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Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, -
Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 97 Article 2 Issue 2 Winter Winter 2007 At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W. Brenner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Susan W. Brenner, At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare, 97 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 379 (2006-2007) This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/07/9702-0379 THE JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 97. No. 2 Copyright 0 2007 by NorthwesternUniversity. Schoolof Low Printedin U.S.A. "AT LIGHT SPEED": ATTRIBUTION AND RESPONSE TO CYBERCRIME/TERRORISM/WARFARE SUSAN W. BRENNER* This Article explains why and how computer technology complicates the related processes of identifying internal (crime and terrorism) and external (war) threats to social order of respondingto those threats. First, it divides the process-attribution-intotwo categories: what-attribution (what kind of attack is this?) and who-attribution (who is responsiblefor this attack?). Then, it analyzes, in detail, how and why our adversaries' use of computer technology blurs the distinctions between what is now cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare. The Article goes on to analyze how and why computer technology and the blurring of these distinctions erode our ability to mount an effective response to threats of either type. -
Proquest Dissertations
CAPTURING THE PLATFORM HOW PUBLIC RELATIONS SPUN THE BEIJING OLYMPICS MANFRED BECKER A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO AUGUST 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-80490-2 Our file Notre r6f4rence ISBN: 978-0-494-80490-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. -
New Media in New China
NEW MEDIA IN NEW CHINA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEMOCRATIZING EFFECT OF THE INTERNET __________________ A University Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, East Bay __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Communication __________________ By Chaoya Sun June 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Chaoya Sun ii NEW MEOlA IN NEW CHINA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEMOCRATIlING EFFECT OF THE INTERNET By Chaoya Sun III Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 PART 1 NEW MEDIA PROMOTE DEMOCRACY ................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 9 THE COMMUNICATION THEORY OF HAROLD INNIS ........................................ 10 NEW MEDIA PUSH ON DEMOCRACY .................................................................... 13 Offering users the right to choose information freely ............................................... 13 Making free-thinking and free-speech available ....................................................... 14 Providing users more participatory rights ................................................................. 15 THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW MEDIA ................ 16 PART 2 2008 IN RETROSPECT: FRAGILE CHINESE MEDIA UNDER THE SHADOW OF CHINA’S POLITICS ........................................................................... -
Getting to Yes with China in Cyberspace
Getting to Yes with China in Cyberspace Scott Warren Harold, Martin C. Libicki, Astrid Stuth Cevallos C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr1335 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-0-8330-9249-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark Cover Image: US President Barack Obama (R) checks hands with Chinese president Xi Jinping after a press conference in the Rose Garden of the White House September 25, 2015 in Washington, DC. President Obama is welcoming President Jinping during a state arrival ceremony. Photo by Olivier Douliery/ABACA (Sipa via AP Images). Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. -
Cyber Warfare a “Nuclear Option”?
CYBER WARFARE A “NUCLEAR OPTION”? ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH CYBER WARFARE: A “NUCLEAR OPTION”? BY ANDREW KREPINEVICH 2012 © 2012 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. About the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA) is an independent, nonpartisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security strategy and investment options. CSBA’s goal is to enable policymakers to make informed decisions on matters of strategy, secu- rity policy and resource allocation. CSBA provides timely, impartial, and insight- ful analyses to senior decision makers in the executive and legislative branches, as well as to the media and the broader national security community. CSBA encour- ages thoughtful participation in the development of national security strategy and policy, and in the allocation of scarce human and capital resources. CSBA’s analysis and outreach focus on key questions related to existing and emerging threats to US national security. Meeting these challenges will require transforming the national security establishment, and we are devoted to helping achieve this end. About the Author Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. is the President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, which he joined following a 21-year career in the U.S. Army. He has served in the Department of Defense’s Office of Net Assessment, on the personal staff of three secretaries of defense, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board Task Force on Joint Experimentation, and the Defense Policy Board. He is the author of 7 Deadly Scenarios: A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century and The Army and Vietnam. -
Advanced Persistent Threats
Advanced Persistent Threats September 30, 2010 By: Ali Golshan ([email protected]) Agenda Page Current Threat Landscape 2 The Disconnect 10 The Risk 19 What now? 25 Section 1 Current Threat Landscape • Context • Common Targets for APTs • Recent Attacks • Shift in Purpose • Repercussions Section 1 - Current Threat Landscape Context Conventional Cyber Attacks • Conventional cyber attacks use known vulnerabilities to exploit the un-specific targets • Examples include malware (viruses, worms and Trojans), and traditional hacking and cracking methods Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) • There is a new breed of attacks that is being referred to as Advanced Persistent Threats • APTs are targeted cyber based attacks using unknown vulnerabilities, customized to extract a specific set of data from a specific organization • APTs have the following characteristics that make them particularly dangerous: • Persistent: The persistent nature makes them difficult to be extracted • Updatable: The attacker can update the malware to be able to continuously evade security solutions even as they are upgraded Section 1 - Current Threat Landscape APTs target specific organizations to obtain specific information Since these are specialized attacks, they are customized for their targets, and are designed to extract very specific information based on the target. Most common targets are: Government agencies • Government agencies are targeted by Foreign Intelligence Services (FIS) • APTs can be used for theft of military level secrets and in cyber warfare for destabilization along with conventional warfare • 2007 McAfee report stated approximately 120 countries are trying to create weaponized internet capabilities • Example: The Russia-Georgia war of 2008 was the first example of a APT coinciding with conventional warfare. -
Nadzor in Zasebnost V Informacijski Družbi
Matej Kovačič NADZOR IN ZASEBNOST V INFORMACIJSKI DRUŽBI Filozofski, sociološki, pravni in tehnični vidiki nadzora in zasebnosti na internetu Znanstvena knjižnica Fakulteta za družbene vede Ljubljana, 2006 Matej Kovačič NADZOR IN ZASEBNOST V INFORMACIJSKI DRUŽBI Filozofski, sociološki, pravni in tehnični vidiki nadzora in zasebnosti na internetu Izdajatelj: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za družbene vede Kardeljeva ploščad 5, Ljubljana Zbirka: Znanstvena knjižnica 55 Urednik: dr. Niko Toš Uredniški odbor: dr. Vlado Benko, dr. Zdenko Roter, dr. Tomo Korošec, dr. Vlado Miheljak, dr. Niko Toš Recenzenta: dr. Slavko Splichal dr. Alenka Šelih Likovna oprema: Polona Mesec-Kurdija Lektura: Dora Mali CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 342.721:004.738.5 004.738.5 KOVAČIČ, Matej, 1974- Nadzor in zasebnost v informacijski družbi [Elektronski vir] : filozofski, sociološki, pravni in tehnični vidiki nadzora in zasebnosti na internetu / Matej Kovačič. - Ljubljana : Fakulteta za družbene vede, 2006. - (Znanstvena knjižnica / Fakulteta za družbene vede ; 55) Način dostopa (URL): http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/eknjige/EK_Kovacic_2006_Nadzor.pdf . - Opis temelji na verziji z dne 19.12.2006 ISBN-10 961-235-261-5 ISBN-13 978-961-235-261-5 230725632 Knjigo je sofinancirala Agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. Knjiga je izdana pod Creative Commons licenco: “Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 2.5 Slovenija”. Celotno pravno besedilo licence je dostopno na spletni strani: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- -
Red Teaming the Red Team: Utilizing Cyber Espionage to Combat Terrorism
Journal of Strategic Security Volume 6 Number 5 Volume 6, No. 3, Fall 2013 Supplement: Ninth Annual IAFIE Article 3 Conference: Expanding the Frontiers of Intelligence Education Red Teaming the Red Team: Utilizing Cyber Espionage to Combat Terrorism Gary Adkins The University of Texas at El Paso Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss pp. 1-9 Recommended Citation Adkins, Gary. "Red Teaming the Red Team: Utilizing Cyber Espionage to Combat Terrorism." Journal of Strategic Security 6, no. 3 Suppl. (2013): 1-9. This Papers is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Red Teaming the Red Team: Utilizing Cyber Espionage to Combat Terrorism This papers is available in Journal of Strategic Security: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol6/iss5/ 3 Adkins: Red Teaming the Red Team: Utilizing Cyber Espionage to Combat Terrorism Red Teaming the Red Team: Utilizing Cyber Espionage to Combat Terrorism Gary Adkins Introduction The world has effectively exited the Industrial Age and is firmly planted in the Information Age. Global communication at the speed of light has become a great asset to both businesses and private citizens. However, there is a dark side to the age we live in as it allows terrorist groups to communicate, plan, fund, recruit, and spread their message to the world. Given the relative anonymity the Internet provides, many law enforcement and security agencies investigations are hindered in not only locating would be terrorists but also in disrupting their operations. -
Share — Copy and Redistribute the Material in Any Medium Or Format
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 KOREA You are free to : Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Under the follwing terms : Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation. This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the license. Disclaimer 국제학석사학위논문 Wired For War: An Analysis of United States Cyber Security Against a Rising China 하이테크 전쟁: 중국의 부상에 대응하는 미국의 사이버 안보에 관한 연구 2017년 8월 서울대학교 국제대학원 국제학과 국제협력 전공 에멧 존슨 Wired For War: An Analysis of United States Cybersecurity Against a Rising China 하이테크 전쟁: 중국의 부상에 대응하는 미국의 사이버 안보에 관한 연구 Thesis By Emmett Johnson Graduate Program in International Cooperation In Fulfillment of the Requirements For The Degree of Master in International Studies August 2017 Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Wired For War: An Analysis of United States Cyber Security Against a Rising China The United States hegemony is challenged by China. With China’s economic and military rise, it is inevitable a power transition will take place. -
State Cyberspace Operations Proposing a Cyber Response Framework
Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies Occasional Paper State Cyberspace Operations Proposing a Cyber Response Framework Gary D Brown State Cyberspace Operations Proposing a Cyber Response Framework Gary D Brown RUSI Occasional Paper, September 2020 Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies ii State Cyberspace Operations 189 years of independent thinking on defence and security The Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) is the world’s oldest and the UK’s leading defence and security think tank. Its mission is to inform, influence and enhance public debate on a safer and more stable world. RUSI is a research-led institute, producing independent, practical and innovative analysis to address today’s complex challenges. Since its foundation in 1831, RUSI has relied on its members to support its activities. Together with revenue from research, publications and conferences, RUSI has sustained its political independence for 189 years. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not reflect the views of RUSI or any other institution. They are not an official policy or position of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense or the US government. Published in 2020 by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – Non-Commercial – No-Derivatives 4.0 International Licence. For more information, see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/>. RUSI Occasional Paper, September 2020. ISSN 2397-0286 (Online). Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies Whitehall London SW1A 2ET United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7747 2600 www.rusi.org RUSI is a registered charity (No. -
Analyzing the Evolution of China's Cyber Espionage Campaigns
Getting Harder to Catch Analyzing the Evolution of China’s Cyber Espionage Campaigns against the United States through a Case Study of APT1 -------- Winnona DeSombre – Comp116 Security Final Paper Advisor: Ming Chow 1. Abstract The relationship between China and the United States is arguably one of the more thorny dynamics in the sphere of international politics, complicated further by each country’s increasing cyber espionage and cyber warfare capabilities. As early as 2007, the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission has labeled China’s espionage efforts “the single greatest risk to the security of American technologies”1. However, as cyber security is a relatively new field in international relations, there is little set precedence for pressing charges or taking other action against individuals or groups conducting cyber attacks or espionage. This paper is composed of three parts: part one contains an overview of China-US relations within the context of the cyber realm and dilemmas in the international sphere regarding formulation of cyber security policy. Part two is a case study of the hacker unit APT1, a hacker unit argued to be the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Unit 61398, which covers both APT1’s history and an analysis of its cyber espionage campaigns. Part three reviews the general trends of APT1 within the context of the 2015 US-China Cyber Agreement and China-US relations regarding cyber security in general, and how the trends can possibly impact future actions of international actors and state-sponsored hacker groups. 2. To the Community: Defining Critical Infrastructure & Setting Policy Boundaries Policy often moves at a slower pace than technical innovation, especially when compared to the exponential rates of technological change in cyber capabilities.