DOCSLIB.ORG

BONNER ZOOLOGISCHE MONOGRAPHIEN, Nr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

© Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications of myrmecophily within the Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) by KONRAD FIEDLER BONNER ZOOLOGISCHE MONOGRAPHIEN, Nr. 31 1991 Herausgeber: ZOOLOGISCHES FORSCHUNGSINSTITUT UND MUSEUM ALEXANDER KOENIG BONN © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at BONNER ZOOLOGISCHE MONOGRAPHIEN Die Serie wird vom Zoologischen Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig herausgegeben und bringt Originalarbeiten, die für eine Unterbringung in den „Bonner zoologischen Beiträgen" zu lang sind und eine Veröffentlichung als Monographie rechtfertigen. Anfragen bezüghch der Vorlage von Manuskripten sind an die Schriftleitung zu richten; Bestellungen und Tauschangebote bitte an die Bibhothek des Instituts. This series of monographs, published by the Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, has been established for original contributions too long for inclu- sion in „Bonner zoologische Beiträge". Correspondence concerning manuscripts for pubHcation should be addressed to the editor. Purchase orders and requests for exchange please address to the library of the institute. LTnstitut de Recherches Zoologiques et Museum Alexander Koenig a etabh cette serie de monographies pour pouvoir pubher des travaux zoologiques trop longs pour etre in- clus dans les „Bonner zoologische Beiträge". Toute correspondance concernante des manuscrits pour cette serie doit etre adressee ä I'editeur. Commandes et demandes pour echanges adresser ä la bibhotheque de I'insti- tut, s. V. p. BONNER ZOOLOGISCHE MONOGRAPHIEN, Nr. 31, 1991 Preis: 40,— DM Schriftleitung/Editor: G. Rheinwald Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig Adenauerallee 150—164, D-5300 Bonn 1, Germany Druck: Rheinischer Landwirtschafts-Verlag G.m.b.H., 5300 Bonn 1 ISBN 3-925382-33-X ISSN 0302-671X © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications of myrmecophily within the Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papihonoidea) by KONRAD FIEDLER BONNER ZOOLOGISCHE MONOGRAPHIEN, Nr. 31 1991 Herausgeber: ZOOLOGISCHES FORSCHUNGSINSTITUT UND MUSEUM ALEXANDER KOENIG BONN © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Fiedler, Konrad: Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological impHcations of myrmecophily within the Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papihonoidea) / by Konrad Fiedler. Hrsg.: Zoolog. Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn. — Bonn: Zoologisches Forschungsinst. und Museum Alexander Koenig. (Bonner zoologische Monographien; Nr. 31) ISBN 3-925382-33-X NE: GT © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at CONTENTS Page Abstract 5 Introduction 6 Lycaenid myrmecophily: the general framework 6 Morphology and function of the myrmecophilous organs of lycaenid caterpillars 11 Communication between lycaenid caterpillars and ants 17 Ecology of lycaenid-ant interactions 19 Aims of the present study 21 Behavioural interactions between lycaenid larvae and ants: a comparative experi- mental study 24 The use of quantitative methods in the investigation of myrmecophily. ... 24 Material and methods 25 Results 26 Myrmecophilous species {Polyommatus coridon - Polyommatus icarus - Polyommatus escheri) 26 Myrmecoxenous species {Lycaena phlaeas - Lycaena tityrus - Lycaena hippothoe - Callophrys rubi - Hamearis lucina) 30 Discussion 32 The function of the myrmecophilous organs 32 Pore cupola organs (PCOs) 32 Dorsal nectary organ (DNO) 34 Tentacle organs (TOs) 35 Comparative aspects 36 Lycaenid systematics and Myrmecophily 39 The system of the Lycaenidae 39 Systematic distribution of myrmecophilous organs within the Lycaenidae 43 The outgroups: NymphaHdae and Riodinidae 43 The subfamihes Poritiinae, Miletinae, and Curetinae 45 Myrmecophilous organs of the Lycaeninae 46 The higher lycaenid taxa and their ant-associations 48 Poritiinae 48 Miletinae 48 Curetinae 49 Lycaeninae 49 Specificity of lycaenid-ant interactions 54 Which ants do visit lycaenid caterpillars? 54 Mechanisms of host-specificity 58 The obligatory and specific myrmecophiles within the Lycaenidae 62 Poritiinae 63 Miletinae 63 Lycaeninae 63 Lycaenid hostplant relationships and myrmecophily 67 Hostplants as selective agents in the Lycaenidae 67 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at Database and analytical procedure 69 The hostplant relationships of the higher lycaenid taxa 71 Aberrant feeders: Poritiinae and Miletinae 71 Curetinae 72 Lycaeninae 72 Aphnaeini 72 Lycaenini 73 Thechni (Luciiti - Ogyriti - Zesiiti - Arhopaliti - Thecliti) 74 Eumaeini (Catapaecilmatiti - Amblypodiiti - Loxuriti - lolaiti - Reme- laniti - Hypolycaeniti - Deudorigiti - Eumaeiti) 78 Polyommatini (Candahditi - Lycaenesthiti - Niphanditi - Polyomma- titi) 83 Conclusions 84 General patterns of hostplant use within the Lycaenidae 84 Lycaenid hostplants in comparison to other butterflies 87 Are there trade-offs with myrmecophily? 89 Zoogeography of lycaenid-ant interactions 93 Zoogeography of the Lycaenidae 93 Poritiinae 94 Miletinae 94 Curetinae 95 Lycaeninae 95 Zoogeographie patterns in lycaenid myrmecophily 97 Introductory remarks 97 Europe and North West Africa 99 Japan 102 Australia 104 Thailand and West Malaysia 105 India 106 South Africa 108 Neotropical region 110 Nearctic region Ill Conclusions 113 Evolution of interactions between lycaenids and ants 116 Ants as selective agents for lepidopterous capterpillars 116 Evolution of myrmecophily and its related organs 117 Specializations and reductions 123 Obligatory myrmecophily 123 Secondary myrmecoxeny 128 Hostplants 129 Feeding habits 129 Habitat 129 Species diversity of the Lycaenidae: is myrmecophily a part of the answer? 130 Concluding remarks 132 Acknowledgements 134 Literature cited 135 Appendix: Tables 157 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at 5 ABSTRACT 1. ) A quantitative study of the behavioural interactions of 7 European Lycaenidae and 1 Riodinidae species with 2 ant species revealed significant differences between myrmecophilous and myrmecoxenous caterpillars. A functional dorsal nectary organ is decisive for stable ant-associations. Further aspects of the function of the myrmecophilous organs, and the appHcation of the proposed experimental method to comparative surveys are discussed. 2. ) The presence of myrmecophilous organs in lycaenid larvae and the shape of their interactions with ants are intimately correlated with the higher classification of the family. The hypothesis of ancestral myrmecophily is rejected, the decisive dorsal nec- tary organ being an important synapomorphy of the most advanced subfamily Ly- caeninae. The characteristic states of myrmecophily are discussed for all higher lycaenid taxa. 3. ) Only trophobiotic ant taxa are involved in non-aggressive interactions with ly- caenids. Obligatory myrmecophily is mainly confined to ecologically dominant ants that form large, long-lived colonies, and most of such relationships occur in only a Hmited number of lycaenid Hneages, suggesting the occurrence of phyletic preadapta- tions for obligatory myrmecophily in these particular taxa. 4. ) Lycaenidae caterpillars mainly feed on plants of the subclass Rosidae with a distinct predilection of Fabales and Santalales. The hostplant patterns of the higher lycaenid taxa are described. There is little overlap between hostplant patterns of the Lycaenidae and other butterfly famihes. In contradiction to a recent hypothesis, no close correla- tion between myrmecophily and the predilection of Fabales or Santalales was found, with roughly 50 % of the myrmecophiles utilizing different foodplants. Neither obligate nor facultative myrmecophiles consistently have a wider hostplant range than myrmecoxenous species, indicating that myrmecophily has only exceptionally influenc- ed the hostplant relationships of lycaenid caterpillars. 5. ) The geographic distribution of myrmecophily is intimately correlated with the distribution of the higher lycaenid taxa. Gross patterns of lycaenid distribution point towards an important role of plate tectonics in the separation of the major lineages. The lycaenid faunas of 8 regions are systematically described, and the proportions of ant- associated species are estimated. A clear north-south disparity in the proportion or degree of myrmecophily is not discernible. 6. ) Some hypotheses concerning the evolution of myrmecophily in relation to the phylogeny of the Lycaenidae are proposed. Ant-associations have evolved in parallel in 2 lineages (Miletinae and Lycaeninae). In particular, specializations in, and reductions of, myrmecophily are discussed. 7. ) An Appendix summarizes data on hostplants and myrmecophily of more than 1000 Lycaenidae species. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zoologicalbulletin.de; www.biologiezentrum.at INTRODUCTION Lycaenid myrmecophily: the general framework The insect order Lepidoptera comprises 150,000—200,000 described species of which only 13,000—15,000
Recommended publications
  • Title Butterflies Collected in and Around Lambir Hills National Park

    Title Butterflies Collected in and Around Lambir Hills National Park

    Butterflies collected in and around Lambir Hills National Park, Title Sarawak, Malaysia in Borneo ITIOKA, Takao; YAMAMOTO, Takuji; TZUCHIYA, Taizo; OKUBO, Tadahiro; YAGO, Masaya; SEKI, Yasuo; Author(s) OHSHIMA, Yasuhiro; KATSUYAMA, Raiichiro; CHIBA, Hideyuki; YATA, Osamu Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto Citation University (2009), 30(1): 25-68 Issue Date 2009-03-27 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/156421 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Contn bioL Lab, Kyoto Univ., Vot. 30, pp. 25-68 March 2009 Butterflies collected in and around Lambir Hills National ParK SarawaK Malaysia in Borneo Takao ITioKA, Takuji YAMAMo'rD, Taizo TzucHiyA, Tadahiro OKuBo, Masaya YAGo, Yasuo SEKi, Yasuhiro OHsHIMA, Raiichiro KATsuyAMA, Hideyuki CHiBA and Osamu YATA ABSTRACT Data ofbutterflies collected in Lambir Hills National Patk, Sarawak, Malaysia in Borneo, and in ks surrounding areas since 1996 are presented. In addition, the data ofobservation for several species wimessed but not caught are also presented. In tota1, 347 butterfly species are listed with biological information (habitat etc.) when available. KEY WORDS Lepidoptera! inventory1 tropical rainforesti species diversity1 species richness! insect fauna Introduction The primary lowland forests in the Southeast Asian (SEA) tropics are characterized by the extremely species-rich biodiversity (Whitmore 1998). Arthropod assemblages comprise the main part of the biodiversity in tropical rainforests (Erwin 1982, Wilson 1992). Many inventory studies have been done focusing on various arthropod taxa to reveal the species-richness of arthropod assemblages in SEA tropical rainforests (e.g. Holloway & lntachat 2003). The butterfly is one of the most studied taxonomic groups in arthropods in the SEA region; the accumulated information on the taxonomy and geographic distribution were organized by Tsukada & Nishiyama (1980), Yata & Morishita (1981), Aoki et al.
  • Interações Plantas-Visitantes Florais Em Áreas De Restinga: Estrutura E Redes Ecológicas

    Interações Plantas-Visitantes Florais Em Áreas De Restinga: Estrutura E Redes Ecológicas

    INTERAÇÕES PLANTAS-VISITANTES FLORAIS EM ÁREAS DE RESTINGA: ESTRUTURA E REDES ECOLÓGICAS MARIANA SCARAMUSSA DEPRÁ UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE DARCY RIBEIRO - UENF CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES - RJ FEVEREIRO/2018 INTERAÇÕES PLANTAS-VISITANTES FLORAIS EM ÁREAS DE RESTINGA: ESTRUTURA E REDES ECOLÓGICAS MARIANA SCARAMUSSA DEPRÁ “Tese apresentada ao Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais.” Orientadora: Dra. Maria Cristina Gaglianone CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES - RJ FEVEREIRO/2018 ii AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro e ao Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais (LCA) pelo apoio logístico para a realização deste trabalho. À Capes pela concessão da bolsa do Programa Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior (PDSE) realizado na Newcastle University no Reino Unido. À prof.ª Maria Cristina Gaglianone pela confiança e oportunidade de orientação. Ao prof. Darren Evans da Newcatle University no Reino Unido por ter me recebido durante o estágio no exterior pelo PDSE e pelo auxílio nas análises de redes de interações. À Prumo Logística e ao Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA-RJ), pela permissão de trabalho na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Fazenda Caruara; em particular ao Daniel Ferreira do Nascimento pelo auxílio na escolha das áreas de estudo e disponibilização de informações sobre o projeto de plantio de mudas para a restauração. Ao Alan Mattedi, na época bolsista do projeto “Restinga: Conhecer e Conservar” da Fundação Flora de Apoio à Botânica, pelo auxílio na escolha dos pontos amostrais na RPPN Caruara. Ao André Leal e a Cleide Tavares (Omega Energia) pela autorização de trabalho no Parque Eólico de Gargaú.
  • A Compilation and Analysis of Food Plants Utilization of Sri Lankan Butterfly Larvae (Papilionoidea)

    A Compilation and Analysis of Food Plants Utilization of Sri Lankan Butterfly Larvae (Papilionoidea)

    MAJOR ARTICLE TAPROBANICA, ISSN 1800–427X. August, 2014. Vol. 06, No. 02: pp. 110–131, pls. 12, 13. © Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia & Taprobanica Private Limited, Homagama, Sri Lanka http://www.sljol.info/index.php/tapro A COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF FOOD PLANTS UTILIZATION OF SRI LANKAN BUTTERFLY LARVAE (PAPILIONOIDEA) Section Editors: Jeffrey Miller & James L. Reveal Submitted: 08 Dec. 2013, Accepted: 15 Mar. 2014 H. D. Jayasinghe1,2, S. S. Rajapaksha1, C. de Alwis1 1Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka, 762/A, Yatihena, Malwana, Sri Lanka 2 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri Lankan butterflies are poorly documented in the historical literature and there is a great need to identify LFPs in conservation perspectives. Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out during the past decade. A list of LFPs for 207 butterfly species (Super family Papilionoidea) of Sri Lanka is presented based on local studies and includes 785 plant-butterfly combinations and 480 plant species. Many of these combinations are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. The impact of introducing new plants on the dynamics of abundance and distribution of butterflies, the possibility of butterflies being pests on crops, and observations of LFPs of rare butterfly species, are discussed. This information is crucial for the conservation management of the butterfly fauna in Sri Lanka. Key words: conservation, crops, larval food plants (LFPs), pests, plant-butterfly combination. Introduction Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis 1949). As all herbivorous insects show some and have two stages of food consumtion.
  • A Preliminary List of Lepidopteran Insects from Palkot Wildlife

    A Preliminary List of Lepidopteran Insects from Palkot Wildlife

    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(3): 654-661 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 A preliminary list of lepidopteran insects from JEZS 2017; 5(3): 654-661 © 2017 JEZS Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand Received: 01-03-2017 Accepted: 02-04-2017 Navneet Singh Navneet Singh and Jalil Ahmad Zoological Survey of India, Gangetic Plains Regional Centre, Abstract Sector-8, Bahadurpur Housing Colony, Patna-800 026, Bihar, The present research paper deals with the preliminary data on the diversity of Lepidopteran insects of India Palkot WLS. The information is based on a survey tour conducted during October 11-13, 2015. Around 0 the Palkot three sites were selected for the collection. Two sites were selected on Gobarsilli (22 53.058N, 0 0 0 Jalil Ahmad 084 39.229E), and one site was selected on Kura Pahar (22 51.621 N, 084 38.123 E).The collection Zoological Survey of India, survey and identification yielded a total of 89 species of Lepidoptera including 30 species of Butterflies Gangetic Plains Regional Centre, under 26 genera and 59 species of Moths under 42 genera. As far as Butterflies are concerned, Sector-8, Bahadurpur Housing Nymphalidae with 64% of total reported Butterflies dominated the group whereas, in moths, Erebidae Colony, Patna-800 026, Bihar, dominated with 73% of the collected moth species. India Keywords: Inventory, Lepidoptera, Jharkhand, Gumla, Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary 1. Introduction The Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary falls within the districts of Gumla and Simdega of state of 0 0 0 0 [1] Jharkhand and lies between 22 45’N and 23 N longitude and 84 30’E to 84 45E latitude .
  • Title Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet, Consectetur Adipiscing Elit

    Title Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet, Consectetur Adipiscing Elit

    Volume 26: 102–108 METAMORPHOSIS www.metamorphosis.org.za ISSN 1018–6490 (PRINT) LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA ISSN 2307–5031 (ONLINE) Classification of the Afrotropical butterflies to generic level Published online: 25 December 2015 Mark C. Williams 183 van der Merwe Street, Rietondale, Pretoria, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa Abstract: This paper applies the findings of phylogenetic studies on butterflies (Papilionoidea) in order to present an up to date classification of the Afrotropical butterflies to genus level. The classification for Afrotropical butterflies is placed within a worldwide context to subtribal level. Taxa that still require interrogation are highlighted. Hopefully this classification will provide a stable context for researchers working on Afrotropical butterflies. Key words: Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Afrotropical butterflies, classification. Citation: Williams, M.C. (2015). Classification of the Afrotropical butterflies to generic level. Metamorphosis 26: 102–108. INTRODUCTION Suborder Glossata Fabricius, 1775 (6 infraorders) Infraorder Heteroneura Tillyard, 1918 (34 Natural classifications of biological organisms, based superfamilies) on robust phylogenetic hypotheses, are needed before Clade Obtectomera Minet, 1986 (12 superfamilies) meaningful studies can be conducted in regard to their Superfamily Papilionoidea Latreille, 1802 (7 evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation. families) Classifications, dating from the time of Linnaeus in the Family Papilionidae Latreille, 1802 (32 genera, 570 mid seventeen hundreds, were based on morphology species) for nearly two hundred and fifty years. Classifications Family Hedylidae Guenée, 1858 (1 genus, 36 species) based on phylogenies derived from an interrogation of Family Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809 (570 genera, 4113 the genome of individual organisms began in the late species) 20th century.
  • Observations on Lycaenid Butterflies from Panbari Reserve Forest and Adjoining Areas, Kaziranga, Assam, Northeastern

    Observations on Lycaenid Butterflies from Panbari Reserve Forest and Adjoining Areas, Kaziranga, Assam, Northeastern

    Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2015 | 7(15): 8259–8271 Observations on lycaenid butterflies from Panbari Reserve Forest and adjoining areas, Kaziranga, Assam, northeastern India ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Short Monsoon Jyoti Gogoi OPEN ACCESS Ph.D Student, Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India [email protected] Abstract: A checklist of 116 taxa of Lycaenidae (Blues) along with made to document the Lycaenidae notes on important species in low elevation forest of Panbari Reserve, of Kaziranga-Karbi Hills Kaziranga - West Karbi Hills, upper Assam is reported in this paper based on surveys conducted during 2007–2012 and some recent sightings till date. Important sightings include Blue Gem Poritia Methods erycinoides elsiei, Square-band Brownie Miletis nymphys porus, Plain Plushblue Flos apidanus ahamus, Blue Royal Ancema carmentalis, Study area Elwes Silverline Spindasis elwesi, Artipe skinneri, etc. The Panbari Reserve Forest (26036’N & 93030’E) is protected under the Kaziranga National Park (KNP) Keywords: Butterfly diversity, Kaziranga, Lycaenidae, northeastern India, Panbari Reserve. as its fourth addition (Images 1a,b & 2). The average elevation of the forest is around 90m. The altitude however ranges from 70–300 m. The reserve is very close to National Highway 37 (NH37) on the Guwahati- The Lycaenidae (Blues) butterfly diversity in low Jorhat route. The reserve falls between Golaghat and elevation forests of Panbari Reserve, Kaziranga - West Karb Anglong (KA) districts of Assam. To the north of Karbi Hills, upper Assam is reported in this paper. Karbi the reserve lies Dollamora proposed reserve in Karbi Hills constitue a chain of hill ranges lying in middle Assam Anglong District and on the southern boundary is a in the southern bank of the river Brahmaputra.
  • Check-List of the Butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in Western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea)

    Check-List of the Butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in Western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea)

    Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 25 (4): 161–174 (2004) 161 Check-list of the butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea) Lars Kühne, Steve C. Collins and Wanja Kinuthia1 Lars Kühne, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; email: [email protected] Steve C. Collins, African Butterfly Research Institute, P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Wanja Kinuthia, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract: All species of butterflies recorded from the Kaka- list it was clear that thorough investigation of scientific mega Forest N.R. in western Kenya are listed for the first collections can produce a very sound list of the occur- time. The check-list is based mainly on the collection of ring species in a relatively short time. The information A.B.R.I. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Furthermore records from the collection of the National density is frequently underestimated and collection data Museum of Kenya (Nairobi), the BIOTA-project and from offers a description of species diversity within a local literature were included in this list. In total 491 species or area, in particular with reference to rapid measurement 55 % of approximately 900 Kenyan species could be veri- of biodiversity (Trueman & Cranston 1997, Danks 1998, fied for the area. 31 species were not recorded before from Trojan 2000). Kenyan territory, 9 of them were described as new since the appearance of the book by Larsen (1996). The kind of list being produced here represents an information source for the total species diversity of the Checkliste der Tagfalter des Kakamega-Waldschutzge- Kakamega forest.
  • INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch

    INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch

    ZOOLOGÍA-TAXONOMÍA www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm Caldasia 31(2):407-440. 2009 HACIA UNA SÍNTESIS DE LOS PAPILIONOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a historical sketch JOSÉ LUIS SALINAS-GUTIÉRREZ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] CLAUDIO MÉNDEZ Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria, Campus Central USAC, Zona 12. Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] MERCEDES BARRIOS Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas (CECON), Universidad de San Carlos, Avenida La Reforma 0-53, Zona 10, Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] CARMEN POZO El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Apartado Postal 70-399, México D.F. 04510; México. [email protected]. Autor responsable. RESUMEN La riqueza biológica de Mesoamérica es enorme. Dentro de esta gran área geográfi ca se encuentran algunos de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta (selvas tropicales), así como varios de los principales centros de endemismo en el mundo (bosques nublados). Países como Guatemala, en esta gran área biogeográfi ca, tiene grandes zonas de bosque húmedo tropical y bosque mesófi lo, por esta razón es muy importante para analizar la diversidad en la región. Lamentablemente, la fauna de mariposas de Guatemala es poco conocida y por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio y análisis de la composición y la diversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en Guatemala.
  • Stomach Contents of the Indian Pangolin Manis Crassicaudata (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) in Tropical Forests of Southern India

    Stomach Contents of the Indian Pangolin Manis Crassicaudata (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) in Tropical Forests of Southern India

    OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa fs dedfcated to bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally by publfshfng peer-revfewed arfcles onlfne every month at a reasonably rapfd rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org . All arfcles publfshed fn JoTT are regfstered under Creafve Commons Atrfbufon 4.0 Internafonal Lfcense unless otherwfse menfoned. JoTT allows unrestrfcted use of arfcles fn any medfum, reproducfon, and dfstrfbufon by provfdfng adequate credft to the authors and the source of publfcafon. Journal of Threatened Taxa Bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnt) Note Stomach contents of the Indfan Pangolfn Manfs crassfcaudata (Mammalfa: Pholfdota: Manfdae) fn tropfcal forests of southern Indfa Mohanarangan Ashokkumar, Dfpfka Valsarajan, M. Arjun Suresh, Anuraj R. Kafmal & George Chandy 26 May 2017 | Vol. 9| No. 5 | Pp. 10246–10248 10.11609/jot. 2873 .9. 5.10246-10248 For Focus, Scope, Afms, Polfcfes and Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/About_JoTT For Arfcle Submfssfon Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdelfnes For Polfcfes agafnst Scfenffc Mfsconduct vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/JoTT_Polfcy_agafnst_Scfenffc_Mfsconduct For reprfnts contact <[email protected]> Publfsher/Host Partner Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2017 | 9(5): 10246–10248 Note Pangolins are scaly anteaters and Stomach contents of the are unique in being the world’s only Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata true scaly mammals, distributed in (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Asia and Africa. Of the eight species in tropical forests of southern India ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) of pangolin, four species are found in Asia, the Chinese Pangolin Manis Mohanarangan Ashokkumar 1, Dipika Valsarajan 2, OPEN ACCESS pentadactyla, Indian Pangolin M.
  • 392 Genus Actizera Chapman

    392 Genus Actizera Chapman

    AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Genus Actizera Chapman, 1910 Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1910: 483 (479-497). Type-species: Lycaena atrigemmata Butler, by monotypy. The genus Actizera belongs to the Family Lycaenidae Leach, 1815; Subfamily Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827; Tribe Polyommatini Swainson, 1827; Subtribe incertae sedis. The other genera in the Subtribe incertae sedis in the Afrotropical Region are Cupidopsis, Pseudonacaduba, Catochrysops, Lampides, Uranothauma, Cacyreus, Harpendyreus, Leptotes, Cyclyrius, Tuxentius, Tarucus, Zintha, Zizeeria, Zizina, Zizula, Brephidium, Oraidium, Azanus, Eicochrysops, Euchrysops, Orachrysops, Lepidochrysops, Thermoniphas and Oboronia. Actizera (Blues) is a purely Afrotropical genus containing four species. *Actizera atrigemmata (Butler, 1878) Lycaena atrigemmata Butler, 1878. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 2: 290 (283-297). Actizera atrigemmata Butler, 1878. d’Abrera, 2009: 816. Type locality: Madagascar: “Fianarantsoa”. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Fianarantsoa (TL). Habitat: Transformed grassland (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Note: Larsen (2005a) suggests that this taxon may be a subspecies of Actizera lucida. *Actizera drucei (Bethune-Baker, 1906) Zizera [sic] drucei Bethune-Baker, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 17: 109 (104-110). Actizera lucida drucei (Bethune-Baker, 1906). Stempffer, 1967: 262-63. Synonym of Actizera lucida (Trimen, 1883). Ackery et al., 1995. Actizera drucei (Bethune-Baker, 1906). Lees et al., 2003. stat. rev. Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagascar”. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Sirabe (probably Antsirabe) (Lees et al., 2003). Habitat: Transformed grassland (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Note: Not listed by d’Abrera, 2009: 816.
  • BUTTERFLIES in Thewest Indies of the Caribbean

    BUTTERFLIES in Thewest Indies of the Caribbean

    PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA E-mail: [email protected]@focusonnature.com Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-888-721-3555 oror 302/529-1876302/529-1876 BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS in the West Indies of the Caribbean in Antigua and Barbuda the Bahamas Barbados the Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica the Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Lucia Saint Vincent the Virgin Islands and the ABC islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao Butterflies in the Caribbean exclusively in Trinidad & Tobago are not in this list. Focus On Nature Tours in the Caribbean have been in: January, February, March, April, May, July, and December. Upper right photo: a HISPANIOLAN KING, Anetia jaegeri, photographed during the FONT tour in the Dominican Republic in February 2012. The genus is nearly entirely in West Indian islands, the species is nearly restricted to Hispaniola. This list of Butterflies of the West Indies compiled by Armas Hill Among the butterfly groupings in this list, links to: Swallowtails: family PAPILIONIDAE with the genera: Battus, Papilio, Parides Whites, Yellows, Sulphurs: family PIERIDAE Mimic-whites: subfamily DISMORPHIINAE with the genus: Dismorphia Subfamily PIERINAE withwith thethe genera:genera: Ascia,Ascia, Ganyra,Ganyra, Glutophrissa,Glutophrissa, MeleteMelete Subfamily COLIADINAE with the genera: Abaeis, Anteos, Aphrissa, Eurema, Kricogonia, Nathalis, Phoebis, Pyrisitia, Zerene Gossamer Wings: family LYCAENIDAE Hairstreaks: subfamily THECLINAE with the genera: Allosmaitia, Calycopis, Chlorostrymon, Cyanophrys,
  • Download Article

    Download Article

    Advances in Biological Sciences Research (ABSR), volume 4 2nd International Conference on Biomedical and Biological Engineering 2017 (BBE 2017) Ultrastructure and Self-cleaning Function of Moth (Notodontidae) and Butterfly (Lycaenidae) Wings Yan FANG, Gang SUN*, Jing-shi YIN, Wan-xing WANG and Yu-qian WANG School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China *Corresponding author Keywords: Ultrastructure, Self-cleaning, Wettability, Moth, Butterfly, Biomaterial. Abstract. The microstructure, hydrophobicity, adhesion and chemical composition of the butterfly and moth wing surfaces were investigated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a contact angle meter, and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Using ground calcium carbonate (heavy CaCO3 ) as contaminating particle, the self-cleaning performance of the wing surface was evaluated. The wing surfaces, composed of naturally hydrophobic material (chitin, protein, fat, etc.), possess complicated hierarchical micro/nano structures. According to the large contact angle (CA, 148.3~156.2° for butterfly, 150.4~154.7° for moth) and small sliding angle (SA, 1~3° for butterfly, 1~4° for moth), the wing surface is of low adhesion and superhydrophobicity. The removal rate of contaminating particle from the wing surface is averagely 88.0% (butterfly wing) and 87.7% (moth wing). There is a good positive correlation ( R 2 =0.8385 for butterfly, 0.8155 for moth) between particle removal rate and roughness index of the wing surface. The coupling effect of material element and structural element contributes to the outstanding superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning performance of the wing surface. The wings of flying insect can be potentially used as templates for biomimetic preparation of biomedical interfacial material with multi-functions.