CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA

ANNUAL REPORT

2019

ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

NOVEMBER 18, 2019

Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China

(

Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov

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2019 ANNUAL REPORT VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR G CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA

ANNUAL REPORT

2019

ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

NOVEMBER 18, 2019

Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China

(

Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–743 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019

VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate

JAMES P. MCGOVERN, Massachusetts, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Co-chair Chair JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio TOM COTTON, Arkansas THOMAS SUOZZI, New York STEVE DAINES, Montana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey TODD YOUNG, Indiana BEN MCADAMS, Utah DIANNE FEINSTEIN, CHRISTOPHER SMITH, New Jersey JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon BRIAN MAST, Florida GARY PETERS, Michigan VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri ANGUS KING, Maine EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Department of State, To Be Appointed Department of Labor, To Be Appointed Department of Commerce, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed

JONATHAN STIVERS, Staff Director PETER MATTIS, Deputy Staff Director

(II)

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Page I. Executive Summary ...... 1 Statement From the Chairs ...... 1 Overview ...... 3 Key Findings ...... 7 Political Prisoner Cases of Concern ...... 20 General Recommendations to Congress and the Administration ...... 27 Political Prisoner Database ...... 33 II. Human Rights ...... 37 Freedom of Expression ...... 37 Findings and Recommendations ...... 37 China’s Compliance with International Standards on Freedom of Ex- pression ...... 39 30 Years after Tiananmen ...... 39 Press Freedom and Tiananmen ...... 41 Freedom of the Press ...... 41 Internet and Social Media ...... 45 Curtailment of Academic Freedom in China ...... 47 Worker Rights ...... 58 Findings and Recommendations ...... 58 Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining ...... 61 Heightened Suppression of Labor Rights Advocacy ...... 61 ...... 62 Civil Society Organizations ...... 62 Worker Strikes and Protests ...... 64 996.ICU Campaign and Excessive Overtime ...... 65 Social Insurance ...... 65 Employment Relationships ...... 66 Work Safety and Industrial Accidents ...... 67 Occupational Health ...... 68 Criminal Justice ...... 77 Findings and Recommendations ...... 77 Introduction ...... 80 Use of Criminal Law to Punish Rights Advocates ...... 80 Arbitrary Detention ...... 81 Chinese Authorities’ Retaliatory Use of Criminal Law against Canadian Citizens ...... 83 Ongoing Challenges in Implementation of the Criminal Procedure Law 84 Torture and Abuse in Custody ...... 86 Medical Care in Custody ...... 86 Wrongful Conviction ...... 87 Policing ...... 87 Death Penalty ...... 88 Organ Harvesting ...... 89 Freedom of Religion ...... 101 Findings and Recommendations ...... 101 International and Chinese Law on Religious Freedom ...... 104 Policies and Regulations Pertaining to Religious Freedom ...... 104 Buddhism (Non-Tibetan) and Taoism ...... 106 Christianity—Catholicism ...... 107 Christianity—Protestantism ...... 107 Falun Gong ...... 109 Islam ...... 109 Other Religious Communities ...... 110

(III)

VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT IV Page II. Human Rights—Continued Ethnic Minority Rights ...... 116 Findings and Recommendations ...... 116 Introduction ...... 118 Party and State ‘‘Sinicization’’ of Ethnic Minorities ...... 118 Policies Affecting Hui Islamic Communities ...... 118 Grassland Protests in Inner Mongolia ...... 119 Detention of Mongol Writers ...... 120 Population Control ...... 123 Findings and Recommendations ...... 123 International Standards and China’s Coercive Population Policies ...... 125 Coercive Implementation and Punishment for Noncompliance ...... 125 Report of Forced Sterilization in Mass Internment Camps in the Uyghur Autonomous Region ...... 127 The Universal Two-Child Policy ...... 127 Demographic and Humanitarian Consequences of Population Control Policies ...... 128 Special Topic: Migrant Neighborhoods a Target of Anti-Crime and Vice Campaign ...... 138 Findings and Recommendations ...... 138 Introduction ...... 140 Urban Village Eviction, Demolition, and Surveillance under the Anti- Crime and Vice Campaign: Yuhuazhai in Xi’an ...... 141 Vulnerability of Internal Migrants and Household Registration Policies 142 Status of Women ...... 148 Findings and Recommendations ...... 148 Discrimination in Employment ...... 150 Domestic and Gender-Based Violence ...... 152 Public Participation ...... 152 Human Trafficking ...... 157 Findings and Recommendations ...... 157 Defining Human Trafficking ...... 159 Trends and Developments ...... 159 Forced Labor in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ...... 162 Risk Factors ...... 162 Anti-Trafficking Efforts ...... 163 Hong Kong ...... 164 North Korean Refugees in China ...... 174 Findings and Recommendations ...... 174 Introduction ...... 176 Border Conditions and Repatriation of Refugees ...... 176 Crackdown on Foreign Missionaries ...... 177 Trafficking of North Korean Women ...... 178 Children of North Korean and Chinese Parents ...... 178 Public Health ...... 182 Findings and Recommendations ...... 182 Legislative and Policy Developments ...... 183 Food Safety ...... 183 Drug Safety ...... 183 Ongoing Misuse of the PRC Mental Health Law ...... 185 The Environment ...... 189 Findings and Recommendations ...... 189 Introduction and Environmental Governance ...... 191 Environmental Enforcement and Persistence of Severe Pollution ...... 191 Public Interest Litigation and Criminal Enforcement ...... 192 Suppression of Environmental Protests and Advocates ...... 192 Media Reporting on Environmental Incidents and Corruption ...... 194 Assessing the Chinese Government’s Commitment to Combat Climate Change ...... 195 Wildlife Trade and Traditional Chinese Medicine ...... 196 Business and Human Rights ...... 202 Findings and Recommendations ...... 202 Introduction ...... 205 Corporate Involvement in Possible Crimes Against Humanity in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ...... 205 Clothing Made With Forced Labor Imported Into United States ...... 207

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