: His Life in England and Ireland OHN BLACKWELL is best known to American readers as an early governor of Pennsylvania, the most recent account of his J governorship having been published in this Magazine in 1950. Little, however, has been written about his services to the Common- wealth government, first as one of Oliver Cromwell's trusted cavalry officers and, subsequently, as his Treasurer at War, a position of considerable importance and responsibility.1 John Blackwell was born in 1624,2 the eldest son of John Black- well, Sr., who exercised considerable influence on his son's upbringing and activities. John Blackwell, Sr., Grocer to King Charles I, was a wealthy London merchant who lived in the City and had a country house at Mortlake, on the outskirts of London.3 In 1640, when the 1 Nicholas B. Wainwright, "Governor John Blackwell," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (PMHB), LXXIV (1950), 457-472.I am indebted to Professor Wallace Notestein for advice and suggestions. 2 John Blackwell, Jr., was born Mar. 8, 1624. Miscellanea Heraldica et Genealogica, New Series, I (London, 1874), 177. 3 John Blackwell, Sr., was born at Watford, Herts., Aug. 25, 1594. He married his first wife Juliana (Gillian) in 1621; she died in 1640, and was buried at St. Thomas the Apostle, London, having borne him ten children. On Mar. 9, 1642, he married Martha Smithsby, by whom he had eight children. Ibid.y 177-178. For Blackwell arms, see J. Foster, ed., Grantees 121 122, W.
    [Show full text]