Ívar Jónsson Samvinnuhreyfingar Bandaríkjanna, Bretlands, Íslands Og Svíþjóðar - Tilvikarannsókn

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Ívar Jónsson Samvinnuhreyfingar Bandaríkjanna, Bretlands, Íslands Og Svíþjóðar - Tilvikarannsókn Ívar Jónsson Samvinnuhreyfingar Bandaríkjanna, Bretlands, Íslands og Svíþjóðar - tilvikarannsókn - Rannsóknaraðstoðarmenn: Signý Sigurðardóttir Hrannar Magnússon Bifröst 2003 Höfundarréttur/Copyright © Ívar Jónsson Efnisyfirlit Formáli i 1. Kafli Inngangur – rökfræði samvinnufélaga 1 Hvað eru samvinnufélög? 1 Efnahagsleg nauðhyggja 5 Hugmyndin um ‘nýja hagkerfið’ 6 Hin nýja svæðastefna 8 Heimsvæðing 8 Hlutverk samvinnufélaga í nútímasamfélögum 9 Rökin með og á móti samvinnurekstri 10 i. Efnahagsleg rök 10 ii. Stjórnmálaleg rök 15 iii. Samfélagsleg rök 16 Efnisskipan í þessari skýrslu 16 2. Kafli Samvinnuhreyfingin á Bretlandi 17 Inngangur 17 Jarðvegurinn – Bretland á tímum iðnbyltingarinnar 17 Hugmyndafræðin 19 Stofnun fyrsta kaupfélagsins í Rochdale 1844 22 Samvinnuhreyfingin á Bretlandi 30 Lagarammi 30 Uppbygging hreyfingarinnar 34 Staðan í dag 58 3. Kafli Samvinnuhreyfingin í Svíþjóð 65 Inngangur 65 Rætur samsvinnuhreyfingarinnar í Svíþjóð 65 Frá verkamannahringjum til samvinnufélaga 67 Samband samvinnufélaga stofnað 68 Samvinnufélög í Svíþjóð í dag 69 Af hverju samvinnufélög? 74 Lokaorð 77 4. Kafli Samvinnuhreyfingin í Bandaríkjunum 79 Inngangur 79 Rekstrarform í Bandaríkjunum 79 Kostir samvinnufélagsformsins 82 Umsvif samvinnufélaga í Bandaríkjunum 82 Rætur hreyfingarinnar 85 Hin nýja kynslóð samvinnufélaga í Bandaríkjunum 87 Svona eru nýju kynslóðar samvinnufélög stofnuð 96 5. Kafli Íslensk samvinnuhreyfing á tímamótum 97 Inngangur 97 Rætur samvinnuhreyfingarinnar á Íslandi 97 Megin tímabilin í sögu íslenskrar samvinnuhreyfingar 98 i. Verðkröfufélögin 1830-70 99 ii. Verslunarfélögin 1870-1882 99 iii. Bernskuár kaupfélaganna 1882-1902 99 iv. Þroskaskeið samvinnufélaga 1902-1918 102 v. Iðnvæðingarskeið samvinnufélaga 1919-1945 104 vi. Blómaskeið samvinnufélaga 1946-85 112 vii. Samdráttarskeið samvinnufélaga 1986-2000 123 viii. Nýsköpun samvinnufélaga 2000-x Staða samvinnuhreyfingarinnar á Íslandi á nýrri öld 138 Sóknarfæri samvinnufélaga 147 Viðauki 1 Skráð samvinnufélög á Íslandi í ágúst 2002 eftir atvinnugreinum 156 Viðauki 2 Dóttur- og hlutdeildarfélög samvinnufélaga 2002 161 Viðauki 3 Eignaraðilar að ýmsum fyrirtækjum sem samvinnufélög eiga hlut í 162 Viðauki 4 Dótturfélög kaupfélaga 165 6. Kafli Samanburður - lokaorð 167 Inngagnur 167 i. Sögulegar rætur 167 ii. Umfang hreyfinganna 168 iii. Viðbrögð við breyttu efnahags- og stjórnmálaumhverfi 171 Formáli Tildrög þessarar skýrslu eru þau að stjórn Sambands íslenskra samvinnufélaga fór þess á leit við Viðskiptaháskólann á Bifröst, að unnin yrði skýrsla um stöðu samvinnuhreyfinganna á Íslandi og í nágrannalöndunum. Dr. Ívar Jónsson, prófessor tók verkið að sér og skilgreindi rannsóknarsnið rannsóknarinnar. Til samanburðar við íslensku hreyfinguna voru systurhreyfingarnar á Bretlandi og í Bandaríkjunum og Svíþjóð valdar. Rannsókna af þessu tagi hefur ekki áður verið gerð og því var að ýmsu leyti rennt blint í sjóinn. Við val á þessum ólíku tilvikum var haft í huga að saga og samfélagsleg umgjörð hreyfinganna er mjög mismunandi í löndunum fjórum, en á undanförnum árum hafa þær allar farið í gegnum feril samdráttar. Skýrslan gerir grein fyrir ólíkum viðbrögðum hreyfinganna við þessum aðstæðum. Til verksins voru ráðnir tveir rannsóknaraðstoðarmenn, þ.e. Hrannar Magnússon viðskiptalögfræðinemi og Signý Sigurðardóttir rekstrarfræðingur. Þau fengu það verkefni að afla gagna um hreyfingarnar í Svíþjóð og á Bretlandi og setja saman skýrslur í samræmi við rannsóknarsnið rannsóknarinnar. Þau lögðu mikla vinnu og metnað í þetta verk og er þeim þakkað þeirra framlag. Ýmsir aðilar hafa lesið hluta af drögum að skýrslunni og ber sérstaklega að þakka Jóhannesi Geir Sigurgeirssyni, Sigurði Markússyni og Þóri Páli Guðjónssyni, núverandi og fyrrverandi stjórnarmönnum í Sambandi íslenskra samvinnufélaga, fyrir athugasemdir þeirra. Skýrslan í heild er þó alfarið á ábyrgð undirritaðs. Bifröst 15. mars 2003. i 1. Kafli Inngangur – rökfræði samvinnufélaga Samvinnufélög eru mikilvæg í nútíma hagkerfum. Sem dæmi má nefna að í Evrópusambandslöndum eru um 180.000 samvinnufélög með um 80 milljónir meðlima og um 3.2 milljónir starfsmanna. Umsvif samvinnufélaga í Bandaríkjunum eru mikil á mörgum sviðum efnahagslífsins. Þar í landi eru 47 þúsund samvinnufélög rekin með um 100 milljónir viðskiptavina eða um 40% íbúanna. Í þessum kafla verða samvinnufélög skilgreind og hlutverk þeirra skoðað í ljósi þeirrar efnahags- og samfélagsumræðu sem áberandi er í dag. Þá verður fjallað um rökin með og á móti samvinnurekstri og loks gerð grein fyrir efnisskipan þessarar skýrslu. Hvað eru samvinnufélög? Samvinnufélög eru þekktust sem samtök neytenda sem stofna og reka félag um verslum með vörur fyrir félagsmenn. Samvinnufélög eru líka starfandi á ýmsum öðrum sviðum þjónustu. T.a.m. eru þau víða um lönd starfandi á sviði heilbrigðisþjónustu, barnagæslu, öldrunarþjónustu, sérfræði- og ráðgjafarþjónustu o.fl. Víða eru til lánasjóðir sem reknir eru í samvinnufélagsformi og húsnæðissamvinnufélög eru t.d. mikilvæg á norrænum húsnæðismarkaði. Framleiðslufélög bænda eru víða afar sterk og sömu sögu er að segja um birgjafélög og sölufélög. Loks eru til verkamannasamvinnufélög, þ.e. fyrirtæki sem starfsmennirnir eiga sjálfir. Flóra samvinnufélaga er mikil, en hvað er það sem sameinar öll þessi félög? Það eru nokkrar grundvallar reglur sem mótað hafa skipulag þeirra allt frá því þær voru samþykktar í samvinnufélaginu sem stofnað var af 28 mönnum í vefnaðarbænum Rochdale nálægt Manchester í Englandi árið 1944. Fyrsta reglan var lýðræðisleg stjórnun sem byggð var á þeirri forsendu að sérhver meðlimur félagsins hefði eitt atkvæði óháð því hversu stóran hlut hann eða hún ætti. Önnur reglan fólst í opinni félagsaðild því hver sem er gat gerst félagi hvenær sem var gegn því að greiða aðildargjald sem var haft mjög lágt. Þriðja reglan var að vextir skyldu vera lágir sem 1 greiddir voru fyrir lánsfjármagn. Fjórða reglan fólst í því að hagnað af rekstrinum skyldi greiða meðlimum í hlutfalli við umfang viðskipta þeirra við félagið. Fimmta reglan fólst í kröfunni um að í öllum viðskiptum skyldi vera greitt út í hönd. Sjötta reglan krafðist þess að aðeins yrði verslað með ósvikna vöru, Sjöunda reglan fól félaginu það verkefni að mennta og fræða meðlimi. Áttunda reglan krafðist stjórnmálalegs og trúarlegs hlutleysis (J. Birchall 1997: 7). Á myndinni eru 13 af upphaflegum stofnendum Rochdale félagsins (Co-operative Wholesale Society) Í stórum dráttum fylgja nútíma samvinnufélög sömu grunnreglum og Rochdale-félagið gerði upprunalega og hafa þessar reglur víða um lönd verið greipt í lög um samvinnufélög sem lögð eru til grundvallar samvinnurekstri. Það er einkum reglan um að hver meðlimur hefur eitt atkvæði óháð því hversu mikill hlutur viðkomandi er í félaginu sem höfð er í hávegum enn þann dag í dag. Sömu sögu er að segja um stjórnmálalegt og trúarlegt hlutleysi félaganna. Reglan um að afrakstrinum sé skipt upp milli meðlima í hlutfalli við umfang viðskipta þeirra er enn við lýði. Reglan um að aðildargjöld skuli vera svo lág að hver sem er geti gerst félagi er ekki jafn mikilvæg í dag og hún var í upphafi. Hin svokölluðu ‘nýju kynslóðar samvinnufélög’ sem fjölgaði hratt á tíunda áratug síðustu aldar í Bandaríkjunum og hafa náð útbreiðslu í Evrópu á síðustu árum, byggjast á annarri reglu en lágmarks aðildargjöldum (sjá kaflann um samvinnuhreyfinguna í Bandaríkjunum síðar í þessari 2 skýrslu). ‘Nýju kynslóðar samvinnufélögin’ byggja á þeirri reglu að bændur kaupa dýran afhendingarrétt á afurðum sínum sem þeir/þær leggja inn í afurðavinnslustöðvar sem reknar eru í samvinnufélagsformi. Afhendingarrétturinn er jafnframt hlutabréf í félaginu og hafa félagar rétt til að selja þau, en þeir fá arð af rekstri vinnslustöðvarinnar í samræmi við umfang afhendingarréttar síns. Þessi nýju félög eru því lokaðri en hefðbundin samvinnufélög. Þrátt fyrir að þau séu lokaðri en hin eldri félög halda nýju félögin í heiðri öðrum grunnreglum samvinnufélaga. Á Íslandi segir í lögum um samvinnufélög að þau séu öllum opin því félagatala er óbundin. Stofnfé er ekki fastákveðin fjárhæð og félagsmenn og aðrir félagsaðilar bera ekki persónulega ábyrgð á heildarskuldbindingum félagsins (Lög um samvinnufélög nr. 22/1991). Í lögunum segir að samvinnufélögum sé heimilt og skylt að bera heitin kaupfélag (skammstafað kf.), samvinnufélag (svf.), pöntunarfélag (pf.) eða framleiðslusamvinnufélag (fsf.). Þó mega hlutafélög, sem stofnuð eru uppúr kaupfélögum halda orðinu kaupfélagi óstyttu í nafni sínu. Starfssvið samvinnufélags geta verið margvísleg skv. lögunum um samvinnufélög. Þau útvega félagsmönnum og öðrum vörur og hvers konar þjónustu til eigin þarfa. Auk þess vinna og selja þau afurðir sem félagsmenn framleiða í eigin atvinnurekstri. Loks er samvinnufélögum almennt ætlað að annast starfsemi er miðar á annan hátt að því að efla hag félagsmanna. Samvinnufélögum er leyfilegt að starfrækja innlánsdeildir sem taka við innlögum frá félagsmönnum og viðskiptaaðilum til ávöxtunar sem rekstrarfé félagsins. Það er skýrt tekið fram í lögunum að óheimilt er innlánsdeild að veita lán í eigin nafni og hún telst hvorki innláns- né lánastofnun í skilningi laga um Seðlabanka Íslands (sama: 2. gr.). Möguleikar samvinnufélaga á að stunda starfsemi á fjármálamarkaði er þannig skertur samkvæmt lögum. Samvinnufélög eru öllum opin. Þegar þau eru stofnuð er skylt að kveðja til stofnfundar á því starfssvæði eða starfssviði sem félaginu er ætlað að ná til og skal boða stofnfundinn með opinberri auglýsingu og með þeim hætti að ætla megi að berist til allra þeirra sem hag geti haft af þátttöku
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