Indicator Species of Forested Plant Associations on National Forests in Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington

Home , Adenocaulon, Arnica latifolia, Ceanothus sanguineus, Coptis occidentalis, Festuca occidentalis, Hieracium albertinum

Principal Indicator Species of Forested Plant Associations on National Forests in Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington

By Charles Grier Johnson. Jr Area Ecologist - Area 3

1988 USDA - Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ri close-up photography is often hard to achieve. A lot of graniune is extended to some plant photographers who helped provide some needed pictures to complete the coverage of the species provided in this field guide Photographs are credited to. Bill Hopkins Charlie Johnson Karl Urban Len Votland Clint Williams Al Wiriward

Editorial help was provided by Vicki Medlin and Bill Hopkins. Word processing was performed by Tern Cummings Drawings have been used from

Hitchcock. ci al (1955. 1959. 1961. 1964. 1969) and are used by permission of the University 01 Washington, Pres. Seattle. Washington.

The copying ol line drawings was performed by Nancy Javins, Chris Leeper. and Kathi Sayers INTRODUCTION The purpose of this indicator species guide is to provide handy reference for Ihe most diagnostic species of the forested plant associations found in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains. The user will be able to key to the proper plant associations once knowing how to identity the plants that give site interpretation. Indicator plants are not always the most common plants. Often they are used in conjunction with other indicative plants to make a call of the proper plant associations Once knowing how to identify these species. the user will be able to understand the environmental or habitat characteristics necessary for sustaining the plant that gives it different rating qualities. Plant associations are plant communities (groupings of plants) growing in uniform habitats with long-term, stable species (climax species). If the particular stand can persist and develop in its envi- ronment without major disturbing influences, the potential of the site is reached Once knowing Ihe potential ol a site, we can then manage our lands to either achieve that potential or influence the character of our plant communities to attain other objectives. The plant association classifications provide management considera- tions for the land manager based on the proper identity of the flora comprising the plant communities.

Plant associations have been described for the Maiheur. Umatilla. and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests in two publications to date: Halt (1973) for the Blue Mountains: and Johnson and Simon (1987) for the Wallowa Mountains. An update of the Blue Mountain classification is being prepared at this time with anticipated 1990 publication. Some plants are included in this Indicator Species Guide in anticipation of new Blue Mountain plant associations requiring knowledge of these indicators FORMAT OF THE SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS FRONT OF PAGE Common Name: The most widely accepted common name used in the ocal area Scientific Name: The currently accepted generic, specific and vari- etal names are given following Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest" by Hitchcock, et al. In some cases, the previ- Ously accepted scientific name is provided in parentheses. Family Name: The family to which the species belongs is given beneath the scientific name. Code: The alpha-numeric code used widely for computerization is provided following Northwest Plant Names and Symbols." by Garrison. et al. Range: Describes the geographic limits of the species in the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Provides the moisture, temperature. elevational require- ments for the species and the kind of forest in which they grow Look Alikes: Similar species that are often confused with the plant being described and how that species difters from it Indicator Value: The value in knowing the described plant in order to key out the plant associations. Important plant associations are often listed of which the species is indicative. Miscellany: Provides interesting and useful information about the plant. Native American use. current use. edibility or toxicity. palatability to ungulates, and response to silvicultural management are provided here Photograph: The best available color photograph is provided to help in diagnosis BACK OF PAGE

Common name. scientitic name, and code are given as headings. Habit: The general appearance of the plant including stature, size, roots, longevity of plant, and toliage Stems and Bark: On shrub species, the color, hairiness, branching pattern, and texture are provided. Leaves: The shape. size. venation. margins, hairiness, color, arrangement on stem. etc Son: The shape of the cluster ot spore-bearing structures on tern tronds. Inflorescence: Used in grass-sedge section descriptions to describe the flowers and stalks of grasses and sedges. Flowers: The size, shape, color, kind of inflorescences and month of flowering Fruit: Type. color, number, size, and important diagnostic features. Line Drawing: Important features are provided from illustrations in Hitchcock, et al (5 vol. set - 1955, 1959, 1961, 1964. 1969). AHYSSO1D S GLOSSARY OF TERMS Achene - Small, dry 1-seeded fruit covered by ovary wall and free from the seed (i.e. grass). Acuminate - Tapering to a long point Acute - Pointed at less than a right angle Alternate - Singly located at a node Apetalous - Without petals. Aril - Pulpy outer covering of a seed as found on yew shrubs. Auricle - An ear-like lobe on grasses at the leaf-culm juncture Awn (awned) - Bristle-like appendage on the back or top of p glumes and lemmas of some grass spikelets W Axil (axillary) - The angle between leaf and stem; the location of inflorescences in some forbs and shrubs. Banner - The upper petal of a legurninaceous pea-like) flower. Beak - A narrow projection on some fruits. Berry - Fleshy fruit with several seeds (i.e.. grapes). Biennial - A plant that takes two years to complete its development and usually blooms the second year Bipinnate - twice pinnate. Biternate - Twice ternate. Blade The expanded part of a leaf. Bract - Modified leaf subtending (below) a flower or cluster of flowers. Caespitose - Tufted, bunched Calyx - The sepals of a flower - collectively. Capsule - Dry, dehiscent fruit of two or more chambers (carpels) usually containing many seed (i.e.. Iris) Catkin - Elongate, deciduous cluster of flowers (i.e.. willows). Caudex - The thickened, often woody base above the roots. Cauline - Pertaining to the stem. Ciliate - Containing hairs or bristles on the leaf margin Collar - The outer side of the leaf where the blade and sheath come together in grasses. Compound -- Composed ot two or more parts leaves- two or more leaflets, Cordate - Heart-shaped. Corolla - The petals of a flower collectively Corymb - Rounded or flat-topped inflorescence. pedicels or floral branches are attached at intervals with the outer longest and the inner progressively shorter. CuIm - The flowering stem of a grass or sedge. Cuneate - Wedge-shaped: as a leaf shape. Cyme -. Rounded or flat-topped inflorescence pedicels or floral branches are often attached at a single point and radiate outward: oldest flowers terminate main axis. Deciduous -.Falling off at the end of a season of growth or life: nonevérgreen Dehiscent - A fruit that splits open. Dentate - Toothed, teeth acute and pointing outward on leaf margin. Dioecious - Plants with unisexual flowers produced on separate plants (i e.. holly). Drupe - Fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a pit: a stone fruit (i.e.. peach, cherry). Entire - Leaf margin without teeth or indentations: continuously even. Florets - The small flowers of grasses (consisting of palea, lemma, and included sexual parts). Follicle - Dry fruit of one chamber (carpel) that splits on one side (i.e., milkweed, larkspur). Forb - Herbaceous (nonwoody) plant with broad leaves that die back at the end of the growing season (excludes grasses and sedges). Frond- The leaf of a fern. Galea - The upper concave lip of a 2-lipped calyx or corolla (i e Pedicularis spp.) Glabrous - Smooth, without hairs or glands. Gland (glandular) - A hair that secretes nectar; having glands and stickiness. Glaucous - Bluish, whitish, or grayish in color due to a coating of powdery or waxy particles. Glumes - A pair of scale-like bracts enclosing the grass spikelet. Head - Inflorescence of dense sessile flowers (i.e.. composite). Herbaceous - Non-woody plant with stems dying back at the end of the growing season (includes sedges and grasses). Hip - The fruit of a rose; Fleshy portion composed of receptacle, hypanthium, and the included achenes. lmbricate - Overlapping like shingles on a roof. Incised - Leaf margin: cut sharply, irregularly, and deeply. Indehiscerit - A fruit that does not split open. Indusium The structure that covers the sod of many Ferns Inflorescence - The floral cluster of a plant; the arrangement of the flowers. Involucre - A whorl of bracts below an inflorescence. Keel (keeled) - A sharp crease or ridge (as on a boat); the lower petals of a leguminaceous (pea-like) flower Lanceolate - Elongate with curved sides and pointed end; widest part in middle. Leaflet - One of the divisions of a compound leaf Legume - Dry, dehiscent fruit of one carpel (chanter) splitting al maturity along two sutures (i.e.. pea). Lemma - A bract enclosing the flower in the spikelet of a grass; sometimes awned. Lenticels - Lens-shaped corky lines on the bark of some woody plants (i.e.. cherry). Merous - A suffix indicating the number of parts or floral organs. Mesic - Moist (neither very wet nor very dry). Monoecious - Having separate male and female flowers on the same plant (i.e.. corn). Mucronate - Apex of leaf with a short, sharp point Node - Point on a stem where leaves or branches are attached. Nut - Dry, indehiscent fruit with a hard, bony shell and one-seed (i.e., walnut). Oblanceolate -- "Upside down' or inverted lanceolate; broadest above the middle. Oblong -Elongate with parallel sides: length usually less than ten times the width, Opposite - In pairs on either side of the node (leaves): inserted in front of the petals and opposite (stamens). Orbicufar - Circular in outline. Ovate - Egg-shaped: broadest part below the middle. Palatability -- Relative use made by grazing or browsing animals (deer, elk, cattle, sheep. horses) usually related to degree of preferability and need Unpalatable may reflect slight use rather than the plant being inedible. Varies by season, total plant composition available, and the local area. Palmate - Three or more lobes or parts arising from a common point (as fingers on a hand) Panicle -- An elongate inflorescence with compound branching pattern. Pappus- Hairs, bristles, scales, or awns arising from the achene of a composite flower, Pedicel (Pedicellate) - The stalk of a single flower in an i nf lorescen ce. Peduncle - The stalk of an intlorescence. Perennial - A plant that lives for more than two years. Petal -- The white or colored part of the corolla that serves to attract pollinating insects. Petiole (petiolate) - The stalk of a leaf, Pinnae - The primary divisions of a pinnately compound leaf (i.e., fern). Pinnate -. Having parts arranged in two rows along a common axis (like a feather). Pinnule -- The leaflet on a pinna (ultimate leaf segment of a fern frond). Pistillate - The female flower. Pith - The soft spongy central cylinder in woody stems. Pod - A dry. dehiscent fruit (not precise). Pome - Fleshy fruit with a core (ia. apple) Prickles - Small, weak spines on the bark (I e., raspberry). Prostrate - Lying flat on the ground. Prow - The forward part of a ship (describes Poa spp. leaf tips) Pubescent - Covered with hairs. Raceme - An elongate inflorescence with single pedicels along the axis: usually blooming from base to apex Rachis - The axis of a spike or a pinnately compound leaf Ray - The marginal flower in a head at a composite: often strap- like and colored or white. Reniform - Kidney-shaped: broader than long, with rounded ends and a wide basal sinus. Retrorse - Directed downward: bent backward. Rhizome (rhizomatous) - A modified underground stem growing horizontally and developing new plants (i.e.. Kentucky bluegrass) Samara - Dry indehiscent fruit with one or more wings (i.e., maple) Scape - A leafless flowering stalk above basal leaves. Schizocarp - A fruit that splits into 1-seeded parts or chambers tie.. carrot). Sepal - The part of the calyx which is usually green and often leafy in texture. Serrate - Leaf margin with fine, sharp teeth that are inclined upward. Sessile - Flowers or leaves that lack a stalk Sheath - The portion of the leaf surrounding the culm Shrubs - A woody plant having several stems and lower in stature than a tree. Son - Clusters of sporangia on fern pinnae and fronds. Spatulate - Oblong, broader at the upper end and with a rounded apex (like a spatula). Spike - Elongated inflorescence of sessile flowers. Spikelets - The florets and glumes of a grass. Spine - A strong, sharp-pointed woody protrusion from the stem (i.e. rose). Stamen - The pollen-producing part of the flower. Staminate - The male flower. Stellate - Star-shaped hairs on stems or leaves. Stigma - The part of the pistil in a flower where pollen adheres and germinates. Stipule - Leafy appendages that appear at the point of attach- ment of leaf and stem. Stolon (stoloniferous) - A modified horizontal stem, above ground, that roots at the nodes developing new plants (i.e., strawberry) Style - The stalk-like part of the pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary in a flower. Sub-shrub - Somewhat shrubby though appearing herbaceous. Tendril - A part of a stem modified into a slender, twining, holdfast structure (i.e. peavines, vetches). Ternate - Arranged in three's. Translucent - A fruit that is partially transparent. Truncate - Base or apex of a leaf that is flattened as though cut- off. Umbel - A flat-topped or rounded inflorescence having flowers on pedicels of equal length and attached to the summit of the peduncle (blooms outside inward). Veins - Externally visible transporting tissue in a leaf. Venation - The system or pattern of veins. Whorl - A group of three or more parts at a node. Wing - The lateral petals of a leguminaceous (pea-like) flower. Xeric - Dry. SPECIES LIST BY SCIENTIFIC NAME SHRUBS

Scienlitic Name Code Common Name

Acer giabrurn ACOL Rocky Mountain maple A/ntis incana (old-tenuifolla) ALIN Thinleaf alder Ainus sinuata (old-sitcherisis) ALSI Sitka alder Amelanctuer atnifolia AMAL Serviceberry (old-florida) Arc rostaphylos nevadensis ARNE Pinemat manzanita Arcroshaphy/os uva-urs; ARUV Bearberry. kinnikinnick Artemisia tridentata spp. ARTRV Mountain big sagebrush vaseyana BerberiE repens BERE Creeping Oregon-grape Ceanothus sanguineus CESA Redstem ceanothus Ceanothus vetuhnus CEVE Snowbrush ceanothus Cercocarpus ledifohus CELE Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Chimaphila menziesn CHME Little pipsissewa ChimaphUa umbellata CHUM Princes pine Western pipsissewa Holodiscus discolor HODI Ocean spray Lnrtaea t'oreal,s L1802 Twin I lower Lonicera involucrata LOIN Bearberry honeysuckle Lonicera utahensis LOUT2 Utah honeysuckle Menziesia ferruginea var MEFE Fools huckleberry glabella Pachistima myrsinites PAM'! Pachistima. Oregon boxwood Phyllodoce empetriformis PHEM Pink mountain-heath Physocarpus ma/vaceus PHMA Mallow ninebark Purshia tridenrata PUIR Bitterbrush Ribes core urn RICE Squaw or wax currant Ribes lacustre HILA Swamp gooseberry Ribes v,scosssImum RIVI Sticky currant Rosa gymriocarpa RUG'! Baldhip rose Rosa nut kana var hispida RONUH Nootka rose Rosa woods/i var. uutramontanaROWOU Pearhip rose Salix scouleriana SASC Scouler willow Shepherd/a canadensis SHCA Buffaloberry Spiraea betu/ifolia (old-/ucida) SPBE Birchleaf spiraea . Symphoricarpos a/bus SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos oreophi/us SYOR Mountain snowberry Taxus brevifo/ia TABR Pacific yew Vaccirüum membranaceum VAME Big huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium VASC Grouse huckleberry . .

. . . SPECIES LIST BY COMMON NAME SHRUBS

Common Name Code Scientific Name

Baldhip rose ROGY RQSa gymnocarpa Bearberry honeysuckle LOIN Lonicera involucrata Bearberry. kinnikinnick ARUV Arciostiaphylos uva-ursi Big huckleberry VAME Vacciniurn rnembranaceum Birchleaf spiraea SPBE Spiraea betulitolea (old-Iuc/da) Bstlerbrush PUIR Purshia tridentala Butt aloberry SHCA Shepherdia canadensis Common snowberry SYAL Symphoricarpos a/bus Creeping Oregon-grape BERE Berberrs repens Curileaf mountain-mahogany CELE Gercocarpus (edifolius Fools huckleberry M EFE Menziesia ferruginea var g/abella Grouse huckleberry VASC Vaccinium scopariurn Little pipsissewa CHME Chimaphifa menziesii Mallow ninebark P1 MA Physocarpus malvaceus Mountain big sagebrush ARTRV Arremss;a Iridentala spp. vaseyana Mountain snowberry SYOR Symphoricarpos oreophilus Nootka rose RONUH Rosa nutkana var. hispida Ocean spray HO[)l Holodiscus discolor Pachistima, Oregon boxwood PAMY Pachist/ma myrsinites Pacific yew TABR Taxus brevifolta Pearhip rose ROWOU Rosa woods/i var. ultramontana Pinemat manzanita ARNE Arctosraphylos nevadensis Pink mountain-heath PHEM Phyilodoce empetriformis Princes pine Western CHUM Chirnaphila umbellata pipsissewa Redstem ceanothus CESA Ceanothus sangwneus Rocky Mountain Maple ACGL Acer glabrum Scouler willow SASC Salix scouleriana Serviceberry AMAL Amelanchier alnifolia (old-florida) Sitka alder ALSI Alnus sinuata (old-sit chensis) Snowbrush ceanothus CEVE Ceano thus velutinus Squaw or wax currant RICE Ribes cereum Sticky currant RIVI Ribes viscosissimum Swamp gooseberry RILA Ribes lacustre Thinleaf alder ALIN Alnus incana (old-f enuifolia) Twini lower LIBO2 Linnaea borealis Utah honeysuckle LOUT2 Lonicera utahensis SPECIES LIST BY SCIENTIFIC NAME GRASSES AND SEDGES

Scientific Name Code Common Name

Agropyron spicatum AGSP Bluebunch wheatgrass Bremus canna/us BACA Mountain brome Bromus vu/ga ris BRVU Columbia brome Ca/ama grostis rubescens CARU Pinegrass Carex concinnoides CACO Northwestern sedge Carex geyeri CAGE Elk sedge Garex ross/i CAIRO Ross sedge Elyrnus glaucus ELGL Blue wikut ye Fesrvca idahoensis FEID Idaho tescue Festuca occidenta/is FEOC Weslern Fescue Pea wee v'ndula FEVI Green fescue Koelarra cnstata KOCR Prairie junegrass Me/ice spectabilis MESP Purple oniongrass Pea nervosa var. wheeleri PONEW Wheelers bluegrass Pea pretensis POPR Kentucky bluegrass SPECIES LIST BY COMMON NAME GRASSES AND SEDGES Common Name Code Scientific Name S Blue wildrye ELGL Elymus glaucus Bluebunch wheatgrass AGSP Agropyron spicatum Columbia brome BRVU Bromus vulgar/s Elk sedge CAGE Carex geyeri Green fescue FEVI Festuca viridula S Idaho fescue FEID Festuca idahoensis Kentucky bluegrass POPR Poa pretensis Mountain brome BRCA Bromus carinatus Northwestern sedge CACO Carex concinnoides Pineg rass CARU Calamagrostis rubescens Prairie junegrass KOCR Koelaria cristata Purple oniongrass MESP Mel/ca spectabilis Ross sedge CARO Carex ross/i Western fescue FEOC Festuca occidental/s Wheelers bluegrass PONEW Poa nervosa var, whee/eri

S SPECIES LIST By SCIENTIFIC NAME FOR BS

Scientific Name Code Common Name

Adenocaulon b/color ADBI Trail plant, pathfinder At-tap/-ia/is margantacea ANMA Pearly everlasting Anemone pipe" ANPI Pipers anemone Arena na macrophylla ARMAS Bigleaf sandworl Am/ca cordifolia ARCO Hearileaf arnica Am/ca latitolia ARIA Mountain arnica Asarum cauda turn ASCA3 Wild ginger Aster conspicuus ASCO Showy aster Cirsium vu/game CIVU Bull thistle Clinton/a un/flora CLUN Queen's cup. beadlily Coot's occidental/s 000C2 Goldthread Cystopteris tragifts CYFP Brittle bladderfern Qisporum tracycarpurn DITA Fairybells Fragaria vesca FAVE Woods strawberry Fragania virgin/aria FRVI Broacipeta! strawberry Ga/him tntforum GATA Sweetscented bedstraw Goodyera oblongitolia GOOB Rattlesnake plantain Gymnocarpiumn dryopteris GYDR Oak fern 1-lieracium albertinum HIAL2 Western hawkweed Hieracium a/bitlonim HIAL White hawkweed Lathyrus lanszwertii LALA2 Thick-leaved peavine Lathynus nevadensis var. LANEC Cusicks peavine cusicki, Lathyrus pauciflorus LAPA2 Few-flowered peavine Linanmastrum nuttalift LINU Linanthastrum Lupinus caudatus LUCA Taitcup lupine Lupinus laxiflorus LULA2 Spurred lupine Mite/Ia pentandra MIPE Alpine mitrewort Mite/Ia stauropetala MIST2 Side-flowered mitrewort Osmorhiza chilensis OSCH Sweet cicely. sweetrool Pedicularts racemosa PERA Sickletop lousewort Po/err,on/um puichernimum POPU Skunk-leaved polemonium Polystichum munitum POMU Western swordfern Pieridium aquilinum PTAQ Bracken fern Pyro/a asarifolia PYAS Pink wintergreen Pyro/a secunda PYSE Sidebells pyrola Senecio triangu/aris SETR Arrowleat groundsel Smi/acine racemosa SMRA False Solomon's seal Smi/acina ste//ata SMST Starry Solomon's seal Strep/opus amp/exifolius SIAM Twisted stalk Tha/ictrum occidentale THOC Western meadowrue Tie re//a (rifoliata var unifolia (a TITRU Coolwort toamtlower Traufvetteria caroliniensis TRCA3 False bugbane Va/eriana sitchensis VASI Sitka valerian Viola glabe/la VIGL Woodland violet Viola orbicu/afa VIOR2 Round-leaved violet Viola purpurea VIPU Goosefoot violet SPECIES LIST BY COMMON NAME FORBS

Common Name Code Scientific Name

Alpine mitreworl MIPE Mite/Ia pentandra Arrowleat groundsel SE I H Senec,o trianpulans Bigleaf sanciwort ARMA3 Arenaria macrophy/la Bracken tern PTAQ Pteridium aquilinum Brittle bladderferri CYFR Cystopteris fragllis Broadpetal strawberry FRVI Fragana virginiana Bull thistle CIVU Cirsium vulgare Cociwort foamilower TITRU flare/Ia trifohata var unifoliata Cusicks peavine LANEC Lam yrus nevadensis var Gus ic/c ii Fairybells DITH Disporum Fracycarpum False bugbane TRCA3 Trautvetteria caroliniensis False Solomon's seal SMRA Smilacina racemosa Few-Ilowered peavine LAPA2 Lathyrus pauciflorus Goldthread 000C2 Coptis occidentalis Goosefoot violet VIPU Viola purpurea Heartleaf arnica ARCO Arnica cord/b/ia Linanthastrum LINU Linanthastrum nuttalhi Mountain amica ARLA Arnica latifolia Oak fern GYDR Gymnocarpium dryopteris Pearly everlasting ANMA Anaphalis margaritacea Pink wintergreen PYAS Pyrola asarifolia Piper's anemone ANPI Anemone piperi Oueens cup, beadlily CLUN Clinton/a un/flora Rattlesnake plantain GOOB Goodyera obiongifolia Round-leaved violet VIOR2 Viofa orb,culata Showy aster ASCO Aster conspicuus Sickletop lousewort PERA F'edicularis racemosa Sidebells pyrola PYSE Pyrolasecunda Side-flowered mitrewort MIST2 Mite/la srauropetala Sitka valerian VASI Vaferiana sitchensis Skunk-leaved polemonium POPU Polemonium puicherrimum Spurred lupine LULA2 Lupinus lax/flows Starry Solomon's seal SMST Smilacina stellafa Sweet cicely, sweetroot OSCH Osmorhiza chilensis S Sweetscented bedstraw GATR Galium triflorum Tailcup lupine LUCA Lupihus caudatus Thick-leaved peavine LALA2 Lath yrus lanszwer (ii Trail plant, pathfinder ADBI Adenocaulon bicolor Twisted stalk SIAM Streptopus amp/exifolius S Western hawkweed HIAL2 Hieracium albert mum Western meadowrue THOC Tha/ictrum occidentale Western swordtern POM U Polystichum munitum White hawkweed HIAL Hmeracium a/b/florum Wild ginger ASCA3 Asarum caudatum Woodland violet VIGL Viola glabella Woods strawberry FRVE Fragaria vesca a Rocky Mountain Maple Acer gabrum ACGL Family - Aceraceae Range: Usually found east of the Cascades in Washington and Oregon Extends east to Idaho and western Montana where A. glabwm var doug/ash becomes more prevalent Both varieties occur in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains. Habitat: Moist seenage sites under grand fir and Douglas-fir corn- rnunities. Indicates higher productivity sites in PSME/PHMA communities Also occurs in riparian communities from low elevation canyon bottoms to mid-montane stream sides. Look Alikes: Our only maple in eastern Oregon. but may be confused with Aibes spp. and ninebark Leaves are opposite with maple and alternate with the look alikes. Indicator Value: Indicates ABGR/ACGL and PSME/ACGIJPHMA plant associations. Miscellany: Persists in open savanna as early to mid seral species in true fir communities Used by Native Americans for fabricating vessels and smoking of meats. Browsed readily by deer and elk. Rocky Mountain Maple Acer glabrum ACGL Habit: Deciduous shrub or small tree 3-33 feet tall. Big Tree: Cornet Creek, Baker Ranger District (Wallowa-Whitman), 37 inch circumference, Sterns: Smooth, reddish-brown bark turning gray with age; buds opposite, red, ovate, often paired. Leaves: Opposite, deciduous. simple, palmately lobed (3 to 5 main veIns); 2-5 inches in diameter; dark green above (reddish tints) and paler below; petiole-green (var. glabrum) or red (var. douglasii) and same length as leaf blade. Flowers: Small, greenish-yellow in axillary clusters (April - June). Fruit: Double samara, 1 inch long, joined at acute or right angle. Thinleaf Alder Alnus incana (old-tenuifolia) ALIN Family - Betulaceae Range: East ol Cascade Crest to Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana Habitat: Indicates seepages and areas of high water table Preva- lent along streams and meadow margins at tower montane elevations Look Alikes: Readily confused with Sitka alder (A. sinuata} which has sharply pointed winter buds. Thinleaf alder has rounded, blunt buds Indicator Value: An early successional species beneath grand lit series plant associations or an inclusion in late seral stands where sub-irrigation occurs. Seep and water-logged sites within upland grand f it series plant associations. May indicate potential reforestation difficulty. Miscellany: A nitrogen-fixing plant. Used by Native Americans as astringent and a tonic; a vegetable coloring; basketry and cordage. Low to moderately palatable to wild and domestic stock Thinleaf Alder Alnusincana ALIN Habit: A large shrub usually 15-20 feet tall which tends to be thicket-forming. Stems: Hairy at first before maturing; grayish-brown; orangish lenti- cals on bark; branching is alternate. Leaves: Deciduous; alternate; doubly serrate margin with acute or rounded tip; dull green color, Leaves average 2-4 inches with 1/21 inch long petioles. Flowers: Catkins develop before leaves: male catkins are clustered and drooping: female catkins are small, conelike clusters on short stalks (April - May). Fruit: Small, wingless nutlet enclosed in female catkins. Sitka Alder Alnus sinuals (old-sitchensis) ALSI Family Betulaceae Range: Cascade and Olympic Mountains eastward to Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho. Habitat: Seepages beneath grand hr communities. common throughout subalpine fir communities defining cool, moist environments Also prevalent 21 lower montane elevations as a riparian zone species Look Alikes: Easily confused with thinleaf alder (A. incana) which has rounded, blunt buds instead of sharply pointed buds of Sitka alder Indicator Value: Indicates early seral stages of subalpine fir series plant associations and wetter, cooler grand fir series plani associations. May indicate potential relorestation difficulty due to moisture table and coldness of site Miscellany: A nitrogen-fixing plant Used by Native Americans as an astringent and tonic: a vegetable coloring, basketry and cordage Low to moderately palatable to wild and domestic stock Sitka Alder Alnussinuata ALSI Habit: A large shrub usually 10-20 feet tall which tends to form thickets. Stems: Shiny brown to yellow brown: lenticels glandular; alternate branching. Leaves: Deciduous: alternate: doubly serrate margin with acute tip; shiny green color. Leaves average 1-4 inches with 1121 inch long petioles. Flowers: Male catkins develop before leaves; female catkins develop with leaves (May - June); male catkins droop in a cluster; female catkins are semi-woody conelike structures on short stalks. Fruit: Small, winged nutlet enclosed in female catkins.

S Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifoha (old-florida) AM AL Pam Fy - Rosaceac Range: Widespread throughout the Pacific Northwestern states Habitat: Typically on canyon slopes, open forest savannah. and as an early seral species in ponderosa pine-dominated woodlands Look Alikes: Crataegus spp. (hawthornes - thorned). Pivnus spp (cherries - glands on petiole or leaf bases). Spiraea spp (spiraea - venation and serration distinctive) Indicator Value: lnCicates early seral stages of ABGRNAME, ABGR1SPBE. Prestnt in later seral stages of Douglas-fir series plant associations. Miscellany: Berries are edible. Native Americans dried berries into oaves For later use in soups and stews. Used today in jams. jellies, and wines Browsed by deer, elk, sheep, and goats Grouse use berries in summer and buds in winter. One of the first shrubs to flower in the canyons in early spring. Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia AMAL Habit: Shrubs or small trees (5-20 feet). Stems: Reddish brown aging grey; alternate branching. Leaves: Deciduous: alternate; flattened or truncated at the base with coarse dentations on margins above the mid point of leaf: veins are strongly paralleling; blade is 1/21 inch long. Flowers: White petals; racemes of 3 to 20 flowers (March- July), Fruit: Globose pome: dark purplish: glabrous to glacous. Pinemat Manzanita Artlostaphylos nevadensis ARNE Family - Ercaceae Range: Cascades of Washington and Oregon eastward to the Blue Mauntains Habitat: Early seral stands oF ponderosa pine. lodgepole pine, and grand fir-dominated communities Often increases on heavily logged areas. Look Alikes: Bearberry: kinnikinnick (round leai tips - bright red berry. more prostrate); twinflower and pachistima (opposite leaves with serrated margins) Indicator Value: Indicative of sunny locations in high elevation grand fir communities where ponderosa pine. Douglas-hr. larch. and/or lodgepole pine may dominate. Regeneration of tree species in clearcuts with ARNE may be difficult. Miscellany: Berries are eaten by wildlife: leaves bailed and use.rt by Native Americans for curative teas, and smoked as a tobacco substitute Plant is not used by browsing animals. The mat-Forming characteristics of this species provides erosion control protection or highly disturbed sites A tine ground cover for horticulturists Used for jellies, cobblers, pies, and winemaking. Pinemat Manzanita Arctostaphylas nevadensis ARNE Habit: Trailing evergreen shrub with rooting stems up to 10 inches tall. Stems: Brownish to reddish with peeling bark. Leaves: Evergreen: alternate: thick. 1 inch long, leathery: spatulate form with a sharp-pointed tip: dark green above. Flowers: White to pinkish-white: urn-shaped: tew-f lowered terminal racemes (June - July). Fruits: Round, brownish-red berry-like drupe. Bearberry. Kinnikinnick Arctoshaphylos twa-ursA ARUV Family - Er'caceae Range: Cascades throughout Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains. Habitat: Sunny slands of ponderosa pine. lodgepole pine, and grand fir-dominated communities Common on sandy soils and glacial till in cool, moist canyon bottoms. Look Alikes: Pinemat manzanita (pointed leaf tip. brown-red berry more erect), twint lower and pachistima (opposite leaves with serrated margins) Indicator Value: Cool, moisi grand fir communities, under lodgepole pine where cold air drainage occurs Regeneration duff i- culty following logging of ARUV sites. Miscellany: Berries edible by wildlife Leaves used by Native Amer- icans as a tobacco substitute, for a curative tea, and as a cider Not palatable to browsing animals. Used today for jellies, cobblers. pies, and wines Its mat-forming characteristics make it good for erosion control protection on highly disturbed sites and as a good garden ground cover. Bearberry, Kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ARUV Habit: Trailing evergreen shrub with rooting stems up to 6 inches tall. Stems: Brownish to reddish with shredding bark. Leaves: Evergreen: alternate: thick and leathery: 1/21 inch long: spatulate with entire margins and a rounded tip: dark green above. Flowers: White to pinkish: urn-shaped: few-flowered racemes (June - July). Fruits: Round, bright red berry-like drupe. Mountain Big Sagebrush Aflemisia tndentata spp. vase yana ARTRV Family Compostiae Range: Widespread in the Pacific Northwest at higher montane elevations east of the Cascades Habitat: Rocky and gravelly basaltic soils with special affiniiy to granitic subsirates Look Alikes: Basin big sagebrush (inflorescences staggered on plant). Btterbrush (leaves dark green - unhairy) Indicator Value: Higher elevations of sagebrush shrubtands or tree savanna where whitebark pine, subalpine hi, and lodgepole pine occur Sires are generally unsuited for silvicullural practices Severe tree regeneration difficulties. Miscellany: Lightly used by deer Native Americans use for shelter. cordage. basketry. Fruits can be used fresh, dried, or pounded into a meal Mountain Big Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana ARTRV Habit: Medium-sized aromatic shrubs usually 2-4 feet tall, Stems: Silvery-gray in youth; becoming grayish brown: bark shreds on older stems; tends to root when branches touch ground. Leaves: Deciduous and winter persistent leaves; alternate; 1/211/2 inch long; cuneate (triangular): 3-lobed apex; silvery green above and below; strong scented. Flowers: Small, yellow; tubular (August - September). Fruits: Small achene. Creeping Oregon-Grape

Berbtrfs repens B ER E Family - Berberidaceae Range: Eastern Washington and eastern Oregon in the Pacific Northwest Habitat: Drier, well-drained sites often on steep montane or canyon slopes Look Alikes: Tall Oregon grape (B- aqwfo/ium) - leaflets 7 to 9; longer leaflets, glossy and lighter in color Indicator Value: Found over a wide range of plant associations (ABOR/CLUN. ABGR&1B02) to (PIPO/SYAL and PIPO/FEID) Best represented in the PSME series and in spiraea-dominated communities (ABGR/SPBE. PSMEISPBE) Miscellany: Native Americans used the berries for food, roots tot yellow dye. and its alkaloid (berberine) as a cure for stomach and bowel disorders Berries are good raw, cooked for jelly, or made into wine. Young leaves palatable to deer The State flower of Ore-' gon isBaquifo!ium. Creeping Oregon-Grape Berberis repens BERE Habit: Low, creeping shrub usually less than 12 high. Stems: Rhizomatous, often forming dense patches. Leaves: Evergreen, alternate, pinnately compound with 5 to 7 leaflets. Margins are holly-like with spinose teeth. Leaflets are less than twice as long as broad dull green, and usually non-glossy above. Flowers: Buttery yellow, bunched into racemes (March - June). Fruits: Dark blue berries with a glaucous dusting. Redsiem Ceanothus Ceanottius sanguineus CESA Family - Rhamnaceae Range: Widespread from the Cascades to the Rocky Mountains in the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Well drained soils in openings as a result of tire. Look Alikes: C. velutinus - (snowbrush ceanothus - evergreen very shiny leaves). Cornus stolonifera - (red-osier dogwood - opposite leaves) Indicator Value: Commonly found in Douglas-fir series vegetation (especially as an early seral member of PSMEIPHMA plant association) Miscellany: A nitrogen-fixing plant. important browse for deer and elk, lire seral species - promoted by forest fires. Redstem Ceanothus Ceanothus sanguineus CESA Habit: Erect. loosely branched shrub (3-10 feet tall) tending to form thickets. Stems: Smooth, purplish-red, alternately branched. Leaves: Deciduous, alternate, dark green, and glabrous above, pale below; 1-4 inches long with serrated margins on a 1 inch petiole. Three main veins branch from leaf base. Flowers: White, small, clustered in dense panicles (May - June). Fruit: Small, hard, 3-celled capsule which explodes seed following fire scarification.

S Snowbrush Ceanothus Ceanothus velutinus CEVE Family - Rriamnaceae Range: Widespread in mountainous Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Open, sunny slopes typically on tire-frequented, early seral sites. Commonly occurs on glacial till where tire has frequented. Look Alikes: Redstem ceanothus: deciduous with reddish stems. Indicator Value: Commonly occurs in early seral vegetation beneath ponderosa pine. Douglas-hr. and western larch pertaining to grand fir series plant associations Very aggressive following conflagration fires and hot clearcut-burris. Miscellany: A nitrogen-fixing plant. Seeds require scarification in order to germinate. Flowers make a soapy lather when crushed in water and provide a fragrance and softness to the skin after wash- ing Leaves used by Native Americans for tobacco, tea, and red dye. Falatiblity is low Snowbrush Ceanothus Ceanothus velutinus CEVE Habit: Very aromatic, erect shrub (2-10 feet tall). Stems: Green, smooth bark, alternately branched. Leaves: Evergreen, alternate, thick, very glossy or shiny dark green above, paler below Three main veins branch from leaf base. Edges often curl downward. Flowers: Small. white, in dense pyramidal shaped racemes (June - August). Fruits: Small capsule containing 3 seeds explodes following intense heat

,. t Curileaf Mountain-Mahogany Cercocapus ledifolius CELE Family - Rosaceae Range: Southern and eastern Oregon extending through southeastern Washington to the Rockies Habitat: Warm. dry rocky ridges and rim outeroppings Look Alikes: Quite distinctive. Indicator Value; Defines important forest edge where sites are too droughty and severe for suitable silviculturo, Soils are too shallow or too rocky Ponderosa pine and luniper may be associated Miscellany: Important deer winter range species A good place to find the big buck is in thickets of ciirlleaf mountain-mahogany. Wood used for fuel and smoking ot meats by Native Americans. They aso used leaves for a laxative, inner bark tor pulmonary problems, and wood for arrow shafts and digging implements due to its hardness and strength A red dye was made from bark and roots Curileaf Mountain-Mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius CELE Habit: Evergreen shrub generally 15 feet tall and occasionally 40 feet tall and treelike, Big Tree: 37 inch circum; 20 feet tall - La Grande Ranger District, (Wallowa-Whitman). Stems and Bark: Reddish-brown becoming grayish-brown in age. Bark is grayish-brown with rough, deeply furrowed bark and plate- like scales. Leaves: Evergreen, alternate, '/2-1 inch long; dark green on upper surface with pale, pubescent underside. Thick and leathery with blade edges curling under. Flowers: Greenish-white, inconspicuous, in axillary clusters (April - June). Fruit: Narrow achene with distinctive curled, long, twisted plume. Little Pipsissewa Ohimaphhla menziesEi CHME Family - Ericaceae Range: Widespread in the Pacilic Northwest Habitat: A cool, moist, mid to high elevation shade-rolerani plant. Look Alikes: Princes pine (C. umbellata) - usually more than 3 flowers. shiny green oblanceolate eaves. Indicator Value: Cool, moist, shaded communities in ABGR/ACGL. ABGRiUBO2. ABGR/CLUN. May extend into ABLA2 zone. Miscellany: Roots and leaves when boiled and cooled provide a refreshing drink Little Pipsissewa Chimaphila menziesii CHME Habit: Small, erect rhizomatous sub-shrub usually less than 6" tall. Stems and Bark: Unbranched, glabrous with woodyish base; may be reddish, Leaves: Evergreen, simple, alternate 1-2 inches long, dull green to bluish-green; serrated margins; widest below the middle. Flowers: Waxy, white to pinkish-white, solitary to 3 in number. (June - August). Fruit: Rounded 5-celled capsule.

7/I-J Princes Pine. Western Pipsissewa Chimaphila umbellata CHUM Family - Ericaceae Range: Widespread throughout mountains of Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Mid to high elevation cool, moist sites that may be shady or exposed Look Alikes: Utile pipsissewa (C. menziesi,) - usually less than 3 flowers, dull green to blue-green elliptic leaves Indicator Value: Cool, moist communities in ABGR, ABLA2. and TSME plant associations Miscellany: Roots and leaves boiled for refreshing drink when chilled used as an ingredient for root beer Used by pharmaceuti- cal companies br its astringent properties. Unpalatable. Prince's Pine, Western Pipsissewa Chimaphila umbellata CHUM Habit: Small, erect rhizomatous sub-shrub usually 4-12 inches tall, Stems and Bark: Unbranched, glabrous, woodyish base: yellowish- green. Leaves: Evergreen, simple. alternate, 2-3 inches long, bright green, oblanceolate, whorled, serrated margins. Flowers: Waxy, whitish-pink to pink. 3 to 15 in clustered racemes (June - August). Fruit: Rounded 5-celled capsules, Ocean Spray Holodiscus discolor HODI Family - Rosaceae Range: Widespread throughout the Pacific Northwest Habitat: Open rocky or gravelly colluvial slopes and beneath warrr dry tree species (ponderosa pine. Douglas-fir) in open forested stands Look Alikes: Possibly confused with Ribes spp or nlnebark when not in flower Leaf margins are distinctive Look for old dried inflorescences from previous year Bark does not shred Indicator Value: Often associated with ninebark Helps define PSME/PHMA and PSMEIACGLJPHMA communities in Wallowas and Northern Blue Muuriiains and PIPO-PSME/HODI-SYAL in the Northern Blues Miscellany: Resprouts basally following Fire and increases with disturbance. Fruits were consumed by Native Americans Other common name is Indian arrowwood - due to use of the hardwood of branches for arrow shafts. May be heavily browsed on winter ranges. Ocean Spray Holodiscus discolor HODI Habit: An erect, multi-branched mid-sized shrub (3-9 feet tall) with vaselike form. Stems and Bark: Grayish-red color young stems ridged, older bark shreds Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, 1-3 inches long with triangular shape and truncated base: margins are shallowly lobed with coarse teeth: pale green above and white-hairy below. Flowers: Small, creamy to white borne in dense, large pyramidal panicles that often droop in a "spray:' old dried inflorescences usually overwinter (July - August). Fruit: Small 1-seeded achenes Twi nflowe r Llnnaea borealis LIBO2 Fam Caprifoliaceae Range: Circumboreal, prevalent in forests ot the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: A coal, moist forested piani prefernng ashy soils Occurs in partial shade, but prefers dark densely canopied forest overstory cover Look Alikes: Leaves could oe mistaken for wintergreens (Pyrola spp.) or bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.) Twinftower has opposite leaves. Indicator Value: Important indirator of cool, moist, dark grand fir and subalpine fir plant associations (ABL.42/CLUN. ABLA2JLIBO2. ABGR/CLUN. ABGRILIBO2. ABGR/TABR/CLUN). Miscellany: A goad horticultural ground cover Unpalatable Often increases with light disturbance following logging. The generic name is in honor of Carolus Linnaeus of Sweden - the father of the binomial plant classification system This was his favorite flower.

r S- Twint lower Linnaea borealis LIBO2 Habit: Trailing sub shrub Stems and Bark: Slender, woody stems less than 5 inches tall, Leaves: Opposite on short petioles, evergreen, leathery, elliptic, 1/2 inch lustrous green; shallow teeth near leaf apex. Flowers: Pinkish to white. paired, nodding bell-shaped on slender flower stalks (June - September). Fruit: Small. 1-seeded capsules. Bearberry Honeysuckle Lonicera Involucrata LOIN Famity - Caprifntiaceae Range: Throughout torests of Pacific Northwest Habitat: Cool, moist to cold, wet sites at higher elevations. Look Alikes: Utah honeysuckle (L utahensis) - red, twin berries Indicator Value: Indicates cold, wet or cool, moist spruce and sub- alpineir sites Miscellany: Berries may be eaten raw or dried: browsed by elk and I deer berries eaten by grouse and bear Bearberry Honeysuckle Lonicera involucrata LOIN Habit: Erect mid-tall shrub (up to 12 teet) thicket forming. Stems and Bark: Yellowish or grayish-brown; shredding older bark Leaves: Opposite, deciduous, up to 5 inches long, elliptical, dark green above, paler below: entire margins with acute apex. Flowers: Yellow to reddish-yellow in pairs: glandular-pubescent: subtended by large bracts that become red at truiting time (June - August). Fruit: Paired purple to black berries 1/4 inches in diameter.

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V Utah Honeysuckle Lonicera utahensis LOUT2 FamEi. - Capr;::iceae Range: Throughout Pacific Northwest except or Oregon Coast Range Habitat: Moist, cool sites in grand fir and Subalpine fir zones More widespread than L. involucrata. but not very abundant Look Alikes: Very commonly mistaken for snowberries. but flabitats do not usually overlap. Utah honeysuckle has broader, longer. darker leaves with red fruits Indicator Value: Occurs with A. glabtum in ABGR/ACGI and PSMEI PHMA.ACGL Defines true fir potential sites Miscellany: Leaves used by Native Americans for colds and sore throats; berries are edible. used by deer and elk - low in palatability Utah Honeysuckle Lonicera utahensis LOUT2 Habit: Low to mid-sized shrub with few erect branches (3-5 feet tall), Stems and Bark: Dufl gray with solid white pith. Leaves: Opposite, deciduous, elliptic to ovate, green to dark green, 1-2 inches long. Flowers: Light yellow, paired. tubular corolla. 1 inch long (May - July). Fruit: Paired, shiny red united berries (V4 inch).

/ Foo[s Huckleberry Menziesia ferruginea (var. gIabeIa) MEFE Family - Encaceae Range: Widespread in Pacific Northwest: occasional in Seven Devils and adjacent Oregon Habitat: Defines cold, wet sites on gentle slopes and cornice sites on steep north aspects at high elevation locations Look Alikes: Rhododendron albiflorum (white azalea-like flowers), Ledum glandulosam (evergreen, rolled leaf margins): Vaccinium membranaceum (alternate leaves without whorled appearance). Indicator Value: Defines ABLA2/MEFE plant association Miscellany: Low in palatability, poisonous to livestock it used in uanMy Fool's Huckleberry Menziesia ferruginea MEFE Habit: Deciduous, straggling shrub, up to 6 feet tall: usually reclined downslope on steep cornice sites forming dense thickets, Stems and Bark: Yellow-tan, pubescent new twigs: gray-reddish brown older stems and shredding bark, Leaves: Alternate (appearing whorled). deciduous ovate to elliptic (2 inches long); thin; dull light green to glaucous green: brownish, glandular hairs with finely serrated margins. Mid vein protrudes from leaf tip. Flowers: White to pinkish white; urn-shaped: borne in clusters (June - July), Fruit: Many-seeded ovoid capsule Pachistima, Oregon Boxwood Pachistima myrsinites PAMY Far- .Celastraceae Range: Throughout LIe Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Usually in open or shaded, well-drained soils Also occurs on ash soils al higher montane elevations. I nok Alikes: Arctosraphylos spp. (alternate, entire leaves). Indicator Value: Early seral grand fir communities (especially with big huckleberry. twirif lower. queen's cup). Miscellany: Excellent for horticulturists; may be shaped into hedges Used for backdrop in floral arrangements Deer and elk relish the plant. The specific name myrsinites means "Myrtle-like.' Another common name is myrtle boxwood Pachistima, Oregon Boxwood Pachistima myrsinites PAMY Habit: Low growing (up to 2 teet tall) evergreen shrub Stems and Bark: Reddish-brown and ridged to 4-angles. Leaves: Opposite, evergreen, dark green, glossy. oblanceolate, serrated, thick and leathery. Flowers: Maroon, small, borne in axillary clusters (April - June). Fruit: Small, white aril covering dark brown seeds. Pink Mountain-Heath Phyllodoce empetriformis PHEM Farn; Ericaceae Range: High mounlains of the Pacific Nuithwest Habitat: Alpine and subalpine sites On well-drained soils. Look Alikes:Cassiope nieflensiana(scale leaves and white flower); P gIariduhilora çyellnw-white flower) Indicator Value: Indicates cold environments in subalpine fir and whitebark pine zones where regeneralion and revegetation will be dill icull at best Miscellany: Unpalatable plant Attractive in its natural setling. Pink Mountain-Heath Phyllodoce empetriformis PHEM Habit: Matted evergreen shrub (4-20 inches tall). Stems and Bark: Fine, short, hairy in youth. becoming glabrous. Leaves: Alternate, evergreen, linear needle-like. 1/2 inch long. grooved beneath and rolled under (to help reduce transpiration) Flowers: Deep pinkish-rose, bell-shaped. and clustered at stem tips (June - August). Fruit: Ovoid 5-valved capsule. Mallow Ninebark Physocarpus ma! vaceus PHMA Family - Rosaceac Range: Central and eastern Washington and Oregon to northern and central Rocktes. Habitat: Canyon slopes and bottoms beneath ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir as well as on nonforested shrubland sites. Look Alikes: Halodiscus discolor (ocean spray - leaves not pal- matey lobed like a maple), Ribes vtscosissimum (sticky current - leaves sticky) Indicator Value: Defines PSMEIACGLIPHMA and PSMEJPHMA plant associations. Miscellany: Low palatability, browsed sporadicalIy severe regeneration difficulty, vigorous and aggressive tollowing fire Mallow Ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus PHMA Habit: Erect, loosely branched mid to tall shrub (up to six feet tall). Stems and Bark: Reddish to grayish-brown with loose, shredding . bark Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, maple-like with 3 palmate lobes: 12h/ inches: margins doubly serrate: stellate hairs on underside: petiole -.3/4 inch long. Flowers: Small. white, borne in terminal corymbs (May - July). . Fruit: Paired, many seeded hairy follicles. S

S . . Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata PLJTR Family- Rosaceae Range: East of Cascades in Washington and Oregon and northern California and eastward to western Montana. Wyoming. and Colorado. Habitat: Sandy. gravelly and rocky soils in r.nld desert shrublands and beneath ponderosa pine at the forested fringe on warm dry sites Look Alikes: Sagebrushes (Artemisia spp.) - silvery, hairy leaves and odor ileious. Indicator Values: Steppe PUTR,'AGSP: PUTRIFEID-AGSP Forest. PIPO/PUTR/CARO/ PIPOiPUTR/AGSP Miscellany; Extremely important winter range browse species tar deer, antelope, and elk Highly palatable plant. Regeneration problems: sensitive to fire, needs moist soils or precipitation following tire to resproul Used by Native Americans for Firewood Seeds are 'bitter" Rodents cache or eat seeds in great quarilities Sprouts from branch contact with ground The specific name tñdentata' refers to the three-lobed leaf. Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata PUTR Habit: Erect. stiff and abundantly branched mid shrub up to 8 feet tall (usually tess than 5 feet tall), Free branching form is usually replaced by globose, compact form from severe hedging by animals. Stems and Branches: Reddish-brown becoming gray-reddish brown, spur shoots common (bitter to taste) Leaves: Alternate, deciduous: wedge-shaped (i/4 inch long); clustered on spur shoots: green to gray-green above, white to gray pubescent below: margins rolled under: 3-lobed apex, Flower: Pale yellow, borne singly (April - June). Fruit: Tear-shaped achene with tapered beak (bitter to the taste). Squaw or Wax Currant Ribes core urn RICE Fam; Qrossulariaceae Range: East slopes of Cascades arid eastward to Rocky Mountains Habitat: Forest fringe or edge' on warm, dry sites Look Alikes' flue To leaf size and shape it is fairly recognizable. Indicator Value: A good indicator of non-suitable timberland defines the warm, dry extreme of the Blue-Wallowa Mountain forests: regeneration difficult. Miscellany. Berries are edible but best used in jellies. Perhaps our most attractive currant - especially with fruits. The specific name "cereum' refers to Ihe waxy leal surface Low palatability Squaw or Wax Currant Ribes cereum RICE Habit: Stiff, multi-branched mid-size shrub (up to 5 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Unarmed: grey to reddish brown, S Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, very small (less than 11/4 inch in diameter). waxy upper surface; double serrate; indistinctly 3 to 5 lobed. Flowers: Greenish-white, tubular; glandular; borne in drooping clusters of 3 to 5 (April - June). I Fruit: Bright red or orange berries. .

var. cereum Swamp Gooseberry Ribes lacustre RILA Eamiiy -- Grossulariaceae Range: Common throughout the west Habitat: Cool, moist to wet forests and openings in the forest Look Alikes: Could be confused with other Ribes spp. that are armed, glossy deeply incised maple-like leaves are fairly diagnostic Indicator Value: Indicates true fir series plant associations (especially associated with Queen's cup, twinliower. and big huckleberry). Miscellany: The principal Ribes eradicated as host for white pine blister rust. unpalatable: fruits used for jellies or jams. Our most common gooseberry Swamp Gooseberry Ribes lacustre RILA Habit: Erect, loosely branched mid-size shrub (up to 6 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Armed with spines at nodes and prickles in between; smooth reddish-brown. Leaves: Alternately deciduous, maple-like (5-lobed) - - up to 2 inches wide; deeply incised and serrate margin; glossy upper surface. velvety underside. Flowers: Yellowish-green to pinkish white; saucer-shaped calyx: drooping racemes of 7-15 (April - July). Fruits: Purple-black berry with glandular hairs, edible. Sticky Currant ffibes viscosissimum RIVI Fart-V - Grossulariaceae Range: East side of Cascades to the Rocky Mountains. Habitat: Moist, warm and moist, cool sites in grand and subalpine fur plac it uuii iii iuc'iilie$ Look Alikes: Ninebark (Physocasrpus malvaceus) - non-glandular eaves are finer toothed; Other unarmedRibes spp -leaves will ne nonglandular. shaped differently Indicator Values: Increases following tree overstory removal, especially in clearcuttings where soil is scarified Pioneers after burns ai higher elevations. Miscellany: Alternate host for while pine blister rust. Unpalatable to animals; berries are not edible Sticky Currant Ribes viscosissimum RIVI Habit: Erect to spreading. rather straggly mid-size shrub (up to 5 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Unarmed: hairy and glandular at youth - - aging reddish-brown and glaucous: bark shreds. Leaves: Alternate, deciduous; maple-like: 3 to 5 lobed - 3 inches wide; coarsely toothed sticky soft hairiness to both sides of leaves. Flowers: Bell-shaped; greenish-white: glandular; borne in a 3 to 8 flowered raceme (May - June) Fruit: Black, glandular hairy berries Baidhip Rose Rosa gyrnnocarpa ROGY Fam;i Rosaceae Range: Widespread in Pacific Nortflwest: absent from much of Idaho Habitat: Cool, moist sites in grand fir series plant associations (especially with L1802 and CLUN). also found on moist microsites in Douglas-fir communities Look Alikes: Other Rosa spp - this is the only rose with prickles and no spines. Indicator Value: Defines the grand hr series plant associations and moisi end of Douglas-fir zone. Miscellany: The fruits (hips) are good for use in teas, important source of Vitamin C. petals of flowers are pleasant to taste - use in salads. Ow in palatability. Sepals of the flower fall as ovary matures and leave a bald" hip in fruit. Baidhip rose Rosa gymnocarpa ROGY Habit: Erect, slender, finely branched low shrub (up to 3 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Armed with many fine prickles (like a raspberry) - S reddish. Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound: 5 to 7 leaflets: doubly serrate. Flowers: Small (1 inch); pink to rose; borne singly (June - July). Fruit: Small ('/2 inch) ovoid hips (green turning red). S

S . Nootka Rose Rosa nutkana var. hispida RONUH Family - Rosaceae Range: Cascades to the Rockies in the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Typically mixed with A. woodsiiat lower limits on warmer. drier sites Occurs on warmer drier sites than A, gymrlocarpa May hybridize with A. woodsii. Look Alikes: Very similar bR, woodsii which has smaller flowers in terminal clusters Indicator Value: Found in Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine open f or- estlands Also occurs as the common rose species in SYAL-ROSA and ninebark shrublands Miscellany: Rose hips are used in jellies and teas A good source of Vitamin C Plant is low in palatability. Hips are important winter food for grouse and quail Nootka Rose Rosa nutkana var. hispida RONUH Habit: Erect, low to mid-sized shrub (2-6 feet tall) Stems and Bark: Armed with pairs of straight to slightly curved spines. Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, odd-pinately compound (5 to 7 leaf- tets): serrate to doubly serrate: teeth gland tipped Flowers: Large (2-3 inches); solitary at branch end; pink (May - July) Fruit: Large purplish-red hip with sepals remaining on the hip at fruihng hme. Pearhip Rose Ron wooJsll var. vi! ramontana ROWOU arnhlv - Rosaceae Range: Widespread easl ot the Cascades Habitat: Warm. dry sites typically mixed with R nutkana and perhaps hybridizing. Look Alikes: Very similar to R. nvtkana which has a solitary larger flower Indicator Value: Found in PIPiD and PSME dominated lorests on more moist sites than A. nutkana. It is common with ninebath and snowberry. Miscellany: Rose hips are a valuable source oF Vitamin C; used in jellies and teas. Plant is low in palatability. Hips are used by beat. grouse, and quail Pearhip Rose Rosa woodsll var. ultramontana ROWOU Habit: Erect, low to mid-sized shrub ( 3-7 feet tail). Stems and Bark: Armed with stout, straight to slightly curved spines. Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound (5 to 9 leaflets); singly serrate; teeth not gland-tipped Flower: Small (1-2 inches); clustered (3 to 5) in terminal cymes (May - July) Fruit: Hips (red) with calyx persisting on the hip at fruiting time. Scouler Willow Salix scouteriana SASC FamH - Salicaceae Range: Widespread in the Pacific Northwest Habitat: Our upland willow Occurs on open forested slopes. beneath semi-closed forest canopies, and reaches greatest expression following burns and clearcutting Look Alikes: Other willows (spatulate leaf and upland orientation indicate SASC) Indicator Value: Helps define ABOR and PSME series plant associations in early seral stages Steep slope types contain SASC (i e., ABGRNAME. PSMEJPHMA) Miscellany: An early seral member which provides hiding cover. thermal cover and browse to elk, deer Highly palatable. Native Americans used branches for basketry. fish traps, and other con- structions requiring flexible yet woody material. Inner bark provides emergency food source and can be used as a poltice to heal wounds. Scouler Willow Salix scouleriana SASC Habit: Tall. deciduous shrub which can reach tree size (6-30 feet tall) BiTree: Spout Springs. Hells Canyon NRA (VVallowa-Whitman N ), 36 inches circumference. Stems and Bark: New twigs - sparsely to densely gray hairy: older branches-brownish black. Buds are pointed and tightly pressed against stem Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, spatulate with entire margins. 1-3 inches long; dark green and glabrous above, glaucous and sparse reddish hairs below Ftowers: Catkins appearing before leaves in spring (March - June). Fruit: Hairy capsule. Buflaloberry Shepherdia canadensis SHCA Furriel, EPaeagnaceae Range: Widespread in the northern United States. Habitat: Occurs in mid to upper elevation forest sites. Look Alikes: Snowberries and honeysuckles (SHCA also has oppo- ste leaves, but the rusty-brown scales on tower leal surface is diagnostic) Indicator Value: Indicative of old burns Occurs beneath grand fir. larch, and lodgepole pine-dominated forests. Miscellany: A nitrogen-fixing plant. Another common name is soapberry. The crushed berries mixed in water create a soapy froth which Native Americans sipped as a drink Berries are tart. but with Sugar added make a goad jelly. Unpalatable plant. Attrac- tive - especially in truit Buff aloberry Shepherdia canadensis SHCA Habft: A spreading, deciduous low to medium shrub (3-6 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Young stems - reddish brown scales cover stem; older stems - brownish. Leaves: Opposite, deciduous ovate, 1-2 inches long, entire margin. Upper surface is dark green; lower surface is whitish with rusty- brown scales spotted throughout. Flowers: Small, yellow, 1 to several in leaf axils, appear with or before leaves (May - June); plants are dioecious (male and female flowers on separate plants). Fruits: Yellowish-red translucent drupe (1/4 inch). Birchteal Spiraea Spiraea betulifolia (old-Jucida) SPBE Fairi ly Rosaceae Range: South in Cascades to north central Oregon and eastward to Rocky Mountains Habitat: Warm. dry sites oeneain ponderosa pine and Douglas-lit with occurrence on warm moist sites beneath successional grand hr Look Alikes. Leaves serrated from mid point to apex in Crataegus (armedE Amejanchier (venation. leaf color. serration). Indicator Value: Indicates early seral stages of grand Fir climax under lodgepole pine and indicates late SP.Ml stage on steep slope open canopy grand fir types (ABGRNAME. ABGRISPBE), Best expression is in Douglas-hr forests (PSMEJSPBE. PSMEJPHMA). Miscellany: Low in palatability - increases with disturbance (skidding. overgrazing) Plant used by Native Americans tar tea. Also called shiny-leaf spiraea Birchleaf Spiraea Spiraea betulifolia SPBE Habit: Low rhizomatous shrub (8-24 inches tall); forms patches with other rhizomatous plants (SYAL. PHMA, CARU, CAGE). Stems and Bark: Erect, light yellow-brown coloration is distinctive. Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, ovate. 1-3 inches long. Green above and paler below; coarsely double serrate from mid margin to apex. Flowers: Small, white; borne in a dense flat-topped corymb (up to 4 inches across) (June - July). Fruit: Glabrous follicles (5 in a cluster). Common Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus SYA L Far" y - Cacrt!aceae Range: Widespread throughout northern Norm America Habitat: A warm, dry site species where seepages or rock crevasses provide moisture in non-forest communities: optimum on warm, moist well-drained soils under ponderosa pine and Douglas- tir Look Alikes: Lonicera utahensis (larger leaves: solid white pith): Symphoricarpos oreophilus (tubutar flowers; solid dark pith) Indicator Value: Commonly associated in rhizornatous understories beneath ponderosa pine (PIPOISYAL) and Douglas-fir (PSMFI SYAL. PSMEJPHMA. PSME/CARLJ). Too warm-loving for grand tic climax sites Miscellany: Berry is considered poisonous Leaves and berries contain saponin which is poisonous. Palatability is low for livestock. but moderate on winter range for deer Common Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus SYAL Habit: Erect, rhizomatous, ow shrub (2-4 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Branching is opposite; mature stems shred and have a hollow dark pith; greyish bark (juvenile branches may not be hollow). Leaves: Opposite. deciduous, elliptic, 1-2 inches long, entire margins (juvenile leaves may be wavy margined and lobed). Flowers: White or pinkish. bell-shaped, corolla lobes equal tube in length; borne in 3 to 5 flowered racemes (May - June). Fruit: White globose berrylike (/8 inch) persisting long after leaf fall in winter time. Mountain Snowberry Symphoricarpos oreophilus SYOR Family - Caprilohaceae Range' East of the Cascades to the Rocky Mountains and south to Mex co. Habitat: Warm. dry sites ai the forest edge under Great Basin cli mat'c influence Look Alikes: S. alDus (nontubular flowers, hollow pith). Lonicera utahensis (larger leaves, solid white pith) Indicator Value: Defines PSME/SYOR A good indicator of warm. dry extreme for forest growth in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains: regeneration difficult Silvicultural options are minimal, wildlife values are maximized, Miscellany: Fruits are poisonous. Plant is moderately palatable and adds to a diversity of shrub, grass. forb species at the forest edge Shape. color of foliage, and fall fruits give good horticultural attributes Mountain Snowberry Symphoricarpos oreophilus SYOR Habit: Erect, non-rhizomatous, mid-sized shrub (2-5 feet tall); sepa- rated spatially as solitary individuals: vaselike form. Stems and Bark: Young twigs - densely short hairy; old twigs - brownish, solid dark pith. Leaves: Opposite, deciduous, elliptic-ovate (somewhat rhombic), /4-1 inch long; dark green (glaucous blue-green at desert edge). Flowers: White to pinkish; elongate corolla tube longer than lobes; trumpet-like (June - August). Fruit: Elliptic white fruits (114-V2 inch) persisting into winter. Pacific Yew Taxus bre violia TABR Family - Taxaceae Range: Cascades to northern Sierras, across northeast Oregon. western and northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. Hutiitat. Moist. cool to wet. well-drained sites beneath closed tree canopies Very tolerant species. Look Alikes: Other coniferous species (yew has pointed leaf apex. arils) Indicator Value: Defines ABGF1ITABR/CLUN plant association Indi- cates sub surface free water and good spring development opportunities Miscellany: Wood is hard and durable. Good for posts in contact with soil Makes excellent archery bows Beautilul grain of wood for turned bowls A good ornamental shrub. Fruits are highly poisonous Pacific Yew Taxus brevifolia TABR Habit: Large evergreen shrub in northeast Oregon (15-20 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Bark very thin (1/4 inch thick): scaly with reddish- . purple inner bark and dark purplish or reddish-brown outer bark: trunk often contorted. Leaves: Linear, 1/21 inch long, evergreen: dark green upper sur- tace, paler beneath: pointed apex (mucronate), appears 2-ranked on stem. . Flowers: Yellowish staminate cones (April - June). Fruits: Solitary, tleshy orange to red aril (poisonous). S

S . . Big Huckleberry Veccinlum membrenaceum VAME Family - Ericaceae Range: Throughout the mountainous Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Moist, cool forested montane environments at mid to upper elvations. Look Alikes: Blue huckleberry (V. g!obu!are) - has leaves with rounded tip and smaller leaves, inlergradation between Cascadian VAME and Rocky Mountain VAGL in Wallowas and Seven Devils, Considered ecologically equivalent. Indicator Value: The most constant plan! throughout all grand fir and subalpine fir plant associations of northern Blue and Wallowa Mountains An excellent definer of true fir Site potential in the north em Blues and Wallowas. Indicates acidic soiIs Miscellany: Berries are the primary native fruit occurring in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains Fxcellent eaten raw, cooked in pies. pan- cakes, and as cobblers YUM! Hedged by deer and elk in thermal cover areas, Nonpalatable to cattle Major summer gathering food of the Nez Perce The staple late summer food for black bear. Big Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum VAME Habit: Erect, rhizomatous ow shrub (1-3 feet tall). Stems and Bark: Young twigs - yellowish green and angled: older twigs - grayish with shredding bark, buds pointed and tightly appressed or sunken in stem. Leaves: Alternate, deciduous: thin, ovate with acuminate tip, serrated margin; 1-2 inches long. Flowers: Urn-shaped yellowish-pink; corolla longer than broad, V8 inch long (May - June). Fruit: Purple to dark purplish red berry (h/4h/2 inch broad depending on year and site). Absolutely delicious taste. Grouse Huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium VASC Family - Ericaceae Range: Cascades east to Rocky Mountains Habitat: Cold sites high in elevation with heavy snowpack, but dry in summer Also occurs at lower elevations due to cold air ponding and drainageways from higher montane elevations Look Alikes: Not easily confused in northeastern Oregon with other huckleberries Indicator Value: Defines the subalpine fir zone in northern Blues and Wallowas. In central Blue Mountains, grouse huckleberry also indicates the cold, dry ABGRNASC plant association. Covers '--any subalpine acres with lodgepole pine Miscellany: Berries are sweet but small; edible raw or cooked. Plant unpalatable and lithe browsed Birds and animals readily use fruits Grouse Huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium VASC Habit: Low, deciduous shrub up to 10 inches tall Stems and Bark: Many slender upright stems (appearing broom- . like): strongly angled: yellow-green: buds ponted and tightly appressed or sunken in stem Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, small (1/2 inch long), narrow, shiny light green upper surface: finely serrate margins Flowers: Pinkish. urn-shaped, small (June - August) . Fruits: Small ('Is inch) bright red berries. S

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III Bluebunch Wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum AGSP Family Gramineae Range: Alaska to Calitornia. east to the Dakotas and New Mexico. Widespread east of the Cascades. Habitat: Hot, dry slopes in grasslands to warm, dry Forest fringe. Occurs on shallow soil scablands where roots penetrate crevasses for moisture to deeper soil sites where optimum growth occurs (avg is 26 inches) Under ponderosa pine, plants are widely spaced on shallow soils (avg. is 15 inches). Look Alikes: Other wheatgrasses: (A. caninum) bearded - spikelets crowded. (A. interrnedium) intermediate - unawned; (A. trichophorum) pubescent short pubescent, bluish cast, (Elymus glaucus) blue wildrye - two sessile spikelets per node. Indicator Value: Defines ponderosa pine climax potential sites. In absence of Idaho Fescue, defines PIPO/AGSP plani associations. Often forms a forest ecotone or transition from grassland or shrub- grass steppe. A savanna plant community - difficult to extreme regeneration difficulties. May be unsuitable for silvicultural treat- ment. Miscellany: Highly palatable and nutritious. Very common and abundant in the National Forests of the Blue and Wallowa Moun- tains. Our greatest producer of AUM's (most dry weight per acre produced by any native grass in northeast Oregon) Resists drought well. Also high in palatability and nutritious value after cur- ing in fall and winter months. Used extensively by cattle, horses, elk, and to a lesser degree by sheeD Bluebunch Wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum AGSP Habit: Perennial, usually caespitose (bunch-forming) but may exhibit rhizomatous tendencies at higher elevations on warm, moist sites (especially with Idaho fescue); leafage usually 12-16 inches tall; culms up to 3 feet tall. Leaves: Flat to slightly inrolled blades, prominently veined on upper surface; bluish appearance: auricle at leaf base on culm - reddish to purplish. Slight pubescence on under surface. Some plants that are hairy above and below on leaves and culms trend toward variety pubescens. Inflorescence: Erect spike (3-6 inches long); spikelets - one per node ('/2-74 inch long): 6 to 8 florets; glumes-acute to acuminate; lemma-awned (divurgent) up to 3/4 inch long (June - August). Mountain Brome Bmmus carinatus BRCA Family - Crarnineae Range: Alaska lo Baja California; east to Alberta. the Dakotas. Wyoming. Colorado. and New Mexico Habitat: Warm, dry forested communities at tow to 'rid elevations in the mountains Also occurs with subalpine big sagebrush at mid to high elevations Look Alikes: B. inermis (smooth bromc)(spikelets not compound. lemma riot keeled); B. vulgaris (Columbia brome)(lax. drooping) Indicator Value: Commonly occurs with subalpine big sagebrush. mountain snowberry. and common snowberry with ponderosa pine and Douglas-hr plani associations. Miscellany: Native Americans ground seed into meal. Resists grazing pressure and drought well. Palatable to all classes of livestock early in the growing season Cattle and horses relish seedheads Indicates overgrazing and soil disturbance by forming dense stands Pocket gophers use the plant preferentially. Also known as California brome.' Mountain Brome Bromus carinatus BRCA Habit: Perennial, fibrous roots, culms 12-40 inches tall; cuims hairy - especially near the base. Leaves: Flat (up to 1/2 inch wide): glabrous to hairy. Inflorescence: Narrow panicle (4-10 inches long); spikelet (/4-1 inch long) - strongly compressed; 5 to 10 florets per spikelet; glumes and lemmas keeled; lemmas awned (straight) -- up to 3/ inch long (May - August).

II Columbia Brome Bromus vulgaris BRVU Family - Gramineae Range: British Columbia to &erras of Calitornia cast lo Monlana and Wyoming Habitat: Under firs on cool, moist forested sites at mid to upper elevalions Look Alikes: Fairly distinctive appearance. the only native brome beneath true tics, seeded smooth brome(B. inermis) is rhizomatous Indicator Value: The common grass occurring with queens cup. twint lower. and big huckleberry in mid to late seral grand fir communities. Also common in ABLAA2JCLUN communities and the moist. cool PSME/ACGL/PHMA sites Miscellany: Native Americans used brome seeds for meat. Plant is used lightly by grazing animals Palatable.

S Columbia Brome Bromus vulgaris BRVU Habit: Perennial, nonrhizomatous; leafage usually 18-24 inches tall; cuims up to 3 feet tall; often patch-forming. S Leaves: Drooping appearance, flat (/8 inch wide); glabrous to hairy on both surfaces. No auricles. Inflorescence: Open panicle (4-7 inches long); nodding or drooping. Spikelets about 1 inch long - more than 2 florets per spikelef; lemma awned (118-V4 inch long) (June - August). . .

S . . Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens CARU Family - Gramineae Range: British Columoia south in Cascades to southern California. eastward throughout Pacific Northwest and south in Rockies to Colorado Habitat: Warm, dry to cool, dry sites beneath ponderosa pine. Dou- glas-fir. lodgepole pine, and larch at mid elevations Look Alikes: Elk sedge (Carex geyen) - all leaves basal dark green. coarse: 3-ranked triangular stem intlorescence a brown cigar-like spike. Indicator Value: Indicative of tire disturbance (often contlagra- tional) Early seral ABLA2 and ABGR communities may contain pine9rass in abundance - ic, PICO (ABLA2)NASC PICO(ABGPp Ll802. Late seral PSME communities contain high coveragoc of pinegrass (PSMEJCARU, PSMF/PHMA. SPMEJSPBE) Miscellany: Pinegrass resists tire Palatability ol pinegrass improves following burning Seedstalks infrequent: abundant the year following tire Forms dense mats resisting tree establishment Very aggressive and competitive. Lightly used for forage except in spring when succulent and in fall when rains and frosts soften the leaves The specilic name 'njbescens" refers to reddish casi of culm bases Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens CARU Habit: Perennial, strongly rhizomatous grass: culm bases are reddish: leafage usually 12-16 inches tall; culms up to 3 feet tall. Leaves: Flat, drooping blades (1/s inch wide); mostly basally arranged; auricles lacking: collar of conspicuous hairs is diagnostic Inflorescence: Seldom flowers; spikelike panicle (3-6 inches long); one I loret per spikelet; awn twisted and bent - attached near base of lemma and extending slightly longer than spikelet (late June - August).

30 Northwestern Sedge Carex concinnoides CACO FamLly - Cyperaceae Range: Coniferous forests of B,itish Columbia to northern Califor- nia, east to noriheasi Oregon. western Montana. and the Canadian Rockies Habitat: Dry. cool to moist. cool sites at mid to upper montane elevations Look Alikes: C. rossii (Ross sedge) - tufted: non-rhizomatous. 1 to 4 flowered: leafy bract subtends entire inflorescense. spikes among the leaves. Indicator Value: Defines the true fir zoneS Most prevalent in grand fir plant associations - especially ABGPILIBO2. Indicative of disturbance with increased coverage in dense, colonizing patches. Miscellany: Low in palatability. Increases with logging disturbance on skid trails and landings. Northwestern Sedge Carex concinnoides CACO Habit: Loosely tufted from creeping rhizomes as single" plants; grasslike perennial; culms 6-14 inches tall, Leaves: Flat, wide blades (up to 1/4 inch); overwintering green; basal sheaths reddish-brown to dark brown; 3-ranked, shiny green. Inflorescerice: Solitary, terminal staminate spike with 1 to 3 pistillate spikes below; 5 to 12 flowered; bract subtends lowest spike and is shorter than the pistillate spike; cuim droops and lies prostrate when fruits mature (April - July). Elk Sedge Carexgeyerl CAGE Family - Cyperaceae Range: Mainly east oF the Cascades from British Columbia to Northern California, Utah, and Colorado. Habitat: Warm, dry lower to mid elevation forested sites to cool, dry upper elevations in subalpine ol Blue Mountains. Look Alikes: Calamagrostis rubescens (pinegrass) - leaves are lighter green. not basally arranged. tuft of hair at leaf collar. awned florets: reddish cuim bases Other upland sedges - leaves shorter or wider Indicator Value: Strongly associated and otten co-dominant with pinegrass Most frequent and abundant in southern Blue Moun- tains. Optimum in Douglas-fir series plant associations (F'SMEJ CARU, PSMEIPHMA, PSMEISPBE. PSME/SYOR of Wallowas and PIPO-A8GR/CARU in the Blue Mountains Also prominant in subalpine fir and whitebark pine savanna of the Blue Mountain crests. Miscellany: A heavy sod former Fierce competitor with associated rhizomatous grasses and shrubs on forested sites. Withstands heavy grazing: highly drought tolerant Moderately palatable in early season when succulent and late season after fall rains and frosts have softened foliage. Elk use is high in early spring. Elk Sedge Carexgeyeri CAGE Habit: Loosely clustered culms from rhizomes; appearing grasslike; evergreen perennial: culms 8-20 inches tall - triangular. Leaves: Flat, tough, evergreen; 3-ranked; brownish dried tips; basal sheathes shiny tan to brown. Inflorescence: Solitary bractless terminal spike; 1 to 3 pistillate flowers with brownish scales below; fruit a large 3-angled achene (April - July).

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111 Ross Sedge Cater rossli CARO Family - Cyperaceae Range Widespread in the western mountains of the United States Habitat. Warm, dry, often droughty sites in mid to upper montane elevations. Look Alikes: C. concinnoides (northwestern sedge) - single slems off rhizomes: more than 5-flowered: leafy bract shorter than lowest spike, spikes above the leaves. Indicator Value: Defines the true fir zone Most prevalent in ABGR/ CLUN. ABGRNAME, and ABLA2NASC communities. Also found at high elevations with alpine fescue arid on rhyolites in PIPO/PUTR/ CARO stands of southern Blue Mountains. Miscellany: Increases with grazing and skidding disturbance Low to moderately palatable Tolerates ground lires and rebounds quickly. Ross Sedge Carex rossll CARO Habit: Densely tufted perennial grass-like sedge: triangular culms (4-8 inches tall) short rhizomes, Leaves: Elongate lax (lb inch wde), basal sheaths reddish to burgundy. Inflorescence: Terminal staminate spike with 1 to 4 shorter pistillate spikes below: few flowered; leafy bract subtends lowest spike and is longer than the intlorescence (May - August)

S Blue Wildrye Elymus glaucus ELGL Family - Gramineac Range: Widespread in western Canada and western United States Habitat: Warm, moist sites at lower to mid elevations in meadows moist seeps beneath ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir at tootslope and toeslope lncatinns Look Alikes: Agropyvori spp. (wheatgrasses)(one spikelet per node), E. cinereus (giant wildrye)(leaves wider, bluish cast). Indicator Value: Indicates the clay loamy soils of good grass-producing sites with a high moisture retention capability Tree growTh is slow and regeneration is impeded by these grassy meadow sites. Ponderosa pine/blue wildrye plant association in Blue Moun- tains. Very shade tolerant Miscellany: Usually sporadic and intermingled with Kentucky bluegrass and common snowberry. Palatable to catile and horses, Used lightly due to coarseness of foliage and seedheads The specific name glaucus' refers to the whitish or bluish cast of the foliage. Blue Wildrye Elymus glaucus ELGL Habit: Caespitose perennial; nonrhizomatous; up to 3 feet tall, but lax culm gives semi-erect statura . Leaves: Flat. broad (I8 inch), blue-green; auricles well developed; collar often purple. Inftorescence: Dense, erect spike (up to 6 inches long); spikelets - 2 per node; glumes - rigid and sharp: 3 to 5 florets per spikelet; lemma with straight awn (up to 1 inch long) (June - August). .

S Idaho Fescue Fesftaca idahoensis FEb Family - Gramineae Range: British Columbia Southward in Olympics and Cascades to Sierras and eastward to the Rockies Habitat: Warm. dry to warm, moist grasslands (often associated with bluebunch wi-ieatgrass on drier sites) and extending with prairie junegrass into the ponderosa pine forested fringe Look Alikes: Other fescues - Festuca occidentalis leaves light green. shorter panicle open and drooping). F scabrella (unawned):Fovina (panicle congested: foliage yellow-green);F viridula (blades flal) Indicator Value: Slightly more mesic site than PIPO/AGSP Occurs in PIPO/SYAL and defines PIPOIFEID plant associations. Moisture limiting. regeneration may be difficult Miscellany: Oui second most common and important grass in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains Has a wide ecologic amplitude (canyon north slopes at 1,000 feet elevation to subalpine ridges at 8.200 feet elevation) Palatability varies (relished by elk, sheep, and cattle in canyons in spring: little used in summer in high mountain areas). Palatability increases from south to north in Blue Mountains Once called !blue bunchgrass' from color of leaves, Idaho Fescue Festuca idahoensis FEID Habit: Strongly caespitose perennial; nonrhizomatous; foliage only 3-10 inches tall; culms up to 21/2 feet tall. Leaves: Basal, fine, 2-5 inches long; green to bluish cast; tightly inrollect blades; no auricles. Inflorescerice: Narrow panicle (3-6 inches long); erect and ascending spikelets; 5 to 7 tlorets per spikelet; lemma with stout, straight, short awn (1/8 inch) (May - July).

N S Western Fescue Festuca occidentalis FEOC Family - Gramineae Range: British Columbia south to central California along the coast east of Cascades to Idaho. Montana. and Wyoming Habitat: Warm. moist, md.montane forests. Look Alikes: F idahoensis (blush cast, narrow, erect panicle): F scabrella (unawned). Deschampsia elongata (2 florets/spikelet). Indicator Value: Occurs as the fescue of the mici-montane forested plant associations on warm, sunny yet moist sites (ABGR/SPBE, PSME/PHMA/ PSMEJSPBE). Miscellany: Occurs in small patches or singly in shaded portions of open canopied forests Little forage value due to size of plant and scattered occurrence Western Fescue Festuca occidentalis FEOC Habit: Caespitose perennial with tufts of basal leaves (under 6 inches high): culms (2-3 feet tall). Leaves: Basal tuft of inrolled leaves: soft yellow-green to light green: no auricle. Inflorescence: Open panicle, drooping, large (4-8 inches long): spikelets few per pan ide (3 to 5 florets per spikelet): lemmas with flexuous, slender 1/4 inch awn (late May - July).

r/fl Green Fescue Festuca virkiula FEVI Family - Gramineae Range: British Columbia to California. across Canada to Alberta south in Rockies to Montana and Idaho Occurs in high elevations of Wallowa Mountains in Oregon Habitat: Subalpine forest openings, grassy alpine and subalpine sIupe and ridges and in whitebark pine savanna on cold. dry and cooL moist well-drained soils Look Alikes: F idatyoerisis (blades inrolled. bluish cast narrow pan- icie) F scabrella (lower elevations, blades inralled),FT ovina (panicle congestoct blades inrolled) Indicator Value: Indicative of whitebark pine and alpine zones Regeneration extremely difficult Unsuitable tar timber management. Miscellany: Provides valuable sod cover to fragile high elevation sites. Degradation of green fescue communities results in rapid and severe erosion of soils Very palatable to sheep and cattle. Ranks with bluebunch wheatgrass and timothy as one ol most nutritious of grasses Green Fescue Festuca viridula FEVI Habit: Densely caespitose perennial, foliage 6-12 inches tall; culms 16-32 inches tall; extensive fibrous roots bind soil to 3 toot depth or greater. Leaves: Flat blades (up to 1/8 inch wide); green; no auricles. Inflorescence: Open panicle (2h/26 inches long): spikelets (3/sh/2 inch long): 3 to 6 florets per spikelet; lemma awnless or minutely awned (June - July). PraErie .Junegrass Koelariacristata KOCR Family - Gramineae Range: British Columbia south throughout much of the United States. Habitat: Variable with wide amplitude Strong lidelity with Idaho fescue on upper canyon slopes and grassy ridges on warm, dry sites Occurs at higher macMane elevations on well drained soils Look Alikes- Poa spp (hluegrass)(parallel grooves on upper leaf surface, keeled leaf apex), Phleum spp. (timothy)(spikelets 1-f lowered. glumes ciliate on keel): Trisetum spicatum (lemma with bent awn). Indicator Value: Indicative of mesic ponderosa pine climax plant associations (PIPO/SYAL. PIPO/FEID) and associated with lescues in subalpine grasslands beneath whitebait pine savanna on cool, dry sites Miscellany: Occurs as scattered individuals rather than in pure stands Used early by all livestock, but provides mnr :omponent of forage intake due to plant size. Prairie Junegrass Koelaria cristata KOCR Habit: Caespitose perennial, densely tufted; culms 1-2 feet tall - often downy. Leaves: Flat (sometimes folded) - 1/8 inch wide; deeply grooved parallel to midvein on top surface; margins hairy; no auricles. Inflorescence: Dense spike-like panicle (2-5 inches long); silvery (shining); spikelets 2 to 4 flowered; lemma awnless to awn-tipped (May - July),

1; Purple Oniongrass Meilca spectabilis MESP Family - Graniineae Range: British Columbia south to northern California (east Ot Cas- cades) and eastward to Montana. Wyoming. and Colorado Habitat: Subalpine forest openings, grassy alpine and subalpine slopes and ridges, whatebark pine savanna on cold dry and cool, moist well drained soils Look Alikes: Other oniongrasses - M. subulata (lemmas acuminate), M. tugax (open panicle); M. bulbosa (culms densely clustered) Brornus vugaris (droopy open panicle-nodding: awned). Indicator Value: Indicative ot whitebark pine and alpine zones Regeneration extremely difficult Unsuitable for timber management Miscellany: Highly palatable for cattle, horses average palatability for deer, elk, and sheep. Purple Oniongrass Melica spectabiis MESP Habit: Rhizomatous perennial: culms 12-32 inches tall; bulbous- based and spaced about 1 inch apart on the rhizome. Leaves: Blades flat; 3/io inch wide. Inflorescence: Narrow panicle (3-6 inches long); spikelets erect, purplish; 3 to 8 florets/spikelet; lemma blunt (late May - July). Wheelers Bluegrass Poe nervosa var. wheeleri PONEW Family - Grarnineac Range: Widespread in the western United States Habitat: Commonly occurs beneath older ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir at their basos Look Alikes: Other Poa species (PONEW - spikelets flattened: mi- zomatous, lemma not cob-webby). Indicator Value: PSMEJCARU. PSMEJSYAL, PIPO/SYAL. PIPO/FEID plant associations. Miscellany: Low in palatability. Plants are scattered and have . sparse foliageS Wheeler's Bluegrass Poa nervosa var. wheeler! PONEW Habit: Rhizomatous perennial, tufted: culms (12-30 inches talD; tower sheaths reddish-purple. Leaves: Flat to folded (1/6 inch wide); tips prow-shaped. Inflorescence: Small panicle (2-4 inches long); loose: rachilla branches drooping to ascending: spikelets (1/4112 inch long); 4 to 7 florets per spikelet; lemma not webbed at base; strongly keeled (April - August) Kentucky Bluegrass Poa pratensis POPR Family Gramineae Range: Widespread in Canada and the United States Habitat: Early seral stands in degraded grasslands at lower to upper canyon and mantane elevations on warm. moist to warni dry sites on loamy and clay loam soils. Look Alikes: Poa compressa (culms strongly flattened) Indicator Value: Aggressively occupies overgrazed. scarified sites replacing Idaho tescue Miscellany: The most valuable and widely used lawn grass in tem- perate regions Withstands heavy grazing and increases or invades on abused sites. Introduced from England by William Penn Highly palatable to alJ livestock and wild ungulates Kentucky Bluegrass Poapratensis POPR Habit: Rhizomatous perennial; turf-forming, foliage (up to 12 inches tall); cuims may reach 3 feet tall on mesic sites. Leaves: Blades flat (Iiinch wide); tips prow-shaped; auricles lacking. Inflorescence: Spreading panicles (1-4 inches long): spikelets ascending, 3 to 5 florets per spikelet; lemma strongly keeled, cob- webby at base; awnless; purplish tinged florets (May - October).

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.. S Trail Plant, Pathfinder Adenocauon bicolor AOBI Farnd', - Compositae Range: West of Cascades, eastward to northern Idaho and northwestern Montana Habitat: Warm. moist sites at mid to low elevations in the mountains Look Alikes: Arruca cord'foha - heart-shaped leaf without dense white hairy undersurface Indicalor Value: A good grand fir site pntential indicaEor especially prorninant in ABGHICLUN and ABGRNAME late seral stands. Miscellany: The common names are derived from path marked by the overturned leaves showing whitish undersides from the pass- eiby. Unpalatable. Trail Plant, Pathfinder Adenocaulon bicolor ADBI Habit: Deciduous, perennial forb with peduncle up to 3 feet tall. Leaves: Alternate, triangular to heart-shaped, mostly basally arranged blades on long petioles: dark green above, densely white wooly beneath: shallowly lobed margins; up to 6 inches wide. Flowers: Small, white heads (June - September). Fruit: Achene with glandular stalks for clinging to passing pan- tlegs.

S Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea ANMA FamIy - Cornpos;tae Range: Widespread in Pacific Northwest Habitat: Forest openings and proliferating following disturbance (clearcuts. roadcuts) Look Alikes: Antennaria ana.phaloides (tall pussytoes) (leaves diminish in size up the stems). Onaphalium spp (cudweeds) (dense hairs over entire plant) Indicator Value: Defines the true fir potential sites - especially in disturbed stanch. Miscellany: A 9C3d horticultural plant - easily transplanted. Use dried plants in long-lastIng floral arrangements Native Americans used as tobacco substitute. Nonpalatabte Increases and invades due to rhizomes and seed mobility. Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea ANMA Habit: Erect, deciduous, rhizomatous perennial (8-30 inches tall), Leaves: Alternate, sessile, narrow lanceolate (up to 5 inches long): entire margins, inrolled: white whooly hairs. Flowers: Many small white flowers in heads (1/43/5 inch wide): involucral bracts papery, white: crowded into broad inflorescences: 'pearly' refers to white, rounded heads and involucral bracts (June - September). Fruit: Achene, Piper's Anemone Anemone piped ANPI Family - Ranunculaceae Range: Eastern Washington. northeast Oregon, north and central ldatiu to western Montana. Habitat: Shady. forested sites in Douglas.fir and true fir plant associations Look Ailkes: Osmortuza occ,dentalis (sweety cicily)-(leatlets very similar. biternately compound. fruit and flowers distinctively differ- eni: licorice taste): Coptis occidentalis (goldthread)-(leaflets shiny and more ovate) Indicator Value: Highly associated wilh VAME. LIBO2, and CLUN in true fir associations. Miscellany: Used as an uintment by Native Americans to treat ulcerations, internally for lockjaw Piper's Anemone Anemone piperi A1IPI Habit: Erect, deciduous, rhizomatous perennial (up to 14 inches tall). Leaves: Basal leaves may be lacking if present, a single leaf with three doubly serrate leaflets, cauline leaves in whorl of three short-petioled leaves of three leaflets each. Coarsely serrate and incised. Flowers: Apetalous; white or pinkish, sepals solitary,I4-1 inches wide (late April to early August). Fruit: Hairy, elliptic achene. Big leaf Sandwort ArenaS macrophylla ARMA3 Farnity Caryophyllaceae Range: Widespread in the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Open to closed canopy forests warm, dry to warm, moist environments Look Alikes: SteFIana jamesiana (sticky chickweed) leaves also opposite, but lanceolate and several times longer than broad (1-4 inches long) Indicator Value: Occurs in PSME. ABGR. and ABLA2 plant associations: most abundant with ACOL on areas where shading animals have created disturbance Miscellany: Ubiquitous, small plant appearing as an annual throughout many of our forested understoriet Nonpalatable. Bigleaf Sandwort Arenaria macrophylla ARMA3 Habit: Deciduous, perennial (2-6 inches tall); extensive slender rhizomes, mat-forming. . Leaves: Opposite, linear-elliptic to lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, entire margin, dark green. Flower: White, petals shorter than sepals, 2 to 5 flowers on long petioles. borne in terminal cymes (May - August). Fruit: Globose capsule. .

S Heartleaf Arnica Amicacordifolia ARCO Famrly - Composuae Range: Pacific Noithwest (rare west of Cascados) Habitat: Warm, moist ForesLs at mid elevations. Look Alikes: A. latitolia (mountain amica) - several floral heads per stem: cauline leaves sessile: nonembedded veins in leaves Indicator Value: A. latifolia may occupy same site with ARCO or even hybridize. Wooded, open forest understories often have high compositions of ARCO Very common in PSMEJSYOR, PSMEI SPBE. and ABGR series plant associations. Increases with overgrazing. Miscellany Nalive Americans used Flowers in a steeped solution as a salve to wounds or cuts Palatibility is low - flowers used by sheep and horses Heartleaf Arnica Arnica cordifolia ARCO Habit: Deciduous, perennial forb (4-24 inches tall): rhizomatous Leaves: Opposite. heart-shaped, entire to toothed (2-5 inches long), fuzzy hairy, veins embedded: cauline leaves reduced and petiolate - becoming sessile at top of stem. Flowers: Yellow rays: heads-one per stem (April - June): involucral bracts densely hairy. Fruits: Achene -- short hairy to glandular. /')/

S2 Mountain Arnica Amica latifolia ARLA Farnuy - Compositae Range: Throughout the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Cool, moist forests at upper elevations Look Alikes: A. corditoha (tieartleat arnica) - heads one per stem: petiolate cauline leaves: veins embedded in leaves Indicator Value: A. co,difolla may occupy same site with ARLA or even hybridize Open, forest understories especially where dis- turhed, conlain high compositions of ARLA Common in PSME and ABLA2 series plant associations Miscellany: Native Americans used flowers in a steeped solution as a salve to wounds or cuts. Palatability is low - flowers used by sheep and horses. Mountain Arnica Arnica latifolia ARLA Habit: Deciduous, perennial forb (4-24 inches tall); rhizomatous, Leaves: Opposite, lance-shaped to heart-shaped, entire to toothed (1-6 inches long), glabrous to hairy, veins not embedded; cauline leaves sessile and similar in size to basal leaves. Flowers: Yellow rays; heads several per stem (June - July); involucral bracts, glabrous to few haired. Fruit: Achene - glabrous. or short hairy on upper part of fruit. Wild Ginger Asarum caudatum ASCA3 Fami- Aristolochiaceae Range: Mainly west of Cascades, but extending into northern Idaho and western Montana and south to northern Blue Mountains and north flank of Wallowa Mountains Look Alikes: Mertensia paniculata (basal leaves) - petioles nonhairy. Viola orbiculata (leaves) - toothed - 1-2 inches in diameter: Pyrola asarifa/ia (leaves) - not cordate or reniforrn; Mite/Ia spp. (leaves) - hairy on upper surface. Indicator Value: Defines the grand fir/sword fern-ginger plant association. Miscellany: Root can be eaten fresh, or can be dried and ground into a ginger substitute. Unpalatable. Wild Ginger Asarum caudatum ASCA3 Habit: A prostrate, perennial, evergreen forb: mat-forming. Leaves: Alternate, cordate-reniform (heart-kidney shaped), 2-4 . inches in diameter, long hairy petioles: dark green (ginger-like odor when crushed). Flowers: Solitary, ascends from ground surface: three brownish- purple sepals (3) form a bell-like base: no corolla (April - July). Fruit: Fleshy 6-celled capsule. .

S Showy Aster Aster conspicuus ASCO Farr:iy Compc ae Range: Northeast Oregon central Idaho to Wyoming and north- wa'd to Canada Habitat: Open canopy forests at mid 1010w elevations cm warm. dry sites Look Alikes: Leaves are diagnostic once learned. Indicator Value: A good definer of the PSME zone Also found in ARGIR/SPRE Strongly associated with OSCH. ARCO. AMAL. SYAL and SPBE Miscellany: The common aster of lower elevation forests. frequently not flowering. Important elk fall and winter forage lair for sheep Showy Aster Aster conspicuus ASCO Habit: Stout, rigid perennial forb; deciduous, 12-36 inches tall; rhizomatous, Leaves: Alternate, sessile, elliptic (2-7 inches long); sharply toothed. Flowers: Blue or violet rays; heads tew to many in an open corymb, or lacking; involucral bracts acuminate, imbricated, with dense glandular hairs (July - August). Fruits: Achene, Bull Thistle Cia-slum vulgare CIVU Family - Compositae Range: Widely naturalized in the Pacific Northwest Habitat: A pioneering invader on highly disturbed sites (skid trails landings. roaOcuts clearcuts) in mid elevation forested communities. Look ARes: Other thistles (C. vu/gate - spiny-winged sirip from base of leaf down stein to next leaf) Indicator Value: Indicates severe disturbance following modifica- tion of understory in ABGR series forested communities Likes deep ashy Soils. Miscellany: Not a noxious weed - pioneers and is replaced in succession Floral heads are extremely palatable to cattle and elk Stems may be peeled and cooked with rootsDown" from seed pappus makes good fire building tinder Bull Thistle Cirsium vulgare CIVU Habit: Stout biennial forb up to 4 feet tall. Stems: Conspicuously spiny-winged from leaf bases. Leaves: Alternate, long, deeply incised pinnate lobes with spiny tips; hairy above and white woolly to hairy below. Flowers: Purple to rosy heads with spiny-tipped involucral bracts. Fruits: Achene with silky pappus, Queen's Cup, Beadlily dilutonia unifiora CLUN Family Luaceae Range: Throughout the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Cool, moist forests Look Alikes: Erythronsum gandiftorum (dogtooth violet) (succulent. nonhairy leaves). Habenaria spp (bog orchids) (succulent, nonha- try leaves) Indicator Value: Indicates the most highly producing forested sites in Blue and Wallowa Mountains, defines ABLA2ICLUN, ABOR! CLUN. ABGRITABRICLUN plant associauons Miscellany: The blue berry may be toxic The plant is unpalatable Grouse relish the fruit The specific name 'unhtlorä means one- flowered. Queen's Cup, Beadlily Clintonia uniflora CLUN Habit: Low (up to 6 inches tall) rhizomatous, perennial forb; deciduous, but green until late frosts, Leaves: Two-three basal, strap-like, oblong (up to 6 inches long), entire margins; green and glabrous above, long silvery hairs beneath and on margins of leaves, Flowers: White: solitary, showy, /4-1 inch wide, bell-shaped (June - July). Fruits: Solitary, deep lustrous blue berry. Goldthread CopUs occidentalls COOC2 amriy - Ranunculaceas Range: Northeastern Washington. northern Idaho and western Montana, southward sporadically into northeastern Oregon and adjacent central Idaho. Habitat: Moist warm to moist, cool environments beneath true firs Look Alikes: Anemone p,Øed(deciduous. leaflets more acute, not shiny) Indicator Value: DeVines the ABGR/COOC2 plant association (very limited in occurrence). Miscellany: Golden.yellow rhizomes gives goldthread its common name Gotdth read Coptis occiden tails COOC2 Habit: Low (48 inches tall). perennial evergreen forb; rhizomatous (golden-yellow). Leaves: Basal, shiny-leathery. tritoliate with ovate leaflets (1-2 inches long), sharply serrated margins. Flowers: White, 5 to 7 petaled. borne on naked scapes (April - May). Fruit: Follicle.

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SI Brittle Bladderfern Cystopteris fragilis CV FR Family Polypodiaceae Range: Common in the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Moist to somewhat dry. rocky outcroppings shaded by forest canopies at ow o mid elevations Look Alikes: Athyriwn Wix-femina (lady fern)-(lage ptant crescent- shaped indusium), Dryopteris fthx-mas (male ferfl)-(large plant. horseshoe-shaped indusium). Woodsia aregana (woodsia)-(not vase-like, plate-like indusiurn) Indicator Value: Defines Douglas-tir steep stope plant associations (PSMEJPHMA and PSMEJACGL)PHMA). Miscellany: The common names come from the britileness of the eafstalks and the shape of the indusium. Brittle Bladdertern Cystopteris fragiis CYFR Habit: Small, delicate, perennial fern with vaselike form. Leaves: Deciduous, glabrous: blade 10x14 inches (avg), 8 to 18 leaflets, Son: Cuplike indusium from a veinlet, S

S Fairybells Dispo rum tracycarpum OITR Family Libcaceae Range: Central and eastern Washington. Blue and Wallowa Moun- tains Of Oregon. and the Rocky Mountains. Habitat: Warm. moist mid to low elevation sues usually under iIosed canopies in the grand fir zone. Look Alikes: Smilacina racemosa (unbranchea, numerous flowers): Smilacina stellata (unbranched. raceme of S to 10 flowers); Strep- topus amplexitolius (branched - green: clasping leaf bases) Indicator Value: Defines the grand hr series plant associations and the moist sites in PSMEJPI-IMAL and PSME/ACGLIPHMA Miscellany: K.ixed reviews on edibility of the berry. Blackfoot Indians ref utedly ate them raw Grouse also use these fruits Plani is not palatable Fairybells Disporum trachycarpum OuR Habit: Deciduous, perennial, mid-sized forb (12-24 inches tall); branched, rhizomatous, Stems: Branched; brownish to purplish; pubescent. Leaves: Alternate, ovate with acuminate tips, 2-5 inches long; sessile; veins prominent; glabrous above, hairy below; ciliate leaf margins. Flowers: Creamy white, bell-shaped; 1 to 2 pedicelled terminally' (May - July). Fruits: Green to orange to red glabrous, "bumpy" rounded berry. Woods Strawberry Fragaria vesca FRyE Family - Rosaceae Range: Widespread in North America. Habitat: Wide ecologic range: subalpine fir communities on the moist, cool extreme to warm, dry ponderosa pine-dominated stands Greatest abundance is in early seral vegetation Look Alikes: F virginiana (broadpetal strawberry) - bluish-green, Wa veins not prominent, surface of (eat not bulged Indicator Value: Indicative of open, warm, sun-filled portions of stands, early seral stages Increases with skidding and grazing disturbance. S Miscellany: Common name "strawberry' came from practice of W placing straw about plants to keep fruit from contact with soil Fruits are "bursting" with flavor and sweetness Teas from leaves are full of Vitamin C. Wildlife are big users of fruits. Introduced from Europe in 1700's, Woods Strawberry Fragaria vesca FRVE Habit: Deciduous. perennial forb; strongly stoloniferous, Leaves Long petiolate basal leaves: trifoliate leaf tets; yellow- . green; upper surface bulged between veins: coarsely serrate margins. Flowers: White, showy, 5-merous: 3 to 11 flowered cyme (April - June), Fruits: Red, edible. mouth-watering, globose /a-inch berry. .

S Broadpetal Strawberry Fragariavirginiana FRVI Family Rosaceae Range: Widespread in North America Habitat: Warm. dry sunny portions of forested stands at mid and low elevations. Look Alikes: F vesca (Woods strawberry) - yellow-green, veins prominent, surface of teat bulges. Indicator Value: More restricted than F vesca. Occurs in early seral lodgepole pine communities of cool, moist true hr plant associations. Common in ABGR/SPBE and warm, dry PSME and PIPO plant associations. Increases with skidding and grazing disturbance, Miscellany: Discovered by early colonists on east coast and introduced to Europe as a superior-sized and sweeter berry Teas from leaves high in Vitamin C. Wildlife use fruits, flavorful and sweet eaten raw, cooked in cobblers, and made into jams Broadpetal Strawberry Fragaria virginiana FRVI Habit: Deciduous, perennial forb: strongly stoloniferous. Leaves: Long petiolate basal leaves; trifoliate leaflets; bluish-green; not prominently veined or bulged; coarsely serrate margins. Flowers: White, showy, 5-merous; 2 to 15 flowered cyme (May - August). Fruit: Red, edible, invigorates taste buds, globose I-inch berry. Sweetscented Bedstraw tjaliumtritlorum GATR Farniry Ruo'aoeae Range: Circumboreal. throughout Pacific Northwes: Habitat: Cool, moist forested communities at mid to high elevations Look Alikes: G. boreale (northern bedstraw) - perennial, many flowered, tour leaves per whorl. G. apanne (cleavers) - annual several flowered, 6 to S leaves per whorl Indicator Value: Defines the grand fir series planl associations and cool moist sites in PSME/PI-1MA communities Miscellany: Roasted and yround seeds ate coNee substitute Pur- pie dye from roots. Common name "bedsiraw" from use of plant in mattress ticking The specific name 'triftorum' refers to three-flowered inflorescences Sweetscented Bedstraw Galium triflorum GATR Habit: Deciduous, perennial trailing forb; creeping rhizomes. Stem: Square; retrorse hairs on angled edge. or glabrous. Leaves: Sessile in whorls of 6; elliptic, entire (up to 2 inches long). Flowers: Small, white: 4-merous; borne in threes from peduncles at leaf axils, Fruit: Capsule covered with hooked bristles Rattlesnake Plantain Goodyeraoblongifo/ia 0006 Eamrjy Urc:nicaceae Range: Western and northern United Stales. Habitat: Warm. moist to cool, moist forested sites ri true fir series vegetation, lends to occupy needle.Iittered surfaces beneath dark, closed overstories. Look Alikes: Readily recognized. Indicator Value: Commonly lound in later seral true fir plant communities associaled with VAME. L1602, CLUN. and in moist, cool sites in PSMEJPHMA stands. Miscellany: Yes, this really is an orchid! The spikelike inflorescence resembles rattles on a rattlesnake. Plant is nonpalatable, Rattlesnake Plantain Goodyera oblongifolia GOOB Habit: Perennial, evergreen forb up to 12 inches tall; short rhizomes. Leaves: Basal rosette: thick, entire, elliptic-lanceolate (1-3 inches long), white stripe along midrib Flowers: Small, inconspicuous, green, hooded, 3-merous; borne in spike (4 inches long) Fruit: Capsule

/ Oak Fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris GVDR Family -Polyporliacene Range: Circurnboreal, throughout Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Moist. cool sites in grand fir series plant associations at mid elevations, perhaps where seepages provide unbound water. Look Alikes: Not confused with other local ferns Indicator Value: Defines the ABGR/GVDR plant associations of the northern Blue Mountains Miscellany: The common name 'oaktern may be from Europe .vhere it is found growing under oak trees. Unpalatable Oak Fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris GVDR Habit: Delicate, rhizomatous, perennial fern (4-12 inches tall) Stem: Dark brown to black. Leaves: Deciduous, twice triangular - bipinnately compound, frond parallels ground pinnae opposite and tapering to tip. Son: Indusium lacking: borne on underside of leaves,

nil Western Hawkweed HSeracium albertinum HIAL2 Family - Compositae Range: Eastern Washington to northeast Oregon. central Idaho and western Montana. Habitat: Grassy steppe extending into warm, dry forest sites at lower elevations. Look Alikes: Hieracium albiflorum (flowers white, less hairiness. lower leaves long. peliolate) Indicator Value: Affinity to Douglas-fir series plant associations (PSMEJCARU. PSMEJSPBE) Also found in ponderosa pine plant associations. Miscellany: Palatable to sheep, deer, and elk. Increases stighily with disturbance. Not aggressive Used as source of chewing gum by Native Americans. The species name "aibertinum" relates to Alborla. Canada. Western Hawkweed Hieracium albertinum HIAL2 Habit: Deciduous, short (10-20 inches) perennial torb: densely pubescent with long spreading white hairs milky sap throughout plant. Leaves: Lower leaves elongated without petiole; middle and upper cauline leaves reduced and sessile; alternate, entire margins: long hairy. Flowers: Yellow, heads few to many. involucre densely hairy with stellate hairs (July - August). Fruit: Achene. White I-Iawkweed Hieracium albifforum HIAL Family - Compositae Range: Widespread throughout the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Douglas-tic to subalpine fir communities at cool, moist. mi elevations in the mountains Look Alikes: tileracium a!bertirtum (Ilowers yellow, long hairy, lower leaves sessile to short petiolate) Indicator Value: More mesic sites than HIAL2 except where both occur in Douglas-fir series. Affinity to grand and subalpine fir series vegetation. Miscellany: Palatable to sheep. deer, and elk. Used as source of chewing gum by Native Americans. White Hawkweed Hieracium albiflorum HIAL Habit: Deciduous, medium (12-30 inches) perennial torb; long, scattered pubescence at plant base to glabrous above: milky sap throughout plant. Leaves: Lower leaves elliptic with petiole; middle and upper cauline leaves reduced and sessile; alternate: margin entire to wavy. Flowers: White, heads few to many, involucre glabrous to hairy: blackish-green color with stellate hairs (June - August). Fruit: Achene. Thick-leaved Peavine Lathyrus !anszwertü LALA2 Family Leguminnsae Range: Throughout the Pacific Northwest, Idaho, and Utah Habitat: Warm. moist to warm. dry ponderosa pine to grand fir sites at low !O mid elevations Look Aukes: Lathyrus paucifiows (broad toothed stipules unbranched tendrils)Lathyrus nevadensig cusickli(stipules nar- Wa row. unbranched tendrils) Yicia americana (branched tendrils. style bottlebrush-hke. leaves narrow, thin) Indicator Value: Notably occurs ri early and mid seral stages of grand fir plant associations where ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir . dominate(ABGRICARU. ABGR/SPBE). Miscellany: Nitrogen fixing plant: palatable. seeds poisonous. Thick-leaved Peavine Lathyrus !anszwertii LALA2 Habit: Prostrate or climbing perennial up to 3 feet tall; rhizomatous, Stems: Angled (not winged), trailing or clambering. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, leaflets 4 to 10 pairs; linear, thick, heavily veined; tendrils often well developed unbranched; stipules linear to lanceolate. Flowers: Lavender to pink-violet, pencilled red-purple; 2 to 8 on floral stalks at leaf axils; style toothbrush-like (May - June). Fruit: Pod 11/2 to 21/2 inches long.

var lanszwertij Cusick's Peavine Lathyrus nevadensis var. cusickii LANEC Family - I eg'-..sae Range: Oregon. Washington. and Idaho Habitat: Open coniferous woodlands on warm, dry and warn moist sites at mid to low elevations Look ARises: Lathyrus Ianszweflhi (thick, linear leaves, narrow slip- ules. unbranched tendrils). Lathyws paucitlorus (thin oblong leaves broad toothed stipules. unbranched tendrils). Vie/a americana (small, thin leaves - botilebrush-like style, branched tendrils) Indicator Value: DeFines early seral grand lit and Douglas-lit plant associations on steep canyon slopes (ABGRNAME. ABGRICARU. PSMEJACGLJPI-IMA) Miscellany: Nitrogen-Fixing plant. palatable - especially to sheep. Seeds poisonous

4 Cusick's Peavine Lathyrus nevadensis var. cusickii LANEC Habit: Erect, clambering, perennial torb: rhizomatous (6-32 inches tall) Stems: Angled (not winged). Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound. leaflets 2 to 4 pairs: thin. ovate to obovate unbranched tendrils: stipules lanceolate. Flowers: White (pinkish veined): 1to 4 on floral stalks: style toothbrush-like (May - July). Fruit: Pod (1-3 inches long) Few-flowered Peavine Lath yrus pauciflorus LAPA2 Iarn!lV Legurnincsae Range: Eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho and south in Rocky Mountains Habitat: Warm dry grand fir communities, warm moist Douglas-fir communities at low to mid elevations. Look Alikes: Lathyrus lanszwertii (thick, linear leaves - violet flowers): Lathyrus nevadensis cusickli (thin. ovate leaves white flowers). Viela americana tflin. narrow, small leaves. bottlebrush style) Indicator Value: Defines early and mid seral grand fir vegetation under ABGR/SPBE. ABGRIACGLIPHMA and other warm, dry true fir sites Miscellany: Increases with grazing abuse: nitrogen-fixing. seeds poisonous. Few-flowered Peavine Lathyrus pauciflorus LAPA2 Habit: Erect, perennial forb (8-24 inches tall): strong taproot and short rootstocks Stem: Angled strongly (not winged). Leaves: Alternate, pinnately, compound, leaflets thick and fleshy (8 to 10 pairs); linear-lanceolate; simple or branched tendrils; stipules ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Flowered: Pinkish to violet-purple (aging bluish); 4 to 7 on stalk; toothbrush-like style (April - June). Fruit: Pod (1hI22 inches long). Linanthastrum Unanthastwm nuttallil LI N U Family - Polemoniaceae Range: Cascades, Sierras, Blues and Wallowas to Rocky Mountains Habitat: Dry, rocky or sandy sunny slopes at high elevations to aboul 9.200 feet. Look Alikes: Phlox spp. - leaves not lobed or divided into leaflets. Indicator Value: Defines lire wliiteUark pine zone. Occurs beneath whitebark pine. lodgepole pine, and subalpine fir. Common in Wal- lowas on overgrazed green fescue sites. . Miscellany: Unpalatable. Linanthastrum Linanthastrum nuttal!ii LINU Habit: Taprooted aromatic perennial torb arising from woody caudex; up to 12 inches tall. Leaves: Opposite, 5 to 9 parted into linear segments, forming a whorl; 3/4 inch long. Flowers: White with yellow throat born in small terminal cymes (June - August). Fruit: Oblong capsule. Tailcup Lupine Lupinus caudatus LUCA Family - Leguminosae Range: Eastern Oregon. southward to California. east to Montana and Colorado. Habitat: Typically occurs beneath ponderosa pine in low to mid elevatIon warm dry sites Look Alikes: Other lupines especially L. laxiflorus (hairs on wing petals upper calyx lip Vi WIflQ petal length or less), Indicator Value Prominent beneath successional and climax ponderosa pine communities (i.e, ABGR/CARU. PSME/CARU, PSMEISPBE, PIPO/SYAL. PIPO/FEID and PIPOIAGSP) Increases with grazing degradation Miscellany: Poisonous to sheep and horses. loxic to sheep Seeds and pods most toxic parts Pocket gophers use roots extensively. Native Americans used teas from seeds to help urination and as emergency food (tollowing leaching) Beliel in birth of a daughter if pregnant woman drank lea from lupine root extractS Nitrogen-fixing. Tailcup Lupine Lupinus caudatus LUCA Habit: Silvery erect perennial forb (8-16 inches tall); woody caudex, Stems: Clustered, vaselike, S Leaves: Alternate, deciduous. 7 to 9 palmately-divided oblanceolate leaflets - up to 2 inches long: petiole two times as long as blade on basal leaves; silky hairy on both leaf surfaces. Flowers: Light blue to violet; racemes up to 12 inches long: calyx spurred; wing petal glabrous; banner hairy on upper surface; calyx S lip1/:- :y4 as long as wing petals (May - July). Fruit: Silky hairy pod about 1 inch long S

S Spurred Lupine Lupinus laxiflorus LULA2 Family -- Leguminosae Range: Mainly east of Cascades in Washington, Oregon. east to Idaho. Montana. Utah. and Nevada. Habitat: Moist, warm to dry cool mid to high elevation sites occurring with virtually all coniferous tree species in northeastern Oregon Look Alikes: Other lupines. especially L. caudatus-glabrous wing petals upper calyx lip 1/3 wing petal length or greater Indicator Value: Often mixed with L. caudatus at lower elevations beneath pines, reaches high into Wallowas (up to 8,000 feet) with green lescue beneath lodgepole pine and subalpine Ii; Miscellany: Taken in quantity, LULA2 can cause colic in horses, excitability in sheep, and prostration in cattle Mature fruits are especially toxic to cattle Nitrogen-fixing. Spurred Lupine Lupinus laxiflorus LULA2 Habit: Greenish to grayish erect perennial forb (8-20 inches tall); woody caudex. Stem: Clustered, ascending vaselike. Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, 7 to 11 palmately-divided oblan- ceolete leaflets 1-2 inches long: petiole 2 to 4 times as long as lower basal blades; glabrous or pubescent above. Flowers: Creamy to bluish, pinkish, violet, rose or purple otten on same plant: racemes up to 8 inches log: calyx spurred; wings pubescent on tips; banner hairy on upper surface; calyx lip 1/5 to /4 as long as wing petioles (May - July). Fruits: Silky-hairy pods about 1 inch long. Alpine Mitrewort Mitella pentandra Ml PE Family - Saxifragaceae Range: Throughout the Pacific r'4orthwes: Habitat: Moist, cool forested sites; along streams and in wet meadows Look Alikes: Heuchera species (leaves with hairy petioles. petals not lobed - often missing); Mite/Ia brewS (7 to 11 lobes on leaf; flowers in all-sided raceme); Mite//a stauropetaia (5 to 7 lobes on leaf, purplish beneath: one-sided racerne). Indicator Value: Often beneath moist, cool ABOR and ABLA2 plant associations: common in spruce bottoms. Miscellany Easily grown in the transplant garden Alpine Mitrewort Mitella pentandra MI PE Habit: Low, deciduous, perennial torb; scapes 8-12 inches tall; often stoloniferous, Leaves: Basal, long-petioled, ovate-cordate (1-2 inches wide); glabrous to scattered hairy. Flowers: Petals greenish, dissected in 8 to 10 tiliform segments; calyx saucer-shaped: 5 stamens located opposite petals; raceme 6 to 25 flowered on all sides (June - August). Fruit: Many tiny, shiny black seeds located in capsule. S Side-flowered Mitrewort Mitella stauropetala MIST2 Family Saxifragaceae SRange: Blue, Wallowa, Ochoco Mountains of eastern Oregon, extreme eastern Washington to Rocky Mountains. Habitat: Moist. warm to moist cool upland forests. Look Alikes: Heuchera species (leaves with hairy petioles: unlobed petals - often missing): Mite/Ia breweri(leaves 2-3 inches wide flowers 20 to 60, stamens alternate with petals). Mite/Ia pentandra (leaves 1-2 inches wide. flowers 6 to 25, stamens opposite the petal& Indicator Value: Defines PSME and ABGR site potentials (most common in steep slope communities ol ABGRNAME, ABOR! ACGL. PSMEJACGL/PHMA, PSMEIPHMA) Miscellany: Not palatable. Side-flowered Mitrewort Mitella stauropetala MIST2 Habit: Low, deciduous, perennial forb: scapes up to 20 inches tall; rhizomatous, Leaves: Basal, cordate to reniform (1-3 inches wide); sparsely hairy on both sides; often purplish-tinged. Flowers: Petals greenish-white to purplish-tinged: dissected in three filiform segments; calyx bell-shaped: tive stamens alternate with petals; raceme 10 to 35 flowered on one side (May - June). Fruit: Many tiny, shiny black seeds located in capsule.

S Sweet Cicely, Sweetroot Osmortiiza chilensis OSCH Family - Umbefluterae IRange: Throughout the western and northeasten United States: Chile and Argentina Habitat: Wide range from warm, dry to cool, moist sites from mid to upper elevations Look Alikes: 0 occidentalis (glabrous fruits: pungeni licorice smelfl. Coptis occdentalis (shiny, ovate leaflets), Anemone piperi (three biserrate leaflets, non-licorice taste) Indicator Value: Common in Douglas-hr warm, dry associations (PSl4E/SYOR) throughout most true fir associations (ABLA2 and . ABOR). Misceilany: Palatable to cattle, sheep, deer, and elk (0. occicien- tails is highly palatable, relished). Roots are edible: gives anise flavoring to Food and drink. Sweet Cicely, Sweetroot Osmorhiza chilensis OSCH Habit: Deciduous perennial torb (12-40 inches tall): well-developed taproot, Stem: Slender, solitary or branched: light hairiness. Leaves: Basally arranged thin, biternately compound: ovate, coarsely serrated, incised or lobed leaflets (1-3 inches long). Usu- ally 1 to 3 cauline leaves on short petioles, Flowers: Greenish-white, inconspicuous, borne in compound umbels (April - June). Fruit: Green (drying black), hairy schizocarp with beak at apex (clings to clothing). Sickletop Lousewort Pedicularis ramosa PE RA Family Scrophulariaceae Range: Widespread in Pacific Northwest Habitat: Cool, moist upper elevation sites in spruce and subalpine fir communities. Look Alikes: P cantorta (narrow. pinnate leaves); P bracteosa (large, pinnately compound leaves) Indicator Value: Defines subalpine fir zone vegetation, natural regeneration difficulties Miscellany: Our only lousewort with simple leaves. Intermediate host to stalictiform blister rust Unpalatable. Also called 'parrot's beak" based on distinctive upper corolla lip, Sickletop Lousewort Pedicularis racemosa PERA Habit: Deciduous, perennial forb (6-20 inches tall); woody caudex. Leaves: Simple, alternate, cauline only, linear to lanceolate (2-4 inches long); doubly serrate margin. Flowers: White: galea arched and tapers into a down-curved beak ("parrots beak'); raceme spikelike (June - September). Fruit: Capsule, tlattened and arched.

S Skunk-leaved Polemonium Poleinoniurn pulchen'imum POPU Family - Polemoniaceae Range: Throughout the mountatnous western United States Habitat: Moist. cool often shaded areas at high elevations. Look Alikes: Other Polemoniums (P viscosum. P elegans - corolla tube longer than calyx) (P occidentale - tall (1-3 feet), single stem) Indicator Value: Defines subalpine fir (ABLA2NASC) and whitebark pine plant associations Severe regeneration difficulty Miscellany: Unpalatable to cattle, slightly palatable to sheep Also known as "Jacob's ladder from leaflet orientation Emits a skunky' odor on crushing of foliage - thus its common name. Skunk-leaved Polemonium Polemonium pulcherrimum POPU Habit: Deciduous, erect, perennial forb; 12-20 inches tall: clustered stems from branched woody caudex. . Leaves: Alternate, deciduous, pinnately compound (11 to 15 leaflets); oval to orbicular; emits :skunky odor on crushing. Flowers: Blue with light yellow to white throat; showy; bellshaped; borne in cymes (May - August). Fruits: Capsule. S .

S Western Swordfern Polystichum murHtum POMU Family - Poiypodiaceae Range: Abundant in and west at the Cascades. extending across northern Washington to northern Idaho and northwest Montana. occasional in northern Blue Mountains and Northern Wallowa Mountains. Habitat: Moist areas in grand fir sites where maritime climatic initu- ence occurs Look Alikes: P lonchitis (holly fern) - smaller, leaves up to 2 Feet long, lower leaf segments smaller than middle ones. teeth of segments spread outward. Indicator Value: Defines the grand fir/sword fern - ginger plant association, Miscellany: Unpalatable Used by florists for sprays and wreaths Named for sword-like shape of teaf lets. Western Swordtern Polystichum munitum POMU Habit: Large, perennial fern: tufted on short, stout caudex, covered with reddish-brown scales. Leaves: Evergreen, leathery. stiffly erect, lance-shaped (6-50 inches). 35 to 70 pinnae (1-6 inches long), basal lobe projects upward: teeth incurred and spiny Son: Circular, borne on upper and middle pinnae in rows between rib and leaf margin. Bracken Fern PterIdlumaquilinum P140 Family - Polypodiaceae Range: Widespread throughout the Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Warm. dry mid elevation sites as invader and colonizer following fires. clearcutting. and burning (resists drought) Look Alikes: Readily recognized Indicator Value: Pioneering species on clearcuts. road cuts and fills, and burns in the early seral stages of grand fir series plant associations. Miscellany: Very resistant to tires: regenerates rapidly. Allelopathic. Poisonous to livestock if taken in quantity. Fiddleheads may be eaten after boding Use should be restricted to minimize possible toxicity accumulation over time. Bracken Fern Pteridium aquilinum PTAQ Habit: Medium to large. erect fern (2-4 feet tall), vigorously clonal; rhizomatous. Leaves: Deciduous single fronds; tripinnately compound blade (1-3 feet long); pinnules alternate; edges rolled under with dense hairs, Son: Enclosed by narrow, inrolled leaf margins Pink Wintergreen Pyrola asarifolla PYAS FarnIy - Ericaceae Range: Western United States. across Canada to NE North America Habitat: Moist. cool mid to upper elevations beneath shady closed canopies Look Alikes: Asarum caudatum (cordate to renilorm leaD. Viola orbiculata (thin, serrated eat), other Pyrola species - (more leathery, larger shinier leaf of PYAS). Indicator Value: Defines late seral true fir plant associations (ABLA2/LIBO2). Regeneration difficutt. Miscellany: Unpalatable. Waxy flowers are among the showiest. Pink Wintergreen Pyrola asarifolia PYAS Habit: Low evergreen perenniaJ forb (6-16 inches tall): rhizomatous Leaves: Basal, simple, circular to elliptic (1-3 inches wide): leathery; entire margin; shiny dark green above and purplish beneath. No white mottling. Flowers: Pink, rose, or purplish-red; waxy: strongly curved style; 10 to 25 flowers in elongate terminal raceme (June - September). Fruit: Capsule. Sidebeils Pyrola Pyrola secunda PYSE Family - Ericaceae Range: Widespread in North America. Habitat: Cool, moist dark sites beneath dense tree canopies at mid to upper elevations. Look Alikes: Other Pyrolas (PYSE has lealy aerial stem, light green leaves, and flowers on one side of racerne). Indicator Value: Defines sites capable or supporting the true fir and mountain hemlock plant associations Miscellany: Unpalatable Sidebells Pyrola Pyrola secunda PYSE Habit: Low, evergreen, perennial forb (2-6 inches tall): rhizomatous. Leaves: Alternate, thin, shiny light green above and pale below, ovate to ovate-elliptic (1h/22h/2 inches long) on short petioles. Flowers: White; straight style, borne on one-sided 6 to 20 flowered raceme (June - August), Fruit: Dry, globose capsule. Arrowleaf Groundsel Seneclo triangulafls SETR Family - Compositae Range: Widespread in mountains of the western United States. Habitat: Cool, wet and cool, moist soils at upper elevations under sQruce subalpine fir, and as a riparian species Look Alikes: Easily recognized Indicator Value: Unbound water beneath Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir often associated with twisted stalk. meadowrue, tall bluebells (ABLA2ISTAM) Miscellany: Palatable to deer and elk; highly palatable to sheep Arrowleaf Groundsel Senecio triangularis SETR Habit: Tall deciduous perennial forb (1-5 feet tall): clustered stems. Leaves: Numerous alternate, triangular-shaped (2-8 inches long): lower leaves large with long petioles: reduction in size upwards as leaves become sessile, Flowers: Yellow: numerous heads in flat-topped inflorescence (June - September). Fruit: Achene, False Solomon's Seal Smilacina racemosa SMRA Vamily - L;t;acea Range: Widespread throughout the United States. Habitat: Warm moist to warm dry habitats in relatively open forested stands often on outcroppings Look Alikes: S. ste//ala (few flowered raceme. leaves 2-6 inches long, narrower), Strepzopus amplexifolius (branched: clasping leaf bases). Disporum trachycarpum (branched, rounded leaf bases). Indicator Value: Douglas-fir (PSME/ACGLIPHMA} and grand hr (ABGR/ACGL. ABGRNAME) plant associations: steep slope orientation. Miscellany: Unpalatable. Berries used by grouse Native Ameri- cans used berries to prevent scurvy, too many berries results in laxative reaction Rootstocks make a good pickle False Solomon's Seal Smilacina racemosa SMRA Habit: Mid sized (1-3 feet tall) deciduous, perennial forb: strongly rhizomatous, Stem: Erect, unbranched, green; arched or curving downward. Leaves: Alternate, simple, sessile. lanceolate (3-8 inches long); parallel venation; slightly clasping. Flowers: Many, small, white; terminal panicle up to 5 inches long (April - July). Fruit: Globose berry (1/2 inch or smaller). green-brown to red. Starry SoLomon's Seal Smilacina stellata SMST Family - Liliaceae Aange: Widespread throughout the United States Habitat: Cool, moist habitats in closed canopy forests at mid elevations. Look Alikes: S. racemosa (many flowered panicle. leaves 3-8 inches long, broader): Streptopus (branched: clasping leaf bases): D,sporum (branched, rounded leaf bases). Indicator Value: Cool, moist shaded subalpine fir (ABLA2/CLUN. ABLA2/LIBO2) and grand fir (ABGR/CLUN. ABGR/TABR/CLUN) plani communities Miscellany: Unpalatable. Berries are edible - but have laxative reactions, Grouse use the berries Starry Solomon's Seal Smilacina stellata SMST Habit: Low (8-24 inches tall) deciduous perennial forb; rhizomatous. Stem: Erect, unbranched. green: arched. Leaves: Alternate, simple, sessile. lanceolate (2-6 inches long); parallel venation; slightly clasping. Flowers: Few (5 to 10), small, white; terminal raceme is up to 3 inches long; rachis ot intlorescence is "ziz-zag" (May - June). Fruit: Globose berry (less than 1/2 inch); greenish yellow turning blackish. Twisted Stalk Streptopus amplexifo!iLJs STAM Family - Liliaceae Range: Widespread throughoul the United States. Habitat: Wet. moist sites at mid elevations where soils are walerbound. Look Alikes: Disporum trachycarpum (rounded leaf bases; not clasping). Smuacina racemasa (unbranched. terminal panicle): Smi/aciria ste/lata (unbranched: terminal racerne). Indicator Value: Indicates the ABLA2/STAM plani association Miscellany: Berries eaten by Native Americans and used by grouse. Unpalatable. May have laxative properties. Twisted Stalk Strep topus amplexifolius STAM Habit: Tall (2-4 feet) deciduous perennial forb; rhizomatous, Stem: Erect, branched, green. Leaves: Alternate, simple, sessile, ovate, acuminate tips; 2-5 inches long, parallel venation: cordate clasping leaf bases. Flowers: Greenish-white. 3-merous bell-shaped ito 2 flowers on twisted stalked pedicels beneath each leaf (May - July). Fruit: Oblong, bright yellow-orange translucent berry.

- Western Meadowrue Thalictrum occidentale THOC Family - Ranunculaceae Range: Throughout the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains Habitat: Wide range of habitats from warm. moist and warm, dry at mid elevations 10 cool, dry and cool, moist at upper elevations Look Alikes: Aquilegia spp (leaves less dissected, leaflets larger; prominent veins) T fend/ed (achenes erect; stigma not purplish). Indicator Value: Defines the cool, moist end of Douglas-fir series (PSMEIACGLJPHMA) and common throughout true fir series plant associations Increaser with disturbance. Most prominant in mid seral stages Miscellany: Unpalatable. Plants are dioecious. Western Meadowrue Thalictrum occidentale THOC Habit: Mid sized (1-3 feet) deciduous, dioecious perennial forb. Stems: Glabrous, slender. Leaves: Alternate, 3 to 4 times ternate; leatlets rounded. three lobed and 2 to 3 times toothed or lobed: horizontal orientation; green above, pale below, Flowers: Inconspicuous, greenish-white, borne in a panicle; stigma purplish (May - July). Fruits: Spindle-shaped achene (three prominant veins on side). Coolwort Foamflower Tiarella tiltollata var. unifoliara TITR U Family - Saxfragaceae Range: Widespread in Pacific Northwest. Habitat: Cool, moist streamsides and bottom locations (often undec spruce) Look Alikes: M/te//a spp (capsules are saucer-shaped). Coptis occidental/s(shiny teaves) Indicator Value: Indicative ot spruce-dominated bottoms and late serai ABLA2/CLUN plant communities. Miscellany: Unpalatable Common name 'foamfiower derived from the gross appearance at the inflorescence. Coolwort Foamf lower Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata TITRU Habit: Low to mid sized (8-20 inches) deciduous, perennial forb: rhizomatous. Leaves: Simple, 3 to 5 lobed (2-3 inches long). Flowers: White. 5-merous. bell-shaped in elongate panicles (June - August) Fruit: Conspicuous, unequally two-valved capsule False Bugbane Trautvetteria caroilniensis TRCA3 Family - Ranunculaceae Range: Widely distributed in North America and Japan. Habitat: Cool. wel sites at upper elevations. Look Atikes: Very distinctive, but could be confused with Troll/us laxus (fruit a tollicle) Indicator Value: ABLA2/STAM and ABGR/CLUN (wet microsites) Miscellany: Unpalatable. The common name bugbane' may be due to toxicity of plant. False Bugbane Trautvetteria caroliniensis TRCA3 Habit: Erect, taIl (20-32 inches) deciduous, perennial torb: rhizomatous, Leaves: Basal; long-petiolate. wide (4-10 inches) palmately divided blade with 5 or more lobes cauline - alternate short petiolate. Flowers: Inconspicuous. white to greenish, borne in terminal corymbs (May - August). Fruit: Four-angled achene with hooked style.

I Sitka Valerian Valeriana sitchensis VASI Farndy Valeranaceae Range: Eastern Washington, western Montana, northeastern Ore- gon. central Idaho Habitat: Cool. moist to cold, moist sites at high elevations with heavy snowpack Look Alikes: Very distinctive. V. edulis occurs at lower elevations and lacks a defined petuole on the leaves: inflorescence a panicle Indicator Value: Defines the ABLA2 series well (ABLA2NASC, ABLA2NAME). Miscellany: Sites will be difficult to regenerate. Highly palatable to sheep, deer, and elk Roots are foul smelling and tasting Sitka Valerian Valeriana sitchensis VASI Habit: Deciduous, taIl (1-4 feet) perennial forb; fibrous-rooted from branched caudex, Leaves: Opposite, odd-pinnately compound; toothed margins; terminal leaflet largest; most are cauline with petioles, Flowers: White. funnel-shaped, borne in rounded compact inflorescence. Fruit: Glabrous, plumed achenes, Woodiand Violet Viola glabella VIGL Pamly - Violaceae Range: Throughoul the Pacific Northwest Habitat: Mesic wooded and forested sites at mid elevations Look Alikes: V. arbicutata (round leaf and apex) V. adunca (ovate leaf purple flowers) Indicator Value: Indicative at Douglas-fir and grand hr potential Sites Miscellany: Unpalatable Use ot leaves for salads - high in Vita- min C S Woodland Violet Viola glabella VIGL Habit: Erect, deciduous, low perennial torb (up to 12 inches tall): fleshy rootstock. Leaves: Ovate-cordate to reniform, 1-3 inches wide, acute apex Flowers: Yellow with lower 3 petals purple-veined, leafy aerial flowering stems (March - July). Fruit: Exploding capsules. Round-Leaved Violet Viola orbiculata VIOR2 Family - Violaceae Range: Olympics. Case-des to northern Oregon: northern Idaho northwest Montana. and northeastern Oregon Habitat: Cool moist shaded sites at mid and upper elevations Look Alikes: V. glabella has cordate-reniform leaves and pointed leaf tips: V adunca has ovate leaves with acute tip. Indicator Value: Defines the true fir (ABLA2 and ABGR) series ot plant associations Miscellany: Unpalatable. Use leaves for salad greens- high in Vitamin C. Round-Leaved Violet Viola orbiculata VIOR2 Habit: Erect, deciduous. low perennial torb (2 inches tall): short rootstock without stolons; old petiole bases exposed, Leaves: Orbicular (round) with cordate base and round apex; glabrous, thin, small (1-2 inches wide). Flowers: Lemon-yellow to golden: lower three petals purple-veined. Fruit; Exploding capsule. Goosefoot Violet Viola purpurea VIPIJ Family - Violaceae Range: North central Washington to California, east to Montana Wyoming, and Colorado Habitat: Dry, warm forested and nonforested sites. Look Alikes: A very distinctive violet Indicator Value: Found in ponderosa pine and nontocested communities where drought limits regeneration and reforestation opportunities Miscellany: Unpalatable. Goosefoot Violet Viola purpurea VIPU Habit: Erect, deciduous, low perennial forb (2-6 inches tall); shallow scaly rhizome. Leaves: Thick, fleshy ovate (h/21h/2 inches wide): deeply toothed; glaucous-green and purplish or purple veined. Flowers: Yellow with brown pencilling (May - August). Fruit: Exploding capsule.

S LITERATURE CITED Cooperative Extension Service. Ferns to Know in Oregon. Oregon State University, Corvallis. Extension Bulletin 785. October 1969 Ganison, G A,: J M Skovhn. C L Poulton. A. H Winward 1976 Northwest Plant Names and Symbols for Ecosystems Inven- tory and Analysis. Fourth Ed USDA Forest Service. Gen Tech. Report. PNW 46 263 pp Hall. F C 1973. Plant Communities ci the Blue Mountains in East- ern Oregon and Southeastern Washington USDA Forest Service, PNW Region. R-6 Area Guide 3-1, 62 pp. Hall. F C 1974 Key to Environmental Indicator Plants of the Blue Mountains in Eastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington USDA. I.JSFS. R6 Area Guide 3-2. 51 pp Hitchcock. C. L, A. Cronquist. M. Ownbey. J. W. Thompson. 1977. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest Vol 1-5 University of Washington Press. Seattle 2978 pp. Hitchcock. C L and A Cronquist 1973 Flora of the Pacific North- west: An Illustrated Manual. University of Washington Press. Seattle. 730 pp 'Hopkins, William E and Roberl C. Rawlings. 1985 Malor Indicator Shrubs and Herbs on National Forests of Eastern Oregon USDA. USFS. PNW Region. R6-TM-190-1985 Johnson. Charles C. and Steve A. Simon. 1987 Plant Associations of the Wallowa-Snake Province R6-Ecol-TP-225A-86. 399 pp. Kirk, Donald A. 1970 Wild Edible Plants of Western North America. Naturegraph Publishers. Inc Happy Camp. CA Lawrence. George H. M. 1955 An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. The MacMillan Cc,. New York. 179 pp Mason, Georgia. 1975. Guide to the Plants of the Wallowa Moun- tains of Northeastern Oregon Museum of Natural History. University of Oregon. Eugene. OR 411 pp Patterson. Patricia A., Kenneth E Neiman. Jonalea H Tonn. 1985 Field Guide to Forest Plants of Northern Idaho USDA. USFS. Int Res Sta GTR INT-180. Porter, C. L. 1967 Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco 472 pp. Randall, Warren P.: Robert F. Keniston, Dale N Bayer. 1978. Man- ual of Oregon Trees and Shrubs. OSU Book Slores Inc., Corvallis. OR Reid: Elbert H. 1942. Important Plants on National Forest Ranges of Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington. USDA. Forest Ser- vice. PNW Forest & Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. Range Research Report No 1 64 pp. U. S Dept ot Commerce. 1937 Range Plant Handbook. PB-168-589 419 pp. Vallentine. John F Undated, Important Utah Range Grasses. Exten- sion Circular 286. Utah State University, Logan UT 48 pp. Williams. Clinton K. Williams and Terry R. Lillybridge. 1987. Major Indicator Shrubs and Herbs on National Forests of Eastern Washington. USDA. USFS, PNW Region. R6-TM-TP-304-87. S