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Inspiring Elite Action for a More Just Society?

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Inspiring Elite Action for a More Just Society? INSPIRING ELITE ACTION FOR A MORE JUST SOCIETY? Media Framing of Elite Social Responsibility in an Unequal, Unconsolidated Democracy A Case Study from Namibia Veera Virmasalo MA Thesis in Journalism Spring 2017 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Language and Communication Studies University of Jyväskylä JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION STUDIES Tekijä – Author Veera Virmasalo Työn nimi – Title INSPIRING ELITE ACTION FOR A MORE JUST SOCIETY? Media Framing of Elite Social Responsibility in an Unequal, Unconsolidated Democracy. A Case Study From Namibia. Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Journalism Master’s thesis Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages January 2017 160 pages + Annex 27 pages Tiivistelmä – Abstract With a focus on Namibia, one of the most unequal countries in the world, this thesis set out to develop a frame analysis tool for studying what kinds of social roles elite newspapers suggest for their well‐off readers. The interest was based on the conviction that media texts mirror and mould broader discourses in the society. The tool uses a theoretical construct of elite social responsibility, which is an action‐orientated concept founded on William Gamson’s collective action frames (1992) and a sociological model by Abram de Swaan (1988). It measures elite social responsibility using the frame package approach developed by Gamson and colleagues. This involved the development of a set of variables and clear coding instructions for these. As such, the thesis makes a methodological contribution to transparent analysis of inequality and active citizenship issues in media texts. The study tested the new tool on a purposive sample of 135 newspaper texts. This test found that roughly 70 percent of the items were framed using the Minding My Own or Good Samaritan frames, which suggest that the well‐off should do either nothing or do charity. A little under 30 percent used the Active Citizen frame, which implies that the elites should take collective action for policy change. The results further suggested that media is most likely to use the Active Citizen framing in issues, which have direct consequences for the well‐off themselves. Moreover, the analysis identified several media routines, which contributed to the downplaying of the importance of solidarity through policy action. As such, the analysis suggested that elite newspapers in Namibia participate in a largely unintentional reproduction of discourses, which maintain the status quo. This supports earlier observations regarding political culture and inequality in post‐independence Namibia. Asiasanat – Keywords Journalism, frame analysis, elites, middle classes, solidarity, active citizenship, Namibia Säilytyspaikka – Depository University of Jyväskylä Muita tietoja – Additional information JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department HUMANISTIS‐YHTEISKUNTATIETEELLINEN KIELTEN JA VIESTINTÄTIETEIDEN LAITOS Tekijä – Author Veera Virmasalo Työn nimi – Title INSPIRING ELITE ACTION FOR A MORE JUST SOCIETY? Media Framing of Elite Social Responsibility in an Unequal, Unconsolidated Democracy. A Case Study From Namibia. Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Journalistiikka Maisterintyö Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Tammikuu 2017 160 + 27 liitesivua Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tutkimus keskittyi Namibiaan, joka on yksi maailman epätasa‐arvoisimmista maista. Tarkoituksena oli kehittää kehysanalyysityökalu, jonka avulla voidaan selvittää millaisia yhteiskunnallisia rooleja niin kutsutut eliittisanomalehdet ehdottavat lukijoilleen, jotka edustavat epätasa‐arvoisen yhteiskunnan hyväosaisia – käytännössä eliittejä ja keskiluokkia, joita tutkimus kutsui yhteisellä nimellä eliitit. Tarkastelu nojasi näkemykseen mediateksteistä laajempien yhteiskunnallisten diskurssien peileinä ja muokkaajina. Kehitetty työkalu perustuu käsitteeseen, jonka tutkimus nimeää eliittien yhteiskunnalliseksi vastuuksi. Käsite korostaa toiminnan merkitystä ja perustuu William Gamsonin kollektiivisen toiminnan kehyksiin (1992) sekä Abram de Swaanin sosiologiseen malliin (1988). Gamsonin mediapaketti‐mallin mukaisesti työkalua varten määriteltiin joukko muuttujia ja selkeät koodausohjeet. Työkalu parantaa mediatutkimuksen metodologisia valmiuksia analysoida, miten mediatekstit viestivät epätasa‐arvosta ja hyväosaisten aktiivisesta kansalaisuudesta. Tutkimus sisältää analyysin 135 sanomalehtitekstistä, jotka oli valittu harkintaan perustuvalla otannalla. Noin 70 prosenttia teksteistä käytti kehyksiä, joita kehysanalyysityökalu kutsui nimellä keskity omiin asioihisi ja laupias samarialainen. Näiden mukaan hyväosaisten ei pidä tehdä mitään, tai korkeintaan hyväntekeväisyyttä. Hieman alle 30 prosenttia teksteistä käytti aktiivinen kansalainen ‐kehystä, joka kannustaa eliittejä politiikkamuutoksia vaativaan yhteistoimintaan. Analyysi myös osoitti, että lehdet käyttävät aktiivinen kansalainen ‐kehystä todennäköisimmin uutisoidessaan eliiteille tärkeistä aiheista. Lisäksi analyysi tunnisti useita mediarutiineja, jotka johtivat siihen, etteivät lehdet kannustaneet lukijoitaan laajempaan solidaarisuuteen. Analyysin tulokset voidaan tulkita niin, että tutkimuksessa mukana olleet lehdet toisinsivat paljolti tarkoittamattaan epätasa‐arvoa ylläpitäviä diskursseja. Tämä johtopäätös tukee aiempia havaintoja itsenäisen Namibian poliittisesta kulttuurista. Asiasanat – Keywords Journalismi, kehysanalyysi, eliitti, keskiluokka, solidaarisuus, aktiivinen kansalaisuus, Namibia Säilytyspaikka – Depository University of Jyväskylä Muita tietoja – Additional information CONTENT 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Elites, elite media and elite social responsibility in Namibia ........................................................ 5 2.1 Elite social responsibility and elite discourses ...................................................................... 5 2.2 This study on the field of media research ............................................................................. 7 2.3 Namibian elites .................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Elite media in Namibia ........................................................................................................ 24 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 31 3. Studying discourse through frames ............................................................................................ 33 3.1 Framing, frames, and research questions ........................................................................... 33 3.2 Frame analysis as a method ................................................................................................ 40 3.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 49 4. Frame analysis tool for elite social responsibility ....................................................................... 51 4.1 Base: Elites and collective action ........................................................................................ 51 4.2 The tool in brief ................................................................................................................... 54 4.3 Using the tool to identify frames in texts ............................................................................ 59 General instructions .................................................................................................. 59 Identity ...................................................................................................................... 59 Preferred Solution ..................................................................................................... 65 Motivation................................................................................................................. 67 Efficacy ...................................................................................................................... 75 4.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 77 5. Corpus and news events ............................................................................................................. 78 5.1 Selection of corpus .............................................................................................................. 78 5.2 The three news events and broader issues connected to them ......................................... 81 The dumpsite ‘scavengers’ – poverty ....................................................................... 81 Civil society land conference – the land question .................................................... 82 The proposed electricity price increase – consumer prices ..................................... 83 5.3 Corpus described ................................................................................................................. 84 5.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 96 6. Frame analysis: results and discussion ......................................................................................
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