DEUTSCH-ÄTHIOPISCHER VEREIN E.V.

s- GERMAN ETHIOPIAN ASSOCIATION www.deutsch-aethiopischer-verein.de

Ausgabe November 2001

Information ment. (See also "Informationsblät- ter" 06/01 S. 8f). There are cases Facing the environmental degradation of modern slash and burn farming practices whereby investors clear in Ethiopia area on account of unsuitability of by TASEW DEJENE the soil for agriculture and aban- don the cleared area. The seri- ousness of the problem is obvi- ous. Deforestation and poor farm- Aspects of environmental deg- ing methods which cause soil Environmental degradation has radation erosion are (by and) large behav- long been a major problem in ioural issues. They require the Ethiopia but it was not seriously In recent decades, particularly understanding and sensitivity and addressed until the late half of after 1950’s, an increasing trend sensibility of policy makers and 1970’s. Considerable loss of of degradation of local natural the full understanding and con- countries forest cover, top soil, resources such as farmland, soil cern of farmers. water resources and biodiversity water, forest and pasture has has been taking place for long been witnessed in Ethiopia. Soil Losses of bio diversity can also time due to a variety of factors erosion, deforestation, urban be a factor as threat to environ- and policy problems. Further pollution are becoming serious mental degradation. The existing more the ill advised state pro- problems. Soil erosion in 1990 diversity is presently subject to grams, having to do with agricul- has cost the nation an annual loss serious genetic erosion and irre- tural and rural development have of grain production estimated at versible loses. The threat, which contributed to the acceleration of about 40,000 tones. The perma- interacts several factors, is pro- the degradation problems. For nent loss in values of the coun- gressing in an alarming rate. The long time the environmental advi- try’s soil resources caused by most crucial one include dis- sors and policy advocators have erosion in 1990was estimated to placement of indigenous land little knowledge of local land use birr 59 million (environmental races by new, genetically reform and farming practices and who policy,1997). In the Ethiopian and uniform crops cultivars, thus blame the land user for the Highlands alone, as roughly esti- changes and in agriculture and recurrent environmental crises mated, nearly one billion tones of land use, destruction of habitat that brought suffering to a large soil is lost each year (Tegene, and echo-systems, and drought. portion of the rural population. 1994as sited by Teferi,1999). This Environmental degradation which is primary due to human activities. entails food insecurity in rural The debate on environment Deforestation has also been a communities in Ethiopia can, change in Ethiopia has been a major issue. For instance, due to therefore, be traced in part to the serious matter since 1980’s when the lack of viable, reliable, and breakdown of the bio diversity the previous government the affordable alternative source of based production system. Biodi- dergue embarked on a massive household fuel, wood has risen program of conservation, based from 89% in 1991 to 94.8% in Inhaltsverzeichnis mainly on food for work program, 1999 of the total national energy Facing the environmental 1 which was mainly supported by consumption (Teferi,1999). degradation in Ethiopia western donors. Even though the As I witnessed in some parts of Umwelt und Ökologie in 2 idea was holy, it was hard to Ethiopia, the current situation in differentiate whether it was aimed which investors provided with Äthiopien at for the betterment of environ- different kind of incentives to "Environment" in the Con- 7 ment or for filling the gap of food invest in regions, specially in the stitution of … shortage. Hence Ethiopia has peripheral ones, has turned in to a Patchwork 15 been confronted with the dilemma situation where regional states Nachrichten aus Äthio- 18 of increasing food production for and community are losing control pien the rapidly increasing population over the uncontrolled and irre- „Kinder in der Einen Welt- 27 on the one hand and protecting sponsible exploitation of forest Das Beispiel natural environment on the other. resources in the name of agricul- Äthiopien“ Maintaining the balance between tural investment. This is not to this two has been a major chal- claim or to blame this phenome- Buchempfehlungen 28 lenge for the country which at non as the policy of regional Termine 28 present is also adopting the west- states, but to imply that there are ern model as one way to increase a number of unintended outcomes its food production while protect- of the investment policy which are ing environment. seriously affecting the environ- versity based production systems,

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which compared to conventional enough attention to the ex- tal organization to develop monocultures, have many obvious ploitation of the natural re- successful approaches. advantages: people health is not source base and the damag- affected by the use of pesticides; ing effects of environmental Refences: livestock benefit from the degradation. Altieri, M. availability of more abundant crop Questions of this kind call for a 1987 Agroecology; the scientific residues associated with tradi- framework for assessing the basis of sustainable agricul- tional crop varieties; soils are not working of the hitherto adopted ture. Westview: Boulder 1990 Environmental policy. Envi- depleted through nutrient mining. policies and programmes to alle- ronmental Protection Au- Moreover conventional measures viate the problem of environ- thority in collaboration with of productivity that emphasize the mental degradation. This has the Ministry of Ec onomic yield of a single commercial crop become a formidable challenge in Development and Co- may be misleading. They ignore the government’s effort towards operation. Addis Ababa the greater productivity per unit alleviating poverty which is be- Taferi, R area obtained in mixed cropping lieved to have compounded the 1999 Environmental prob- system involving many plant va- environmental degradation prob- lems and policies in Ethiopia, a survey in rieties(including WEEDS used as lem in Ethiopia today. IDR 25th anniversary food) together with animals and proceeding. Tegene trees (Altieri,1987) GebreEgzabiher et al. Conclusion and recommenda- (ed.). Addis Ababa Government policy regarding rural tion development programme did not either contribute to environmental It has also been questionable conservation but even accelerate what to do to reverse the current the rate of degradation. Much has environmental degradation prob- been said and written on the ex- lem in Ethiopia. Environmental tent of degradation of the natural issues could be Incorporated in resources in Ethiopia. Study re- the development planning through ports by multilateral donors, such several ways: National Develop- as the World Bank and FAO, and ment policy and planning, project government sponsored studies development and monitoring, (such as Conservation strategy of environmental impact assessment Impressum: Ethiopia) have provided ample and National accounting. With Herausgeber: evidence on this score. regard to incorporating environ- Deutsch-Äthiopischer Verein e.V. c/o Rudolf Schoppmann, Am Bildstock 31 mental issue in to the national 48317 Drensteinfurt However, a number of questions development policy and planning, can be raised: Redaktion: Helga Tewes, Lutz Crackau there appear to be an opportunity Redaktionsanschrift: · Have macro level indicators to address the link between eco- H. Tewes, Werraweg 17, 34117 Kassel of sustainability ever been nomic, social and environmental E-mail: [email protected] developed to create aware- components in the development Homepage: www.deutsch-aethiopischer- ness among policy makers process verein.de and signal on the severity of Die „Blätter“ des Deutsch-Äthiopischen Vereins The following are some of the erscheinen ca. 3 bis 4 mal im Jahr. resource degradation? Die Unkostenbeteiligung pro Ausgabe beträgt major factors to be considered in 10,- DM incl. Porto., das Abonnement 30,-DM. · Have the measures taken so addressing Environmental prob- far helped mitigate the envi- Mitglieder bekommen die „Blätter“ kostenlos. lems in Ethiopia: Namentlich gekennzeichnete Artikel geben ronmental degradation prob- nicht unbedingt die Meinung des Vereins lems in Ethiopia? · A need to identify key prob- wieder. lems(root cause) of degrada- Has there been a conducive Spendenkonto: Postgiroamt Hamburg · tion and through base line BLZ 200 100 20, Kto. 771680-201 environment for the imple- survey and find a solution. mentation of the policy? · Analyse indigenous conser- UMWELT UND Ö- · Is the legacy of duplication of vation strategy and adopt institutional accountability succeful ones with modern KOLOGIE IN ÄTHIO- and responsibility for the conservation methods. management and administra- PIEN tion of natural resource re- · Use existing local organisa- solved? tions like "Idir" or "Iqub" to in- G. Getahun, Gesellschaft zur crease environmental degra- Förderung der Medizin, Ingenieur- · For instance, to what extent dation awareness. und Naturwissenschaften in Äthi- are the responsibilities or ac- opien e.V. , Mainz countabilities of federal insti- · Create offshore employment tutions, such as Ministry of opportunity, work with com- Die Umwelt- und Ökologiezerstö- Agriculture, and regional bu- munity and awareness build- rungen in Äthiopien haben natürli- ing regarding the communal reaus delineated? che und nicht natürliche (mensch- nature of environment. · Extraction of resource rent liche) Ursachen. Die Gründe dafür being one avenue for optimal · Create a conducive climate sind: resource use and manage- for constructive collaboration 1) Abholzung der Wälder: ment, and hence sustainable among communities, gov- a) Energieerzeugung (Energie- development: has the minis- ernment and non governmen- quelle): Brennholz, um Holzkohle try of finance ever paid als Energieträger zu erhalten für

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den Eigenbedarf und zum Ver- nen Stellen (949 Stellen) in Äthio- 4) Energiegewinnung & Energie- kaufen (Wirtschaftsaspekt). pien deponiert sind. Diese Che- effizienz-Steigerungsprogramme, b) Landwirtschaft: Brandrodung, mikalien gefährden die Umwelt sowie die Entwicklung und der um neue landwirtschaftliche Nutz- und die Gesundheit von Tausen- Einsatz von Biogas-Technologien flächen zu gewinnen. den von Menschen in Äthiopien. wurden eingeführt. In den ländli- c) Siedlungsprojekte: Bau von Die Kontaminationsgefahr ist sehr chen Regionen wurde der Einsatz Häusern, Straßen, Brücken usw. groß, weil das Verfallsdatum von Biogas-Öfen gefördert und d) Holz als Exportware und für abgelaufen ist und die Behälter die Technik verbessert. einheimische Holzverarbeitungs- möglicherweise korrodiert sind. 5) Die Entwicklung und Erprobung betriebe. Dadurch kann der Inhalt ins von kleinen Turbinen für Wasser- 2) Bodenerosion: Überbean- Grundwasser gelangen. Die "Glo- kraftwerke in manchen Gegenden spruchung der Böden, unange- bal Crop Protection Federation ist gestiegen. passte Nutzung und Abtragung (GCPF)", der Verein zur Überwa- 6) In Regionen ohne elektrischen der Bodenkrume bei starkem chung globalen Saatguts / Getrei- Strom wurde die Nutzung und die Regen. des, in der 90 Prozent der großen Anwendung von Wassermühlen 3) Wiederkehrende Dürreperio- chemischen Industrien Mitglied erweitert. den: Durch Klimaveränderung sind, teilte der äthiopischen Re- 7) Design und Modellentwicklung verursachte Dürren und Trocken- gierung mit, dass sie bereit sei, sowie Anwendung von hydrauli- heit. die Markierung und das Verfalls- chen Pumpen, die für die Was- 4) Weideflächentrockenheit: datum der Chemikalien festzustel- seranlagen verwendet werden, Durch Überweidung mit Nutztie- len. Die UN- Behörde für Ernäh- wurde gefördert. ren (Viehwirtschaft) ist die Fläche rung- und Landwirtschaft (FAO) 8) In der äthiopischen Hauptstadt des Graslandes sehr stark stra- erklärte ihre Bereitschaft, gemein- Addis Ababa ist eine Fernüber- paziert und ausgetrocknet. Da- sam mit der GCPF die Rücknah- wachungsanlage zur Ermittlung durch wird der Boden angegriffen, me und den Transport der Che- von Schadstoffen in der Luft ein- die Humusschicht wird verkleinert mikalien aus Äthiopien zu ermög- gerichtet worden. Die Messstation und die Landschaft versteppt. lichen. Die dazu notwendigen überwacht gesundheitsschädliche 5) Zuwanderung in die großen finanziellen Mittel wird die FAO Gase und andere Schadstoffe, die Städte: Die Zuwanderung verur- organisieren. Nach Mitteilung der durch Autoabgase, Industrieanla- sacht zum Teil die Entstehung der FAO hat die GCPF die notwendi- gen und durch die Verbrennung Slumgebiete am Rande der gen Daten erhalten, um die Pesti- von fossilen Brennstoffen entste- Großstädte. In diesem Zusam- zide-Hersteller zu erkennen und hen. menhang sind das Müllproblem zu identifizieren. 9) Umweltinformationsmaterial und die Kanalisationsprobleme zu wie etwa Tefetro, Akirma, u.a erwähnen. Die Ursachen der werden für die städtische Bevöl- Landflucht sind die besseren POSITIVE ASPEKTE kerung angeboten. Lohn- und Arbeitsmöglichkeiten in 10) Die Zusammenarbeit zwi- den Städten. Seit Anfang der 90er Jahre be- schen den NGO's hat zuge- 6) Bevölkerungswachstum: Ein müht sich Äthiopien um die Be- nommem. Teil der Umweltverschlechterung kämpfung der Ursachen der Um- 11) Das Umweltbewusstsein der in Äthiopien ist durch das Bevöl- weltzerstörung. Einiges ist er- Bevölkerung in den städtischen kerungswachstum bedingt. reicht worden, um die Lage zu sowie in den ländlichen Regionen 7) Luft- und Gewässerver- verbessern. Diese positiven As- in Äthiopien ist gestiegen. schmutzung: Wissenschaftliche pekte sind: 12) Die Aktivitäten der äthiopi- Untersuchungen des Akaki Flus- 1) Einrichtung einer äthiopischen schen Diaspora durch Gründung ses zeigen, dass der Fluss erheb- Umweltbehörde als eine selbst- von Vereinen und Verbänden, um lich durch Schwermetalle, toxi- ständige Abteilung im Wirt- die Umweltschutzarbeit in Äthio- sche Stoffe und von hunderten schaftsministerium in Addis Aba- pien zu unterstützen, hat enorm von organisch-chemischen Stof- ba. Die Umweltbehörde der Zent- zugenommen. Die Arbeit bezieht fen belastet ist. Der Fluss enthält ralregierung in Addis Ababa exis- sich auf die Finanzierung von verschiedene Industrieabwässer, tiert seit etwa 10 Jahren und hat Umweltprojekten und die Planung die von den umliegenden Fabri- in verschiedenen Regionen Um- und Ausführung von Projekten, ken abgelassen werden, z.B. der weltämter gegründet und funkti- die zur Verbesserung der Umwelt Akaki-Textil-Fabrik u.a. Das onsfähig gemacht. Die Umwelt- in Äthiopien einen Beitrag leisten Abwasser gelangt unfiltriert und ämter haben die Aufgabe, die können. unbehandelt direkt in den Fluß Umweltschutzarbeit gemeinsam (Stand der Information: Januar mit den Bauern und der ländli- Bisher behandelte Umweltthe- 1999). Trotz Verschmutzung wird chen Bevölkerung zu koordinieren men in Äthiopien das Wasser des Flusses zum und zu organisieren. (Quellen: Die Äthiopische Um- Waschen und zum Trinken und 2) Die Umweltbehörde in Addis weltbehörde, C S E) zur Bewässerung verwendet. Ababa und die Umweltämter in Außerdem sind die Luft und die den verschiedenen Regionen 1) Environment & the Ethiopian Gewässer in der Umgebung von haben durch Informationen, Se- Constitution Addis Ababa noch durch andere minare und Symposien die Bevöl- 2) The need for Environmental Fabriken (Zement, Seifen sowie kerung über Umweltschutz auf- Impact Assessment Waschmittel) stark belastet. geklärt. 3) Caring for the Earth 8) Agrochemikalien und Pesti- 3) Die Anzahl der Nichtregie- 4) Workshop, Seminars, Sym- zide: Nach Angaben der Nach- rungsorganisationen (NGOs)- posia Congress were organ- richtenagentur Reuter (Mai 2000) ausländische und äthiopische - ised schätzt die UN, dass ca.2800 auf dem Gebiet der Umwelt- 5) Rescue Plan for Biological Tonnen Pestizide an verschiede- schutzarbeit ist gestiegen. Diversity

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6) Tourisms & Conservation d) Die Gründung von Umwelt- 5) Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen 7) The Agricultural Sector and Clubs der Regierung und den NGO's Environmental Pollution e) Erteilung von Zeugnissen für sowie der Gesellschaft ist zu 8) The Rift Lakes without the Personen und Institutionen, die an stärken. Eine gut informierte, Acacia Umweltaktivitäten teilgenommen verantwortungsbewusste Gesell- 9) Environmental Policy in und erfolgreich beendet haben. schaft bringt mehr für die Verbes- Ethiopia f) Gründung von "Ethiopia Forum serung von Umwelt und Ökologie 10) Global Environmental Con- for Environmental Writers"(EFEN) auf nationaler und internationaler cern g) Gründung von Regionalen Ebene als zahlreiche Erlasse, 11) Emancipation, Environment Umweltverbänden sowie einem Verordnungen und Gesetze. and Development in Ethiopia Programm- 6) Ein Appell an die Weltgesell- 12) Women in the Implementa- Koordinierungskommittee (RECC) schaft, ihren Lebensstil und ihre tion of RCS h) A workshop on the Draft Char- Gewohnheiten zu ändern, ist 13) The Privat Sector and the acter Proclamination to Establish notwendig. Die Gesellschaft muss Environment National Desertification Fund of anfangen, das Konsumverhalten 14) Rural Women and the Ethiopa. der einzelnen Bürger im positiven Ethiopian Environment Sinne zu verändern. 15) Environmental Regulation 7) Die Weltökonomie muss mit 16) WWF Lösungsansätze gegen die der Ökologie zu vereinbaren sein. 17) Effective Soil Conservation Umweltzerstörung in den Ent- Die Industrienationen und die in Ethiopia wicklungsländer und in Äthio- multinationalen Konzerne müssen 18) River Basin Development in pien in ihren wirtschaftlichen Entwick- Ethiopia lungskonzepten (globale Konzep- 19) Polices about: Water Re- te) die technologische Entwick- sources, Energy resources, Maßnahmen lung so konzipieren, dass die Genetic Species and Eco- Lebensqualität sowie die Erhal- system Biodiversity Entwicklungsländer tung der Umwelt und der natürli- 20) United Nation Convention to 1) Umweltschutz, Wirtschafts- chen Ressourcen für die gesamte Combat Desertification wachstum und soziale Gerechtig- Nation berücksichtigt wird. (CCD) keit in der Gesellschaft sollen 8) Ökologen und umweltbewusste 21) Forest Biodiversity entwickelt oder geplant werden, Bürger, sowohl in den Industrie- 22) Promoting Simple Technol- um den Menschen eine ausrei- ländern als auch in den Entwick- ogy To Save our Forests chende Lebensqualität zu sichern, lungsländern, sollen klar und 23) Interaction Between Envi- nicht nur für die reichen Nationen deutlich sagen: Wir brauchen auf ronment and Development sondern für die breite Masse der jeden Fall wirtschaftliche Entwick- 24) Prospects for Wildlife Con- Weltbevölkerung. lung, die mit der Erhaltung der servation in Ethiopia 2) Möglicherweise kann die Glo- Umwelt und Ökologie vereinbart 25) Biodiversity Conservation balisierung für das Wirtschafts- ist. Unter keinen Umständen Through Ecosystem Ap- wachstum und für die Liberalisie- sollte die Globalisierung der Wirt- proach rung des Handels nützlich sein. schaft voran getrieben werden 26) The Future in Environmental Darüber hinaus kann das interna- ohne ein internationales Konzept Protection in Ethiopia and a tionale Investment steigen. Die- zu entwickeln, das der Zerstörung Message for the New Mille- ses System kann die Produktion der Umwelt entgegenwirkt. nium und den Konsum auf dem Globus 9) Wenn die Entwicklungshilfe der 27) Roles of NGOs to bring erhöhen. Dieses birgt die Gefahr, EU-Länder generell das Interesse about an Integrated Effort to dass die Umwelt zerstört, die der Entwicklungsländer an der Conserve Natural Re- Rohstoffe sowie die natürlichen aktiven Teilnahme am Globalisie- sources in Ethiopia Ressourcen ausgebeutet werden. rungsprozess unterstützen soll, 28) Environmental Management: Darum sind Programme zum dann muss die Globalisierung der The Key to Ethiopias Na- Schutz der Ressourcen sowie der Wirtschaft langfristig auch Chan- tional Development Rohstoffe notwendig, d. h. Kon- cen für eine ökonomisch, sozial 29) Sustainable Tourism Devel- zepte für die angemessene Nut- und ökologisch nachhaltige Ent- opment and the Environ- zung der Rohstoffe und der Res- wicklung bringen. ment in the next Millennium sourcen müssen entwickelt und 10) Durch die einseitige Globali- 30) Management of Cultural angewendet werden. sierung der Wirtschaft wird ein Heritage within the Environ- 3) Die Entwicklungsländer und die überaus gefährliches Vakuum mental Policy of Ethiopia Schwellenländer müssen ermutigt entstehen. Die Politik, die Ge- werden, ihre Umwelt und ihre setzgebung und das Rechtsystem Darüber hinaus sind folgende natürlichen Ressourcen zu erhal- zu globalisieren wird nicht so Programme geplant und durchge- ten. Das Wirtschaftswachstum schnell gehen wie die Globalisie- führt: und ihre industrielle Produktion rung der Wirtschaft. Die Wirt- a) Zusammenarbeit mit der Um- müssen so konzipiert sein, dass schaft agiert heute auf der globa- weltbehörde der Vereinten Natio- die Umwelt nicht zerstört wird. len Ebene in einem weitgehend nen (UNEP) 4) Die industielle Produktion und rechtsfreien und politikfreien b) Kooperation und Zusammen- das Wirtschaftswachstum müssen Raum. Eine Marktwirtschaft ohne arbeit mit dem Internationalen mit der Erhaltung der Umwelt und rechtlichen, ökologischen und Institut für Umwelt & Entwicklung Ökologie vereinbar sein. Das sozialen Rahmen verschärft die (IED) heißt, die Planung sollte nicht nur soziale Spaltung der Weltgesell- c) Der Verkauf von Umweltkalen- an dem wirtschaftlichen Gewinn- schaft und ruiniert die ökologi- dern an die Bevölkerung maximierungs-Prinzip orientiert schen Lebensgrundlagen. Dieses sein. System führt zur Selbstzerstörung

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der Marktwirtschaft, deswegen Export von Kriegswaffen und rungswachstum durch Verände- muss neben der Globalisierung Rüstungsgütern muß unterbun- rung der gesamten sozioökono- der Märkte ein internationales den werden. Zum Beispiel ist die mischen, gesellschaftlichen, poli- Arbeits-, Umwelt- und Sozialrecht Rolle der Rüstungsexportgeneh- tischen und globalwirtschaftlichen realisiert werden. Damit ist eine migungsstelle in der Bundesrepu- Situation bekämpft werden. Die ökologische sowie soziale Welt- blik Deutschland neu zu definie- Umweltzerstörung kann nicht nur wirtschaft geschaffen. ren. Diese Stelle kann als "Krisen- allein durch Senkung der Gebur- 11) Bürgerkrieg & Umweltzerstö- und Konfliktpräventionsstelle tenrate gestoppt werden. Bei der rung : Immer wenn über Rüs- Dritte Welt " benannt und ihr neue Debatte über das Bevölkerungs- tungsexporte in die Länder der Aufgaben erteilt werden. Das wachstum und der Lösung des Dritten Welt gesprochen wird, Entwicklungshilfeministerium der Problems ist es sehr wichtig, dass argumentieren viele Menschen Bundesrepublik Deutschland man die wachstumsfördernden wie folgt: könnte zur Krisen- und Konflikt- Gründe, die mit Tradition, Kultur - Für den Preis eines Panzers prävention und zur Bewältigung und Religion zusammenhängen kann man 10 000 Klassenräume von Konflikten in den Länder der erkennt, sowie die wirtschaftliche für 30 000 Kinder errichten. Dritten Welt ein Gesamtkonzept und ökonomische Lage der Men- - Für den Preis eines Kampfflug- entwickeln und in ihrem Entwick- schen berücksichtigt. zeuges konnten 40 000 Dorfapo- lungsprogramm einführen und in 7) Das Problem des Brennstoffes theken in der Dritten Welt gebaut der Praxis umsetzen. Der Konflikt für den Haushalt kann durch Ver- werden. usw. im Süden kann nur in dieser Wei- besserung der traditionellen Die Militärausgaben aller Länder se vom Norden gelöst werden. Koch- und Heizmethoden und wachsen gegenwärtig um durch- Keineswegs durch Waffenliefe- anderen kostengünstigen alterna- schnittlich 4 % pro Jahr, also rungen tiven Arten der Energieerzeugung wesentlich schneller als die Welt- erreicht werden. Diese sind die wirtschaft. Die Entwicklung von Äthiopien Nutzung von Sonnen- und Wind- Waffen verschlingt viel Geld. 1) Umwelterziehung und allge- energie, der Biomasse aus tieri- Dieses Geld wäre für die Energie- meines Umweltbewusstsein bei schen und pflanzlichen Abfällen, und Medizinforschung notwendig. den Menschen erzeugen. sowie Wasserkraftwerken. Mo- Nach Angaben von SIPRI, dem 2) Für allgemeinbildende Schulen dellprojekte für die Entwicklung internationalen Friedensfor- sollten Unterrichtspläne zum von Biogas-Anlagen, Konstruktion schungsinstitut in Stockholm, gibt Thema Umweltschutz konzipiert und Erprobung verbesserter Holz- die Bundesrepublik Deutschland werden. und Holzkohleöfen sind zu för- 10 % aus. Die weltweite Rüs- 3) In den kleinen Dörfern und in dern. Wiederaufforstungspro- tungssteigerung vermindert tag- den Städten sollten Abendschulen gramme zum Schutz der Böden täglich die Chancen, das Mas- für Berufstätige und Tagesschu- für landwirtschaftliche Betriebe sensterben durch Hunger und len für nichtberufstätige Bevölke- sind notwendig. Krankheit zu beenden oder we- rungsgruppen eingerichtet wer- 8) Zur Bekämpfung der geologi- nigstens zu begrenzen. In der den, an denen Umweltschutz, schen Erosionen, dem Erosions- Welt werden 5-6 % der gewonne- Ökologie und Ressourcenschutz typ, der durch geologische und nen Rohstoffe für militärische unterrichtet und Wissen vermittelt natürliche Abläufe zustande Zwecke genutzt. Bis Mitte der wird. kommt, bei dem der Boden vom Neunziger Jahre sind 75 % des 4) Für des Lesens und Schrei- Wind weggeweht oder vom Re- Waffenhandels in der Welt mit bens unkundige Menschen kann genwasser weggespült wird, den Entwicklungsländer betrieben mittels audiovisueller Methoden müssen Terrassen, Windschutz- worden. Der Waffenhandel ist Unterricht erteilt werden. Darüber gürtel und Buschhecken angelegt jener Bereich der Weltwirtschaft, hinaus sollten Informationsveran- werden. Eine gesunde Pflanzen- der die höchsten Zuwachsraten staltungen über Umwelt und Öko- decke sichert und bereichert den aufweist. Die elementaren Grund- logie mit Diskussionen gefördert kostbaren Boden. Die Wurzeln bedürfnisse der Menschen in den werden. der Bäume und Sträucher festi- Entwicklungsländer werden zu- 5) Um das Interesse der Bevölke- gen die Humusschicht, Regen- nehmend vernachlässigt, um die rung für Umwelt und Ökologie zu würmer und andere Kleintiere militärischen Machtstrukturen wecken, können Fernseh- und lockern den Boden auf, so dass weiter auszubauen. In der Ver- Rundfunkprogramme vorbereitet der Regen nicht abfließt, sondern gangenheit gab es Kriege bzw. und in verschiedenen Sprachen allmählich in die Erde einsickert. kriegerische Auseinandersetzun- gesendet werden. Büsche und Bäume bremsen den gen zwischen Eritrea und Äthio- 6) Das Bevölkerungswachstum Wind, spenden Schatten und pien. Dadurch wurden zahlreiche könnte durch folgende Maßnah- mildern zerstörerische Sandstür- Ortschaften, Landschaft sowie men gebremst werden: me. An den Berghängen verhin- vieles was zur Natur gehört völlig a) ein verbessertes Bildungssys- dern die Pflanzen, dass die Erde zerstört. Diese Umweltzerstörung tem, Durchsetzung der Schul- vom Regen weggeschwemmt ist nicht mehr gutzumachen bzw. pflicht, Aus- und Fortbildung. wird. Es müssen Pflanzenarten rückgängig zu machen. Der Krieg b) die Verbesserung der Lage der angepflanzt werden, die dem verursachte die Flucht aus der Menschen. Boden Halt geben. Um die Erosi- Region und Umsiedlung der be- Durch bessere Bildung und Aus- on wirksam zu bekämpfen, sollten troffenen Menschen. Diese brach- bildung werden die Berufschan- all diese Überlegungen beim te gesellschaftliche, soziale und cen gesteigert und ein festes Ackerbau mit einbezogen werden. Umweltprobleme mit. Einkommen ermöglicht. Dieses 9) Die Weidewirtschaft ist mit der Darum muß die EU-Außen-, Si- garantiert den Menschen für das schonenden Nutzung der Natur- cherheits- und Entwicklungspolitik spätere Leben eine Altersversor- wälder zu kombinieren. restriktive Handhabung von Rüs- gung (soziale Sicherheit). Im tungsexporten ausüben. Der Allgemeinen kann das Bevölke-

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10) Ein Umweltschutz-Aktionsplan h) die globale Umweltbelastung Zeitschrift der Deutsch- für die Flüsse und Seen in Äthio- und Ökologiezerstörung durch Äthiopischen Freundschaftsge- pien ist zu entwickeln. zivile und militärische Nutzung sellschaft e.V. (DÄFG) in Darm- 11) Einige Bewässerungsprojekte des Weltraums. Hierbei handelt stadt 1994 sind zugunsten der Landwirtschaft es sich um hochkomplexe militäri- 4) OECD - Globalisation and sehr notwendig. sche Technologie im Interesse Environment - Internet: 12) Reservate mit besonders des militärisch-industriellen Kom- http://www. schützenswerten Biotopen sind zu plexes und andere zivil- oecd.org/env/global/index.html gründen. industrielle Forschungen. 5) UNEP - The Basel Conven- i) Die globale Umweltbelastung tion: A global Solution For Schlussfolgerung: und Ökologierzerstörung durch Controlling Hazardous Wastes Die Menschen in den Entwick- Atomwaffenversuche bzw. Nukle- Secretariat Basel Convention lungsländern strapazieren die arexplosionen. Der Versuch war (SBC),1997 Umwelt aus Unwissenheit und bis 1963 in der Atmosphäre, seit- 6) Deutsche Gesellschaft für den aus Not. Es bieten sich keine dem gibt es unterirdische Kern- Vereinten Nationen e.V. - Eine greifbaren Alternativen, daher waffentests. Welt Presse Nord-Südzeitung - handelt der benachteiligte Dies alles sind globale Umwelt- Nr.1/14, 1997: Total global Mensch zwar nicht umweltverträg- probleme. In den Industrieländern 7) Getahun,G.: Globalisierung lich, aber von seiner Position aus wurde die Umwelt um des techni- und Entwicklungspolitik gesehen, vollkommen richtig. Ein schen Fortschrittes Willen zer- Paper: Im Rahmen der Woche Beispiel hierfür ist die Brandro- stört. Es muss möglich sein, die der Sozialdemokratischen Partei dung zur Gewinnung neuer A- Gegensätze zwischen dem tech- Deutschlands (SPD), in Mainz, ckerflächen. Hinzu kommt, dass nischen Fortschritt und dem "Woche der SPD mit dem Thema die herrschenden politischen und Schutz der Umwelt aufzulösen. Globalisierung als Chance" Mainz wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse Dieses ist nur machbar durch die September 2000 sowie das Weltwirtschaftssystem Vereinbarkeit von Ökologie mit 8) A World Watch Institute News einen entscheidenden Einfluss Ökonomie. In den Entwicklungs- Release - An Environmental Re- auf die Umwelt und die Ökologie ländern ist die Umwelt- und Öko- volution - Internet: in den Entwicklungsländer ha- logiezerstörung einerseits natur- http://www.worldwatch.org/alerts/ ben. Um Investitionen zur Erhal- bedingt, anderseits mit dem Über- 9990225.html tung der Umwelt profitabel ma- lebenskampf der dort lebenden 9) Getahun, G.: How Helpful are chen zu können, wie das Anpflan- Menschen zu begründen. Trotz- Scientific Researches to Over- zen von Bäumen zur Erosionsbe- dem gibt es die Möglichkeit, die come Environmental Problems? kämpfung usw. muss das Land- Umwelt in Äthiopien zu verbes- Tefetro: The Quarterly Newsletter recht in den Entwicklungsländern, sern. of the CSE Project, Vol.2., Nr.2, insbesondere in Äthiopien so Deswegen versucht der Verein Sep-Dec 2000 gestaltet sein, dass die Bauern „GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDE- 10) Deutsche Stiftung für Interna- und die Landarbeiter sicher sein RUNG DER MEDIZIN, INGENI- tionale Entwicklung (DSE) - Lan- können, die Flächen für sich und EUR- UND NATURWISSEN- deskundliche Informationsseite ihre Familien langfristig nutzen zu SCHAFTEN IN ÄTHIOPIEN E.V Äthiopien - Die Rolle von Nichtre- können. Dazu sind politische und DEUTSCHLAND“ mit Sitz in gierungsorganisationen - Bericht wirtschaftliche Stabilität notwen- Mainz, in Äthiopien eine Ökologie- im Internet: 16.04.00 - dig. und Umweltbewegung aufzubau- http://www.dse.de/za/lis/aethiuiop/ In Bezug auf die globale Umwelt- en und ökologische Entwick- ethio.htm problematik stehen die Industrie- lungsprojekte zu starten. Deshalb 11) Praxis Geographie - Globali- staaten und die Entwicklungslän- brauchen wir die Unterstützung sierung der Wirtschaft ohne der in gegenseitiger Abhängigkeit. und Zusammenarbeit von inte- Grenzen – Juli / August 1998 Das Problem der Umwelt- und ressierten Menschen, von Um- 12) Kulessa, Magaraeta; Schwab, Ökologiezerstörung kennt keine weltschutzgruppen, Stiftungen, Jan A. - Beiträge zur Weltwirt- Grenzen. Es ist ein lokales, regio- Organisationen, Parteien sowie schaftsforschung - Implikation nales, nationales und globales von Umweltschutztechnologie- der Globalisierung für die Um- Problem. Beispiele: Experten in der Bundesrepublik weltpolitik - Beitrag Nr. 60, Juni a) die Aufheizung der Erdatmo- Deutschland und zwar in: 1999 sphäre durch Kohlendioxid und a) sachlicher, 13) Deutsche Stiftung für Interna- Methangas, b) finanzieller, tionale Entwicklung (DSE) - Öko- b) die Luftverschmutzung durch c) moralischer und logische Stiftung für Internationale die Emission von Schwefeldioxide d) politischer Hinsicht Entwicklung - Internet: und Stickoxide, http://www.dse.de - Bericht v. c) Veränderung der Ozonschicht 18.04.00 durch FCKW (Fluor, Chlor, Koh- Literatur: 14) Bild der Wissenschaft - Geo- lenwasserstoffe) 1) Tefetro - The Quarterly News- physik und Geologie - Äthiopien d) grenzüberschreitende Gewäs- letter of The Conservation Strat- Boden droht die Erschöpfung - serverschmutzug durch Umwelt- egy of Ethiopia Project (1997- Bericht im Internet 28.4.00 chemikalien und Schwermetalle, 2001) 15) Akzente (GTZ) D 1319 F - e) der grenzüberschreitende In- 2) Nagaye - Agrarland Äthiopien - Innovation im Rhythmus der Natur dustriemüllverkehr, Zeitschrift der Stiftung Menschen - Die nomadischen Viehhirten im f) die Versenkung von Abfällen ins für Menschen 1/99 Süden Äthiopiens Meer, 3) Getahun, G.: Bevölkerungs- 16) Getahun, G.: The Environ- g) Erzeugung von künstlicher wachstum und Umwelt in der mental Startegey of Ethiopia at Radioaktivität, Dritten Welt Present und beyond 2000 - Tefe- tro: The Quarterly Newsletter of

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the CSE Project , Vol.1 No.7 CHAPTER THREE - PART TWO - 4. Government and citizens shall March 1999 DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS have the duty to protect the envi- 17) Alemu,Hailemichael (Dr.): Article 44: Environmental Rights ronment. Akaki River: The Analysis of the All persons have the right to a Pollution Level of the Akaki River clean and healthy environment. and Finding Possible Ways to Some of the Environ- Reduce the Environmental Pollu- CHAPTER FIVE: THE STRUC- mental Actors in Ethiopia tion. TURE AND DIVISION OF POW- http://www.telecom.net.et/~estc/ ERS http://www.geocities.com/akaba Publication/Proceedi.htm Article 51: Powers and Functions bi 18) Abera, Girma - Akaki River of the Federal Government Environment and Development Said Toxic - The Monitor, 17.1.99 3. It shall establish and implement Society of Ethiopia (LEM- 19) Tessema, AbiyAwoke (Dr.): national standards and basic Ethiopia) , Addis Ababa. Hydraulic RAM Rump System policy criteria for public health, Development strategies in Ethio- Design and Application education, science and technol- pia by Costantinos Berhe Tesfu http://home.att.net/~africantech/E ogy as well as for the protection (Excerpts) SME/hydram2/HydRam2.htm and preservation of cultural and LEM is a civic association and 20) Aredo, Dejene: Exploring the historical legacies. advocacy group that promotes Potentials of Water Milles in the 5. It shall enact laws for the utili- policy and legislative support to Grain-Milling Industry in Ethiopia; zation and conservation of land the issues of environment and 28 May 1996, and other natural resources, his- development. It also offers a http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/79 torical sites and objects. voluntary development partner- 0/chapo9.html 11. It shall determine and admin- ship of communities to translate 21) Aysheshim, Wondwossen: ister the utilization of the waters or the lofty ideas of a stable envi- Local Manufactory of Crossflow rivers and lakes linking two or ronment and sustainable liveli- Turbine for Small-Hydropower, 28 more States or crossing the hood security into everyday ac- November, 1996 boundaries of the national territo- tion. Today, we feel more commit- http://www.telecom.net.et/~estc/p rial jurisdiction. ted as we see LEM growing to ublication/Proceedi.htm Article 52: Powers and Functions strengthen and complement the 22) Rural Biogas Ovens: The of States work of grassroots organizational Ethiopian Rural Energy Develop- 1. All powers not given expressly structures, regional, sub-regional ment and Promotion Centre - WIC to the Federal Government alone, and national initiatives in conser- (Walta Information Centre), Janu- or concurrently to the Federal vation-based development. In- ary 1, 2001 Government and the States are spired by the overall concept of 23) Brough, David: Pesticide reserved to the States. sustainable development in Firms Seek Ethiopia Toxic Dumps 2. Consistent with sub-Article 1 of achieving economic and social Audit - Reuter: Rome May 30, this Article, States shall have the goals, our objectives are: 2001 following powers and functions: - to provide a forum for dialogue 24) Mesob: www.MESOB.org c. To formulate and execute eco- to address issues of environment 25) nomic, social and development and development; http://www.geocities.com/akababi policies, strategies and plans of - to sensitize the public on the 26) Worldbank Report the State; principles of and generate legisla- http://www.worldbank.org/18. d. To administer land and other tive support for sustainable devel- 04.00 natural resources in accordance opment by forming an important a) Ethiopa-calub Gas De- with Federal laws; advocacy front; velopment Project - to promote partnership for de- b) Ethiopia-EnergyII Project CHAPTER TEN: NATIONAL velopment through the generation c) Ethiopia- Water Supply POLICY PRINCIPLES AND OB- and implementation of ideas, Development and Reha- JECTIVES tools, technologies and method- bilitation Project Article 90: Social Objectives ologies with communities; and d) Ethiopia-National Fertil- 1. To the extent the country’s - to reflect, widen, prioritize and izer Sector Project resources permit, policies shall promote the basis of applied re- e) Ethiopia -Seed Systems aim to provide all Ethiopians ac- search in the area and support Development Project cess to public health and educa- grassroots activities in undertak- f) Ethiopia-Conservation tion, clean water, housing, food ing conservation-based develop- and Sustainable use of and social security. ment. Medicinal Plants Article 92: Environmental Objec- We at LEM have no intention of tives mystifying environment and de- 1. Government shall endeavour to velopment. Our main objective is ensure that all Ethiopians live in a to start with what people know "Environment" in the clean and healthy environment. already - and not to re-invent what Constitution of The 2. The design and implementation people have practised for centu- Federal Democratic Re- of programmes and projects of ries. LEM has three main direc- development shall not damage or torates: environmental education public of Ethiopia destroy the environment. and popular participation; pro- 3. People have the right to full gramme planning and legisla- consultation and to the expression tive/advocacy support; and sup- http://www.ethiopar.net/English/C of views in the planning and im- port for field operations. The fol- ontents.htm plementations of environmental lowing activities summarize the policies and projects that affect current field programmes of LEM. them directly.

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Most of them, to be fully effective, - raising the awareness of the Background and partners are in need of additional funding. state, local governments, the The Forum for Environment is a Women in sustainable manage- productive sector and the com- platform for communication ment munity at large with regards to among people concerned with the Ethiopia is composed of different local environmental hygiene s-i Ethiopian environment. It was cultures, languages and religions sues established in June 1997 by a with most of them having a domi- - engaging people in activities that small group of people committed nant patriarchal system imposing will improve their local environ- to the preservation and better- sexual division of labour and ment and providing concerned ment of the environment. The limiting woman's role to that of individuals with educational Forum for Environment is open to wife and housekeeper. In addi- means of getting involved in envi- anyone involved in environment- tion, development planning has ronmental hygiene activities related activities in Ethiopia. Ad- failed to recognize women's con- - laying down the foundation for a herents come from government tribution to the development proc- progressive and consistent envi- departments, university depart- ess. Given the socio-economic ronmental clean-up programme ments, research community, and cultural setting of the country, for the capital city of the country, community-based organizations, the following are found to be the through activities at the macro- non-governmental organisations, major foci of research with regard and micro-level the media, the donor community, to women's participation: - sharing information and experi- international agencies and the - the legal system and women ence with other national, regional business sector, without distinc- - agricultural development and and international clean-up pro- tion of occupation or nationality. women grammes. Environment is understood in its - population and women widest sense, including: - the urban socio-economic set- The LEM Centre for Environ- · the rural and the urban environ- ting and women ment and Development ment; - assessment of operational ca- The primary objectives of the · people and nature; pability. Centre are: · natural, economic, social and - the promotion, training and edu- cultural resources; Establishment of Environ- cation of the human resource · formal and non-formal para- mental Clubs in schools base of grassroots groups digms. - the training and education of the Aims and objectives The main objective of Environ- mental Clubs is to create and environment and development The mandate of the Forum of develop an awareness with re- staff of NGOs Environment is to gards to the inter-relationship and - the execution of practical and · act as a catalyst for networking inter-dependence between people objective environmental, disaster- people and organizations working related and development research in environmental issues; and the environment and to en- gage the youth in community- - the provision of consultancy and · provide a base for advocacy on based activities aimed at conserv- advisory services to voluntary issues of environmental concern; ing and developing the natural non-governmental organizations · develop a position of authority environment. The objective being - the production and publication of on environmental matters; the collective experiences (institu- · promote action which is envi- a broad one requires a systematic design and implementation of tional memories) of NGOs. ronmentally sound. programmes for its attainment. These objectives encompass: In order to carry out its mandate, Environmental Clubs can pursue - the training needs and institu- the Forum for Environment is their goals through one or all of tional development analyses committed to: related to grassroots groups · organize public meetings to the following activities: - organizing workshops, seminars - systematic field training and publicize and discuss issues of and public discussions research on issues arising from environmental concern; - engaging students in literature the current approaches and think- · publish a magazine, written and drawing competitions on ing to community environment, primarily in Amharic, designed to disaster prevention and develop- discuss and reflect on environ- themes of conservation and de- velopment ment mental issues in Ethiopia and to - developing mini-conservation - the development of documenta- be distributed throughout the and development demonstration tion of institutional memories country; projects and engaging students - policy and legislative research · carry out speaking engagements on environment and development on environment at different institu- and their members in practical purpose oriented activities. policies tions and organizations; An environmental hygiene pro- - population, biodiversity and · facilitate access to advisory gramme environment with the three main services on the environment; Given the scope of the environ- themes of population- resource · create an information center; balance and sustainability, bio- · act as a liaison bureau for fund- mental hygiene problem of the capital city, this programme shall technology and, conservation of ing projects that focus on improv- have the following major objec- biological diversity. ing or protecting the environment. tives: Organizational structure - creating the forum whereby all The Forum for Environment has a Forum for Environment - Forum 12-member steering group coor- concerned and responsible institutions join their forces and for Environment Secretariat, dinated by a secretariat. The address the issue in a multi- P.O.Box 278, Addis Ababa secretariat is presently held by sectorally based approach ENDA-Ethiopia, which acts as the E-mail: [email protected] official intermediary for the Forum. The steering group comprises

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representatives of the Conserva- Ethiopia. Akirma is essentially laboration with the farming com- tion Strategy of Ethiopia, NGOs, written in Amharic. Each issue munity. But its intervention is the Region 14 Environment Bu- has a cover story and contains small compared to the acute need reau, the Addis Ababa University diverse articles. Topics dealt with of conservation work Over 1.5 and the donor community. The in each issue include: pastoral- million seedlings of different spe- Forum for Environment is recog- ism, biodiversity, alternative en- cies are raised and distributed to nized by the Environment Protec- ergy, indigenous trees, urban farmers to be planted on de- tion Authority of Ethiopia. development and industry and graded areas, agro forestry, fam- Resources and funding development. Akirma also has a ily woodlots etc. every year. Over The Forum for Environment es- "farmers' views" and a "try it your- one hundred farmers are trained sentially functions on the basis of self" column. Judging from letters on soil conservation and agricul- commitment and contributions and comments, this diversity is ture every year. Vegetable gar- from some of its steering group particularly well received. Also the dening, home management and members. Special funding re- media have welcomed Akirma sanitation training is given to over quests are prepared for specific because it provides them with forty women every year with gar- projects or activities, such as the documentation on environmental den tools and seeds. EENGO will magazine for instance. issues. 3 issues of Akirma were continue conducting the following Geographical coverage published in 1999, with funds programs in the next five years: Although the Forum for Environ- obtained from the Netherlands Natural Resources Conservation ment was founded in Addis Embassy in Addis Ababa and and Management, Agriculture, Ababa, it is set on establishing input (manpower, equipment, Potable water development, Or- environment forum groups in the logistics) from ENDA-Ethiopia and ganizational development. different regions of Ethiopia. Until the Institute for Sustainable De- then, individuals working in the velopment. The magazine is dis- http://www.boell.de/index01_uk. regions who request to become tributed through a commercial htm members of the Forum become distributor. Heinrich Böll Foundation Forum for Environment corre- Future projects - Regional meet- spondents. ings E-mail: [email protected] Public meetings In collaboration with active corre- Establishment of Environmental The Forum for Environment or- spondents, organize Forum for Clubs in Schools - LEM - Addis ganizes regular public meetings Environment meetings in the Ababa 1993 – 1999 and Ecologi- that anyone interested is welcome regions in order to cal Projects ESAT / CSE, Addis to attend. The major purpose is to · expand the Forum beyond Addis Ababa 1996 – 1998 raise awareness on specific is- Ababa; (see < http://www.deutsch- sues related to sustainable devel- · support local environmental aethiopischer- opment, share information on activists; verein.de/infobrief_2_01.PDF >, relevant activities with a diversi- · obtain better knowledge of envi- pages 11 / 12) fied audience and discuss actions ronmental issues at local levels; to address the issues covered. · collect information for Akirma; Partnerorganisationen der H. Böll The meetings serve for scientists · promote and arrange local distri- Stiftung (HBS) und geplante Akti- to disseminate information about bution of Akirma; vitäten in Äthiopien their specific research work be- · initiate local Forum for Environ- yond scientific circles - to Gov- ment groups. 1. PANOS (Äthiopien) sieht seine ernment agencies, development Bibliographies Aufgabe in der Verständlichma- organizations, members of CBOs For each topic presented at a chung der komplexen Themen and other participants. public meeting, prepare a se- bzgl. Entwicklungsfragen, - As a follow-up of these meetings, lected bibliography of conven- konzepten für Länder der Dritten interested individuals may register tional and non-conventional litera- Welt. Dazu werden Informationen to establish interest groups, which ture existing in Ethiopia. zur Verfügung gestellt, denen die continue4 to exchange ideas, Akirma Bevölkerung trauen kann und discuss project proposals and To develop the publication by anhand derer sie sich ein eigenes launch initiatives. One such well- · setting up an effective distribu- Bild verschaffen und eine eigene established interest group is the tion system in the regions; Meinung äußern kann. Dadurch group on urban waste and urban · organizing writers' training work- sollen die Stimmen der Marginali- agriculture. shops in the regions. sierten besser in der öffentlichen Akirma, the magazine on envi- Arena gehört werden. Der ronment and development in Schwerpunkt von PANOS in Ost- Ethiopia Ethiopian Environmental NGO afrika lag in den letzten zwei Jah- As part of its objective to promote (EENGO) recently introduced its ren beim Pastoralist Communica- environmental education and brochure and additional informa- tion Program, welches in Kenia, awareness and create links be- tion about its activities. For more Tansania und Äthiopien arbeitet. tween all those concerned, the information, contact EENGO :PO Andere Themen waren Umwelt- Forum for Environment publishes Box 8838, Addis Ababa; E-mail: schutz in Äthiopien, nachhaltige a magazine on environment and [email protected].) Landwirtschaft in Uganda, development in Ethiopia. The As a local NGO the Ethiopian HIV/AIDS, und die Rolle von Me- magazine, called Akirma, is n-i Environmental Non-Governmental dien in Konflikten. PANOS soll tended for extension workers, Organization (EENGO) is doing von der HBS mit der Koordination community development workers, its best to protect the natural eines Netzwerkes in Äthiopien teachers, health workers, local resources. EENGO is working on beauftragt werden. Weiterhin soll officials and media people work- natural resources conservation in die Produktion und Ausstrahlung ing in the different regions of two badly affected areas in col- umweltpolitischer Radiosen-

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dungen über kommerzielle Ra- nationale Umweltpolitik umsetzen http://www.catholicrelief.org diosender im Rahmen des Um- muss, unternahm das EPB fol- Catholic Relief Services (CRS) welt-Programms gefördert wer- gende Aktivitäten: Ethiopia supports activities in the den. - Formulierung von politischen following programming areas: 2. Forum for Environment ist Grundsatzpapieren Agriculture / Natural Resource eine Plattform für Umweltthemen - Beginnende Entwicklung von Management, Health, Enterprise und für die Kommunikation zwi- Richtlinien für die Umweltverträg- Development, General Assistance schen den Menschen in Äthio- lichkeitsprüfungen and Emergency. CRS/Ethiopia pien, die sich mit der Umwelt - Entwicklung einer Biodiversi- provides... befassen. Ziel ist, mittels einer tätsstrategie und eines Aktions- Support to local indigenous insti- effektiven Gruppe in Äthiopien, plans tutions, helping to strengthen their stärkeres Umweltbewußtsein und - Erarbeitung von Umweltgesetz- capacity to assist the poor. Synergie zu fördern gebung (Umweltverträglichkeits- Provides technical support and Die Ziele im Einzelnen lauten: prüfung , Verschmutzungskontrol- training to the local institutions. · Im Jahre 2003 soll das Forum le, Abfallbeseitigung, städtische Addresses justice issues by work- 1.000 Mitglieder haben, von den Begrünung, Landmanagement) ing with the Peace and Justice 70% außerhalb von Addis ange- - Teilnahme an Reinigungs- und Commission of the Catholic siedelt sind. Verschönerungsaktivitäten in Church and other religious de- · Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Addis. nominations. Mechanismen und Strukturen zur Mit der Unterstützung der HBS Responds to emergency situa- Sammlung, zum Austausch und konnten zahlreiche Aktivitäten im tions that may result from zur Verteilung von Informationen Bereich Capacity Building, droughts and other calamities. · umweltfreundliche Techniken Workshops, Trainings, Veröffent- Examples of 4 Projects in the oder Methoden sollen unterstützt lichungen durchgeführt werden, CRS/Ethiopia Program werden, welche die Lebensquali- wie z.B. Workshops für Politike- Community / Home Based Care tät der Bevölkerung verbessern rInnen und Entscheidungsträger, Support for AIDS Orphans; - Fundraising-Mechanismen sol- für Jugendliche, für Schul- Women's Savings and Credit len aufgebaut werden. Umwelt-Clubs, für verschmutzen- Program; Aktuelle und weiterhin geplante de Industrien, Geschäftsleute, Agricultural credit and soil and Aktivitäten sind die Einwohner in verschmutzten Ge- water conservation activities; · Organisation von öffentlichen bieten zu Regulierungen von Food Assisted Child Survival Diskussionstreffen in Addis und in Abfallmanagement, Parkmana- program which enhances the den anderen Regionalstaaten gement, Pflanzenschutz in Metro- health and nutritional status of · Organisation von öffentlichen polen und Trainingsprogramm zu children and Debatten mit PolitikerInnen und Hygiene und Verschönerung von General Assistance program Planern Addis sowie Öffentlichkeitsarbeit under the Missionaries of Charity · Entwicklung einer nationalen um Addis herum. Die Teilnehmer and Other Child Feeding. Konvention für Mitglieder des der o.g. Aktivitäten kamen aus CRS/Ethiopia works with "Forum for Environment" allen Ebenen der Administration, implementing partners such as · Herstellung und Verteilung einer aus Schulen und der allgemeinen Diocesan Church agencies, local Zeitschrift über Umwelt und Ent- Öffentlichkeit. Meinungsbildung indigenous non-government or- wicklung war einer der hauptsächlichen ganizations, and the Government · Herstellung von thematischen Erfolge sowie ein besseres Ver- of Ethiopia's Ministries. Bibliographien ständnis von Umweltproblemen The program is focused on devel- · Training zur Umweltberichter- und umweltpolitischen Zielen, opment programs designed to stattung Regeln etc. Das EPB hat eine address community problems. · Entwicklung eines Informations- hervorgehobene Rolle in Äthio- CRS/Ethiopia has two offices, in und Resource-Centers pien aufgrund seiner Zuständig- Addis Ababa and Nazareth with 4 · Herstellung von Bildungs- keit für die Hauptstadt. So hat expatriate and 109 Ethiopian staff. materialien, um angepaßte und sich der Rat der Stadt kürzlich umweltfreundlichen Techniken entschieden, das größte Labor für und Methoden zu unterstützen Wasser-, Boden- und Luftver- www.wateraid.org.uk/research/ und schmutzung bei EPB einzurich- ethiopia.html · Verteilung von Informationen ten. Durch den Kontakt zur HBS Hitosa Water Supply: A People’s Im Rahmen der Förderung durch und durch die Mitgliedschaft im Project in Ethiopia by Trisk die Stiftung soll das Forum for Netzwerk kooperiert das EPB Silken, WaterAid, UK Environment regelmäßige Infor- heute eng mit NROs und hat sich mations- und Diskussionsveran- auch der interessierten Öffentlich- The Hitosa district in central staltungen in Äthiopien zu um- keit in einer Weise geöffnet, die Ethiopia covers an area of 937 weltpolitischen für Äthiopien bemerkenswert ist. square kilometres and has a Themen organisieren und doku- Im Rahmen des zukünftigen Um- population of 174,630. It is o-l mentieren. welt- Programms der HBS soll die cated in the Arssi zone of the 3. Addis Abeba City Administ- umweltpolitische Bildungsarbeit Oromiya region, where the popu- ration Environmental Protecti- des EPB in ausgewählten Stadt- lation is 90% rural. The main on Bureau (EPB) teilen von Addis Abeba gefördert town, Iteya, is about 160 kilome- Das Umweltamt der Region Addis werden. Wo möglich werden tres southeast of the national Abeba wurde als regionales bzw. "Umweltclubs" eingerichtet, die capital of Addis Ababa. Länderministerium 1986 gegrün- sich dauerhaft den Verbesse- Hitosa is one of Ethiopia's most det und hat seitdem eine bemer- rungsaktivitäten in ihrer Umge- productive agricultural districts. kenswerte Entwicklung genom- bung widmen. Having escaped the periodic men. Als Einrichtung, die auch die droughts and famines that have

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plagued much of the country, it ran off with the funds, the idea ship in projects of this kind. It regularly produces bumper har- was scrapped. could not have succeeded without vests that help to feed people in Meanwhile, the Swedish Interna- the contributions of: the less fortunate areas. But de- tional Development Agency - the government, which was spite fertile soil and high rainfall, (SIDA) had begun to finance rural responsible for designing and for many years Hitosa suffered development in the Arssi zone constructing the scheme; from an acute shortage of drinking through the Arssi Rural Develop- - WaterAid, which provided the water. Since 1996, however, ment Unit (ARDU) in the Ministry bulk of the capital investment. more than 60,000 people living in of Agriculture. During the 1970s, WaterAid's representative in 31 communities in Hitosa have ARDU drilled to a depth of almost Ethiopia was known to govern- been supplied with clean water 300 metres in Hitosa, trying to ment staff through his previous through Ethiopia's largest gravity locate water, but found no re- work in Arssi, and the Department water supply scheme. Con- sources to tap. Then, finding that of Rural Infrastructure (ARDI's structed through the joint efforts of it had surplus funds, the local successor) approached him to the Government of Ethiopia, farmers’ cooperative suggested to ask for help in funding the WaterAid and the communities the people of Iteya that they jointly scheme. The organization was served, and managed by a local ask ARDU to build a pipeline from keen to assist because it had a Water Management Board, the the Gonde River and install public high opinion of the competence of scheme demonstrates the value water taps. With local funds, government staff and officials in of partnership. It also shows that technical assistance and a cash Arssi. people without specialised skills, contribution from ARDU and addi- - the communities, which contrib- but with the necessary motivation tional financing from SIDA, this uted cash and labour amounting and training, can run a large-scale system was completed in 1979. to almost 20 per cent of the con- service efficiently and effectively. ARDU trained local people to struction costs, which totalled Roots of the water problem repair the system and it ran rea- over US$1.6 million. In 1992, WaterAid agreed to as- sonably well for a few years. No Though the scheme was techni- sist the people of Hitosa in build- one was trained to manage the cally simple to construct, manag- ing a water system that they could scheme, however, and after SIDA ing it is quite complex due to the run themselves. Having experi- pulled out it was a struggle for length of the pipeline and the enced six decades of water scar- local people to run it by them- number of people, villages and city, the community was ready selves. Poorly paid, technicians towns served. The government and willing to respond to this left, one by one. The pipeline and and WaterAid thus realised that it challenge. “We even had to ration taps fell into disrepair. would be necessary to invest as our children's drinking water,” one People stayed in Hitosa because much in the management of the woman recalls. “We had to bury the conditions for farming were so system as in the pipeline and our dead without washing their good, and in many ways, their water taps. Nevertheless, they bodies.” Hitosa's water problem productivity enabled them to enjoy opted for community rather than could be traced back to the 1930s a relatively high standard of living. government management and when an Italian entrepreneur and Nevertheless, lack of water re- Hitosa is now run by a local Water an Ethiopian landowner joined mained a severe problem. By the Management Board comprised of forces to exploit the rich farming 1990s, local people had almost representatives of every commu- potential of the area. Because despaired of ever finding a per- nity connected to the water supply these business partners needed manent solution. system. The Board supervises workers for their venture, they Gravity scheme partnership staff employed to operate the moved people from their homes Fortunately, the SIDA-ARDU service while the water tariff and near rivers and springs and set- collaboration had left behind a charges paid for private connec- tled them on lower, more fertile cadre of well-trained and experi- tions and repairs cover all running land. Though these lands receive enced government staff in Arssi. costs. good rains that make crops thrive, They determined that the best Conditions for community man- the main rivers upon which people solution to Hitosa's water problem agement depended for water for drinking would be a gravity scheme, which The Hitosa scheme may not be and washing flow around rather would capture water from two universally replicable in as much than through them. Women had to springs in the mountains and feed as the community has some un- walk as far as 50 kilometres to it down to Iteya and the surround- usual features, including a long fetch water and those living in the ing villages through a network of history of social and economic lowest lying areas could make the pipes. This scheme, which was investment and levels of income journey only every few days. As completed in 1996, carries water and education that are higher Iteya, the district capital of the from the two springs, through 140 than the norm for rural Ethiopia. newly settled area, grew, people kilometres of pipeline, to 122 But the experience does chal- tried to find a modern solution to public water taps and more than lenge the conventional wisdom their water problem. In the 1960s, 300 individual buildings. It sup- that community management of observing that a tanker was plied water to an initial 56,000 water supplies must be limited to travelling 50 kilometres from the people, living in 28 villages and small-scale schemes. It has also Awash River to sell water to the three small towns. By 2008, when confirmed WaterAid's belief that town, residents decided to pool the population served by the four conditions need to be met in their resources and buy their own scheme is expected to rise to order for communities to manage tanker. They managed to raise 71,000, it will be providing clean water supply schemes success- enough money to buy a second- water to more people that any fully: hand one but as it regularly broke similar scheme in Ethiopia. The - Lack of water should be a se- down, repair bills provoked argu- Hitosa water system demon- vere problem, to which the pro- ments about money and someone strates the importance of partner-

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posed technical solution offers the P.O. Box 12994, Addis Ababa , E- bution to the sustainable use of best or the only answer. mail: [email protected] the natural resources. Future - Users must be involved from the Biomass fuels such as fuel-wood, perspectives include the promo- outset of the project. charcoal, agricultural residues tion of - Through every stage, on up to and animal dung account for more · improved commercial/ evaluation of the finished project, than 90 % of the total domestic institutional cookstoves there must be an organization of energy demand. Due to the high · solar cookers, a zero fuel users able to run the completed level of consumption combined option scheme; local people must be with wasteful utilisation and heavy · other renewable energy trained in management as well as reliance on biomass fuels for technologies for different in maintenance and repair. cooking, Ethiopia has encoun- applications. - The local organization cannot tered severe de-forestation and survive in isolation but must be environmental degradation prob- linked to a wider network of gov- lems. Women and children are http://www.necofa.org/activities ernment or non-government ser- particularly affected by diminish- /workshops.html#ethiopworksh vices. ing access to traditional energy NECOFA (Network for Ecofarm- sources, as their high workload to ing in Africa) collect and supply fuelwood fur- Under the sponsorship of the http://home.germany.net/100- ther increases. They are also German government, the Food 441770/amsi-amsi.html exposed to high smoke emissions and Agriculture Development AMSI is the shortcut for Arba and harmful pollutants, with nega- Center (ZEL) of the German Minch Solar Initiative. The aim tive impacts on their health, as Foundation for International De- of AMSI is to stop the deforesta- well as to risks of burns and fire velopment (DSE), in co-operation tion in Arba Minch and the sur- hazards during indoor cooking on with the German Institute for rounding by spreading the good open fire places. The project Tropical and Subtropical Agricul- idea of using solar cookers in- assists government institutions of ture (DITSL), an international stead of firewood. AMSI wants to different sectors and at different workshop entitled "Ecofarming: train metal workers in producing administrative levels in developing Ecologically and Socially Sustain- the solar cookers and wants to strategies to increase the effi- able Land Management" was teach interested woman how to ciency of biomass energy utilisa- conducted. The workshop took handle and use the solar cooker tion in households (demand man- place in Ethiopia from November, for roasting coffee, making bread agement). The project focuses on 16th until December the 11th 1998. and cooking local food. AMSI tries the practical application and dis- In order to facilitate further ex- to improve the construction of the semination of proven technolo- change of experiences among the solar cooker and to import and gies, and aims at increasing the participants of the workshop, a distribute the mirror material access of significant numbers of network, called NECOFA was needed for the cooker as far as urban and rural households to founded. Further professionals, possible. All members of AMSI improved energy-saving stoves networks and organisations work- are working on a non-profit basis to reduce their dependence on ing in the same field have joined and everybody who wants to biomass fuels. Compared to in since. NECOFA aims at acting support the idea of AMSI is invited traditional often highly inefficient as a forum to support all national to participate with ideas, teaching ways of household energy con- and international activities sup- and other supporting activities. sumption, the use of improved porting ecologically and sociologi- AMSI was founded and promoted fuel-saving stoves has positive cally sustainable land use man- by Mr. Ernest Willand and Ato impacts on the environment, on agement in Africa. Muise Gipo with the support of the the social and economic wellbeing Arba Minch Water Technology of households and on the national http://www.baletrek.com Institute ( AWTI ) during the year economy. The benefits obtained Integrated Forest Management 1997. The responsability for the from 1.000 households switching Project Adaba-Dodola (IFMP) project then was handed over to from the traditional open fire to mailto:[email protected] the Appropriate Technology Cen- the improved "mirt" stove for in- IFMP is a technical cooperation ter of the AWTI and the Womens jera baking are well expressed in project of the Governments of Project of the Kale Heywet terms of the following improve- Ethiopia and Germany started in Church in Arba Minch. You can ments and annual savings: 1995. Its mission is to develop a may get informations on the cur- 575 tons of fuelwood saved per feasible approach for the conser- rent status of the project from: year, 210.000 ETB of household vation of natural forests in the AWTI - Appropriate Technology energy expenditures saved per Oromia Region of Ethiopia. A Center , c/o Ato Hailemariam year on fuelwood purchases only, model for participatory, commu- Desalegne, PO Box 21, Arba 75 hectares of forest plantation nity-based forest management is Minch ([email protected]), preserved, more than 480.000 being implemented by the project GTZ (gtz- ETB for establishing new forest in the Forest Priority Area of Ad- [email protected]) and plantations saved, improved aba-Dodola located on the north- Otto Graf Institute Stuttgart health and safety conditions ern slopes of the Bale Mountains ([email protected]) through smoke reduction and adjacent to the Bale Mountains protected fire places, reduced net National Park. The core element carbon emissions, minimizing of the conservation strategy is http://www.gtz.de/hep/english/e contribution to global warming. granting of exclusive use rights to 01a.htm Much needs to be done to further forest dweller associations (WA- GTZ Household Energy / Pro- reduce excessive and inefficient JIB) thereby regulating the access tection of Natural Resources biomass energy consumption in to the apparently ownerless forest Project (HEPNR) order to make substantial contri- resources. At the same time, tree

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growing outside the natural forest einer interdisziplinären Studie Shiferaw, Bekele ; Holden, Stein is supported in order to reduce von Sauerborn, Petra / Osman, T. the pressure on what is consid- Mahdi In: Forum for Development Stud- ered by illegal wood collectors as Verlag Shaker, ISBN 3-8265- ies. Oslo. (1997), S.277-306 common property. The generation 8837-1, erschienen 2001; Paper- This article provides a broad of alternative income, which the back; 29,80 DM overview of the problems of land forest dwellers can derive from degradation, agricultural stagna- non-wood forest products, is to Aus der Literaturdatenbank tion, and food security in Ethiopia. further reduce the pressure on DSE It uses existing theories of agricul- forest resources. One such in- http://star- tural development and change, come source is tourism. Its pro- www.dse.de:8080/cgi- environmental/resource econom- motion by IFMP is one of the on- bin/starfinder/23705/dse1.txt : ics, and the economics of rural going project activities. organisation to identify possible a) The environmental policy- causes for deterioration of the making process in Ethiopia environmental resource base and Books Keeley, James ; Scoones, Ian chronic food insecurity in the In: Journal of Modern African country. Urban Environmental Manage- ment in Addis Ababa - Prob- Studies. Cambridge. 38 (2000) lems, Policies, Perspectives S.89-120 e) The Economics of Integrated and the Role of NGOs - by San- Policy discourses urging environ- Soil and Water Conservation dra Dierig (Hamburg African mental rehabilitation, and rapid Practices of Smallholder Farm- agricultural intensification for food ers in Eastern Highlands of Studies 8) The most severe environmental self-sufficiency are firmly en- Ethiopia problems in Addis Ababa are part trenched in Ethiopia. This paper Institut f. Gartenbauökonomie d. of the so-called "brown agenda": examines the actor-networks and Universität Hannover, 30419 the problems of pollution, poverty key policy spaces associated with Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2 the establishment of these dis- Prof. Dr. Hermann Waibel, Deut- and environmental induced haz- ards are threatening the health courses, taking natural resource scher Akademischer Austausch- and life of the majority of the city's management policies, and institu- dienst (DAAD), 53175 Bonn, inhabitants, especially the urban tionalisation of the SG-2000 ex- Kennedyallee 50 tension programme as case stud- Berhanu, Adenen Degefa poor. The author analyses poli- cies, strategies, ongoing projects ies. Unters. Zeitraum 1996 - 1999 and constraints; special emphasis b) Land degradation in the is laid upon the role of NGOs highlands of Tigray and strate- which is evaluated based on the gies for sustainable land man- agement Links analysis of selected projects. (Hamburg 1999, XVI + 220 p., 9 Hagos, Fitsum ; Pender, John ; tables, 17 maps and graphs, Gebreselassie, Nega. http://www.addistribune.com/ ISBN 3-928049-59-3, DM 28,-) International Livestock Research Archives/2001/04/200401/ Breath.htm Institute (ILRI). Addis Ababa: ILRI 1999. V+73, Bibliogr.S.65-72 A Breath of Fresh Air - By Sereke Ethiopia - An Introduction into Culture, Economics, Politics Berhan - Addis Tribune and Cooperation c) The cultural construction of 20.4.2001 - Edited by Christian Fellner, Jep environmental policy. Para- For anyone who has been observ- ing the garbage situation in Addis Book - 3 - digms and politics in Ethiopia Hoben, Allan Ababa recently, a significant im- 1st Edition 2000 , Brandes & Apsel (Frankfurt) + Südwind In: Ecologist. Sturminster Newton. provement can be seen. Thanks (Wien) 27 (1997) 2. S.55-63 to Sileshi Demisse "Gashe Abera Pages 119 – 133: Population, After the 1985 famine in Ethiopia, Molla," Addis Ababa -- our "New Flower" -- is being transformed. Natural Resources and Environ- Western donors, NGOs and the Ethiopian government instituted a ment, by Seyoum Gebre-Selassie (Management and utilisation of massive food-for-work pro- http://www.ethiopians.com/Mai natural resources, Forest re- gramme in support of local level n_FSS_Paper1.htm sources, Wood production and environmental rehabilitation pro- Water Resource Development In Ethiopia: Issues of Sustainability trade, Alternative sources of En- jects. The justification for a signifi- cant investment of funds, time and Participation Dessalegn ergy, Water resources ...); Pages 135 –154: Environmental Issues, and effort in activities that have, at Rahmato, June 1999 : Irrigation by Teferi Regasa best, had a marginal beneficial Schemes, Rural Water Supply, (The magnitude of environmental impact was a belief that the Environmental Impact, Land Rights, Small versus Large-scale problems, Industry related, What underlying cause of Ethiopia's famines was environmental Irrigation, Ownership and Man- policy measures were and are taken in the past and at present? degradation caused by population agement, Integrated versus Sec- What institutions were / are set- increase, poverty and poor toral Approaches, Social or Eco- up? To what extent the policies farming practices. nomic Benefits, Stakeholder Par- ticipation in Water Development, were implemented? Problems of d) Peasant agriculture and land Management and Governance, natural resources management ...) degradation in Ethiopia. Reflec- Stakeholder Participation in Irriga- tions on constraints and incen- tion Schemes and Rural Water Niederschlag und Regenerosi- tives for soil conservation and Supply, Gender Issues… vität in Äthiopien - Ergebnisse food security

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FSS Discussion Papers are pub- http://www.un-urbanwater.net. The Biological Society of Ethiopia, lished to stimulate debate and /cities/addababa.html PO Box 31819, Addis Ababa, critical comments. Managing Water for African Cities Ethiopia. Forum for Social Studies, P.O. (MAWAC) is a joint initiative of Tel: +251-1-553177 ext 181/212 - Box 3089 , Addis Ababa, E-mail: United Nations Environment Pro- Fax: +251-1-552350; E-mail: [email protected] gramme UNEP and United Na- [email protected] tions Centre for Human Settle- http://www.telecom.net.et/~estc ments UNCHS (Habitat): Addis http://www.aaas.org/internation /departments/water.htm ; Ababa Water Demand Manage- al/ssa/enset/ E-mail: [email protected] ment, Pollution Control and The Tree Against Hunger: Enset- The National Council for Mines, Sound Aquifer Management, Based Agricultural Systems in Water, Energy and Geoinforma- Public Awareness Campaign, … Ethiopia tion Science and Technology; American Association for the Mines, Water, Energy and Geoin- http://www.telecom.net.et/~estc Advancement of Science with formation Research & Develop- /cpc.htm ; Awassa Agricultural Research ment Projects funded through the E-mail: [email protected] Center, Kyoto University Center Local Research Grant The Ethiopian Cleaner Produc- for African Area Studies and Uni- tion Centre (ECPC), established versity of Florida http://www.ethiopians.com/ in April 2000, is part of the world (Ecology and Environment, Engineering wide UNIDO/UNEP National Agronomy and Production Man- EACE (Ethiopian Association of Cleaner Production Centres net- agement, Harvesting and Proc- Civil Engineers): work. The future picture is the essing, Gender Issues, Enset Hydropower Potential of Ethiopia, existence of a network of institu- Farming Systems (Gurage, Hydropower Plants and Installed tions and individuals, whose ma- Hadiya, Sidama), Food Security Capacity, Geothermal Power jor focal point is ECPC and com- and Sustainability, Future Pro- Potential, Future Plan For Hydro- mitted to the promotion of cleaner jects, ...) power Developments + Blue Nile production. Page: Tis Abay II Hydroelectric http://www.siu.no/vev.nsf/info/N Project http://edc.usgs.gov/earthshots/ UFU-evaluations--AAU1999- slow/Turkana/Turkana 0F634 http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/ Lake Turkana, formerly Lake Control of Schistosomiasis (bil- 790/chap09.html Rudolf, lies in the Rift Valley of harzia) by Local Production and Exploring the Potentials of Water East Africa. It is approximately Use of the Soapberry Endod Mills in the Grain-Milling Industry 240 km long and 40 km wide, with Duration: 1996-1999. Cooperating in Ethiopia - 28 May 1996 - De- an average depth of about 35 m. partners: Institute of Pathobiology, jene Aredo The Omo River provides more Addis Ababa University and Ulle- than 80% of the water to the lake. vaal Centre for International http://home.att.net/~africantech/ The lake has no outlet and lies in Medicine/Department of Interna- ESME/hydram2/HydRam2.htm a very arid area. The delta of the tional Health, University of Oslo Hydraulic Ram Pump System Omo River increased by about and NORAGRIC, Agricultural Design And Application, Dr. Abiy 380 sq km between 1973 and University of Norway. Awoke Tessema, Head, Equip- 1989, due to a drop in the water ment Design Research, Devel- level. Aquatic vegetation took hold http://www.selam-eth.de opment and Technology Adapta- on the emerging delta. Prolonged Some of the products of Äthio- tion Center (RDTAC) drought and the damming of three pische Kinderhilfe SELAM e.V.: Basic Metals and Engineering rivers for irrigation near the Selam - Poldaw 50 Wind Pump, Industries Agency, P.O. Box southern reaches of the lake Water Turbine, Hydraulic Ram 1180, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia contributed to the lake's decline. Pump, Treadle Pump (Concrete ESME 5th Annual Conference on The salinity of the lake increased. and Metal Type) Manufacturing and Process In- Evaporating water leaves its sol- S - 280 Community Solar Cooker, dustry, September 2000 utes (dissolved salts) behind, and Solar Parabolic Cooker, Solar since the lake has no outlet, the Oven / Cooker Box, Solar Water www.telecom.net.et/~estc/publi salt concentration increases. Heater System, Solar Food Dryer, cation/proceedi.htm Biogas Appliances - Analysis of the Pollution Level of http://www.gondar.co.uk/ethiopi Multi Crop Tresher, Grinding Mills, the Akaki River and Finding Pos- a/programme.html Mill Stones, Coffee Pulping Ma- sible Ways to Reduce the Envi- Ethiopia: A Biodiversity Chal- chine, Destilation Unit, Butter ronmental Pollution lenge Churn, Bee Hive and Smoker, - Local Manufactory Of Crossflow An International Conference or- Honey Extractor, Bee Wax Press Turbine For Small-Hydropower ganised jointly by the Linnean This proceedings is the third of its Society of London and the Bio- MESOB (www.mesob.org) is an kinds and a product of the 3rd logical Society of Ethiopia in Ad- initiative of Inter Africa Group's cycle Local Research Grant or- dis Ababa. Dates: 2-4 February NGO Networking Service ganized by the Commission on 2000 (www.interafrica.org), PO Box November 28, 1996. The partici- The Linnean Society of London, 1631, Addis Ababa ETHIOPIA, pants of the workshop included Burlington House, Piccadilly, Tel: 251 1 514575; E-mail: researcher, representatives of London W1V 0LQ, UK. [email protected] research institutes and higher Tel: +44 (0)171 434 4479 - Fax: Many informations about eth. educational establishments and +44 (0)171 287 9364 - E-mail: NGOs: professional staffs of the Com- [email protected] http://www.mesob.org/ngo.html mission.

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http://www.homestead.com/esc was centralized and uncoordi- Addis Ababa. The find was stum- he/ nated institutional structures, long bled on as workers dug the The Ethiopian Society of Chemi- planning procedures as well as ground for the expansion of a cal Engineers' Home page lack of implementation and revi- local school. News accounts on E-mail: [email protected] sion of town plans. While being the find said what was unearthed the least urbanized country in include close to 800 cannon bul- Weitere Informationen zu Umwelt- Africa, Ethiopia, nonetheless, is lets, over 300 grenades and themen sind in unseren Informati- one of the fastest urbanizing quantities of gunpowder and onsblättern zu finden: countries. This process is not gaseous chemicals whose leak- matched with proper town plan- age were feared to be fatal. Local 2/99 (August 1999), S. 3 - 5: ning practices. Participant of the authorities in the area had halted "Utilisation of Biogas Technology workshop, drawn from the private excavation at the construction site in Ethiopia" , sector, regional bureaux and the fearing that tampering with them 3/99 (Dezember 1999), S. 23 - Federal ministries, will discuss on may result in the escape of dan- 25: „Aufforstung in Westäthiopien“ planning laws and building code, gerous gases, the accounts said. und „Energiesituation, Erosion, and the role of the government, They quoted an expert with the Viehwirtschaft“ , municipalities and the private Chemical Weapons Convention 2/01 (Juni 2001), S. 8 - 9: „Soziale sector in town planning issue, Implanting department at the und ökologische Folgen der among others. Organized by the ministry of Trade and Industry as Entwaldung im Südwesten Äthio- Ethiopian Consulting Engineers saying that the gunpowder and piens“ . and Architects Association, in unidentified chemicals unearthed collaboration with GTZ, the Ger- at Ambalaghe may contain poi- man Technical Cooperation the sonous substances buried by workshop is the first installement fascist Italian forces when they Patchwork of two workshops to be organized invaded Ethiopia in 1936. Am- on town planning and Architec- balaghe, a mountainous area ture. about 50 km north of the town of Maichew, was a major battle Urbanization In Ethiopia Bureau Planting Grass scene, where ill-equipped Ethio- pian troops kept Italian forces at Characterized by Low Varieties to Curb Soil bay for weeks before being over- Level of Planning Erosion come by superior firepower and poisonous mustard gas sprayed Addis Ababa, March 15, 2001 Assossa, March 30, 2001 (WIC) by Italian warplanes. Sources (WIC)- Town Planners say that The Agriculture Bureau of Benis- quoted at the Trade and Industry most of the towns in Ethiopia hangul-Gumuz State disclosed ministry say that during the inva- have undergone high rate of ur- that various types of grass spe- sion, Italy brought in some 80,000 banization over the last ten years, cies were being planted in the tonnes of chemical weapons, even though the growth was to a State to help contain soil erosion. which they dumped in various large extent unplanned and disor- Kefale Adem, Forest Develop- parts of the country before the ganized. Dr. Eckart Rosenberger, ment and Protection Team Leader occupation ended in 1941. The President of the Chamber of Ar- with the Bureau, said today that in sources insisted that a country chitects of Baden Wurttemberg, in a bid to prevent the soil from that buries such chemicals during Germany said 80 per cent of the being eroded by floods and winds, wartime is required by interna- housing in these towns is un- various grass varieties were tional law to clear and "disable" planned, and has been executed planted in coffee producing wore- them. They said Italy has the in unplanned areas. According to das of the State. Preparations responsibility of informing relevant the architect, who was a guest were also finalized to distribute international authorities of the speaker at a National workshop the grass species to peasants in locations where its occupying on Urban Planning in Ethiopia, the the area, he said, adding that the forces had buried war weaponry archaic growth is not only the Bureau was raising awareness as well as the responsibility of characteristics of small, regional among the peasants as to how to clearing and defusing them. "All towns, but also of bigger cities like build terraces on tilting ground. efforts on Ethiopia's side to bring Addis Ababa and Baher Dar. "In According to Kefale, about 58 about this had failed so far," a Addis Ababa, with the majority of million tones of soil in the State is source was quoted as saying. the large in-fill sites already de- removed as a result of erosion Copyright © 2001 Panafrican veloped, most housing construc- annually. News Agency (allAfrica.com). tion during the past 20 years has also been unplanned", he said. Workers Stumble On Ital- Who Should Pay for Similarly, in Baher Dar, capital of ian Chemical Weapons Waste? the Amhara Regional State, more than 50 per cent of the housing Cache in Ethiopia units have been built without May 30, 2001 - OPINION - B. proper planning. The effect of the Panafrican News Agency (Dakar) Mezgebu problem has manifested itself in May 4, 2001 , Addis Ababa Air is free. Water is free; and here uncontrolled urban settlements, A cache of weapons, including we are not talking about piped increasing slum areas with grow- chemicals, dating back to the five- water. Anyone so inclined as to ing sanitary, health and educa- year Italian occupation of Ethiopia go to the nearest river and have a tional problems, and increase in in the 1930s, were found early bath can do it for free. Whether or the rate of crimes. Major factors this week at the town of Am- not the river they would want to cited for these unkempt growth balaghe, some 710 km north of swim in is waste-ridden is beside

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the point. What happens to sup- countries, 40,000 packagers were was not in itself sufficient. "More posedly free resources in the charged, one way or another, for important will be to nurture the course of time and as the result of their 460 billion individual pack- trees until they are mature... [and the actions of people is, however, ages last year alone. At present that] appropriate actions should never beside the point. The air is the debate in Europe isn't actually be maintained at all times, espe- supposedly free and is meant to if packagers should pay at all but cially in our country where forest be for the common good but if the rather in what fashion. As usual lands are fast being turned into carbon monoxide belching out this debate revolves around the deserts due to deforestation." It from the back of an old truck that argument as to who can do the said "concerned bodies and the has long passed its road worthi- job better with the money so col- society as a whole" should be ness triggers a fit of coughs in lected: government? private com- encouraged to take good care of passers-by, does the culprit go panies? Could we subscribe to existing forests, and protect them scot-free? The law's answer to such a principle here, too? The against fire and arbitrary felling. that is no. However, since the law principle that companies, busi- According to 'Addis Zemen', over remains buried in paper, most nesses and others that either one million tree seedlings had people, including drivers possibly, pollute directly themselves or been planted in the week ending hardly know it exists. Officials that generate waste and end up pollut- on 1 August in seven areas of are supposed to enforce regula- ing the air, water or the surround- Bale, southeastern Ethiopia. Half tions seem hardly aware of it, too. ings, would have to prove that the planted seedlings were intro- Again, take packagers of which they have paid for at least some duced to replace the forests of cigarette makers and plastic bag of their waste to be removed or Menergetu that had been de- manufacturers are only two. The even recycled. If businesses that stroyed by fire last year, the report plastic bag at present is the most don't pollute the environment pay said. widely popular use-and-throw taxes, then it is only fair that com- Copyright © 2001 UN Integrated form of packaging in use. And it panies that do generate should Regional Information Network happens to be the most eye- pay a little extra. As a new trend, (allAfrica.com) catching litter in cities and towns we are already beginning to see in this country to-day. Should what could be the beginning of a Dams Planned for Power plastic manufacturing plants con- long-term collaboration between tinue to produce such a persis- the business community and Generation And Irrigation tently polluting product and not be environment activists in Addis accountable to some degree? Ababa. Several of the Gashe August 17, 2001 Should they continue to pollute Aberra Molla city greening efforts Thirteen dams which are to gen- with a free hand? Not if we were have been assisted by business erate power and irrigate a to follow the precedents in Europe people. But these are one-off 590,000-hectare development and other places. In Germany deals that may not be sustainable. project will be built in Ethiopia, the alone, 2 billion US Dollars are Already there are signs that the pro-government Walta Information collected every year from 19,000 spontaneous community partici- Centre reported on Wednesday. packagers. The money is then pation that we saw a few months The scheme is a component of a plowed back to help recycle the ago in the streets of Addis may joint programme designed by the packaging material, be it pizza have peaked now. We only hope Nile riparian states under the Nile cartons, jars, cans of coke, old that the graph doesn't begin to Basin Initiative. The governments newspapers, cigarette packing tailspin. We would like to suggest of three riparian states - Ethiopia, etc. Manufacturing companies to the Addis Ababa City Admini- Sudan and Egypt, are to open an understandably might object to stration, if we may, that perhaps office in Addis Ababa in October any extra payment even if the the first useful step in future work to oversee implementation of the money were to be spent on en- on the environment is to identify regional programme, which will hancing the environment, on the sources that generate waste cost an estimated US $30 billion, grounds of a couple of arguments: and engage them on continued Walta said. The head of the hy- One, that they only make the bases; be they companies, gov- drology department of the Ethio- product. They package their ernment institutions or even indi- pian water resources ministry, product in such a way that it gives vidual entrepreneurs. Money may Kidane Asefa, is quoted as saying the maximum satisfaction to the not be everything. that around US $400 million will consumer. It is the buyers that Copyright © 2001 The Daily Moni- be needed to implement the pro- litter and pollute carelessly. As to tor (allAfrica.com). jects under the Ethiopian compo- recycling, they say, if it pays eco- nent of the programme. nomically to recycle as the advo- "Vigorous Reforestation" Copyright © 2001 UN Integrated cates of the environment seem to Regional Information Network believe, let others do it on their Needed (allAfrica.com). own free will; they have to travel no further than the next garbage August 6, 2001 Basic Geological Map Pre- bins. Two, Companies or manu- The government-owed daily 'Ad- facturing firms pay taxes, anyway. dis Zemen' has advocated for a pared For 30 Per Cent Of It should be up to governments campaign of vigorous reforesta- Nation’s Total Area that collect tax money to do the tion, and for more attention to be given to protecting Ethiopia's cleaning or the recycling. Obvi- Addis Ababa, August 30, 2001 ously these kinds of arguments natural resources. It said on 1 August that tree seedlings were (ENA) - An official with the geo- though not to be dismissed as logical survey of Ethiopia an- totally self-serving have not had being planted on an "extensive scale" during the present rainy nounced that a basic geological many buyers in many countries. map has been prepared for 30 per In Europe for example, in 12 season, but that more planting

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cent of the over 1.1 million executing the seventeen identify gencies Unit in Ethiopia (EUE) squarer km. total area of the projects was due to uncompleted warned in its August-September country. Regional Geology and design works and studies for humanitarian update. Emergency Geo-chemistry Study Department some projects, failure to secure water needs in Warder, Degeh Head with the Survey, Dr. project sites on time and also Bur, Gode, Afder and Liben zones Tarekgn Tadesse, told ENA re- failure on the part of contractors in southeastern Ethiopia were an cently that project proposal has to execute projects according to ongoing concern for humanitarian been submitted to the government schedule, among others. Derese agencies, the report said. The to prepare geological map for the further said that the Authority was local administration had detailed remaining parts of the country ready to complete the projects exhaustion of shallow wells and within 15 years. Work on the successfully by overcoming the birkas (reservoirs) in many of the project would start soon-as the 50 aforementioned and other im- areas, and decreasing borehole million birr worth financial and pediments. The Authority had productivity. Although some rain material donation is obtained from undertaken 15 water project dur- had been reported in the last few donors, Dr. Tarekgn said. He said ing the last budget year with an weeks, "it remains to be seen the preparations of geological outlay of over 56 million birr, it whether these rains will be suffi- map would help identify the age, was learnt. cient to relieve pressure on pas- structure, type and distribution of toralists in areas still recovering the major rocks in the country. from the 1999-2000 drought", The map would also give vital Expired Pesticide to Be EUE said. It pointed out that de- information about the location of mands on increasingly scarce raw materials believed to be use- Destroyed water sources had been exacer- ful for agricultural, construction bated by "an influx of drought and industrial purposes, the head September 19, 2001 migrants from affected areas of said. He said the map would also The Ethiopian Ministry of Agricul- north-central Somalia, who are indicate the amount, quality and ture is in the process of collecting coming with their livestock". Re- drainage of underground waters. expired pesticides from rural ar- cent climate outlooks for Ethiopia The map would provide advance eas for disposal, the pro- show probabilities for below- information about the vulnerability government Walta Information normal rainfall over southern of areas to natural calamities prior Centre reported on Monday. The Ethiopia for the period Septem- to launching dam and road con- pesticides will be shipped to ber-December 2001. structions as well as urban plan- Finland for incineration, since Copyright © 2001 UN Integrated ning and population settlement in Ethiopia does not have the facili- Regional Information Network. the area, he said. Dr. Tarekegn ties, a local agricultural expert told (allAfrica.com). said the map would serve as the IRIN. The ministry hoped to col- best reference to the government lect 1,500 mt of pesticide, and has and investors, who are willing to budgeted accordingly. However, Association calls for in- launch mine exploration and ex- 2,800 mt of pesticide have al- traction activities. ready been collected, and the dustrial productions of government is looking to donors, traditional medicines who bore the cost of the initial Authority to Undertake project, to fund the safe disposal Awassa, October 1, 2001 (WIC) - of the additional hazardous mate- The National Association of Tradi- Water Projects with Over rial. The cost of shipment to tional Medicine Practitioners has 125 Million Birr Finland and incineration of 1,500 called for mechanisms that would mt was US $4.6 million, said the enable the production of tradition- Addis Ababa, September 01, expert. The project would get ally used medicinal herbs by 2001 (WIC) - The Water and under way once clearance was pharmaceutical industries. At the Sewerage Authority of the Addis received from countries that the inauguration of a traditional medi- Ababa City Administration said it shipment would traverse, he cal center in Awassa Town today, would execute 17 on-going and 5 added. He told IRIN that unused Association Chairman Wubet new water projects in the current pesticide, if improperly stored, can Abay said that mechanisms budget year with a total outlay of contaminate ground water, as well should be devised to help prepare 125,639,800 birr. Head of the as rivers and streams, posing a the various types of medicinal Public Relations Office with the danger to humans, livestock and herbs with the help of the modern Authority, Derese Beyene, told wild animals. medical technology. He said that WIC yesterday that work on the Copyright © 2001 UN Integrated since efforts made to promote the final designs of underground and Regional InformationNetwork use of traditional medicine were surface water developments and (allAfrica.com). insignificant, the profession is now distribution points were among feared may be relinquished o-t the projects. Derese said that Water Emergency in tally. The Association established nearly 41 million birr was ear- in 1984 E.C has a total of 2,000 Drought-Hit Areas members, it was learnt. marked for the Addis Ababa Wa- ter and Sewerage Back-up Pro- September 28, 2001 ject in addition to the total of If October rains are as poor as the 21,604,200 birr allotted to help seasonal Gu rains earlier in the execute the Kotebe Potable Wa- year, conditions will become criti- ter Project and to revamp the cal in the Ethiopian Somali region, Legedadi Water Purification Plant. Somalia, northwestern Eritrea and According to him, the delay in northern Kenya, the UNDP Emer-

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The UN Secretary General has said that part of the UN mission there, known as Eritrea has failed to provide the United UNMEE. Annan cited numerous prob- Nations Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea lems confronting the mission, most nota- (UNMEE) with the necessary information bly persistent disputes about the precise Nachrichten aus Äthi- on its militia and police force inside the borders of a buffer zone set up to sepa- Temporary Security Zone (TSZ). It is rate the two countries’ armies. Other opien estimated that 6,800 Eritrean militia and complaints were that Ethiopia still had 3,000 police are currently deployed in the troops stationed in the buffer zone, Eri- Auszüge aus ETHIOPIA Seven Days TSZ, the UN Integrated Regional Infor- trea had deployed too many civilian Update1, zusammengestellt von mation Network (IRIN) said. Despite the police and militia in the zone and Eritrea Harmen Storck urging of UNMEE for Eritrea against the was limiting peacekeepers’ freedom of 1. Conflict with Eritrea deployment of police and militia close to involvement. There was also still not the southern boundary of TSZ, such accord on a route for direct UN flights Deployment of UN Mission on Ethiopia deployment had led to tension, the report between Asmara and Addis Ababa. And and Eritrea (UNMEE): said (Radio Ethiopia, Sep.12). Eritrea held 400 Ethiopian prisoners of The BBC reported from Addis Ababa that At a joint press conference at the Mereb war while Ethiopia held 1,300 Eritreens, the UNMEE has expressed growing River on the border, UN Secretary- despite having agreed six months ago to concern about the situation in the buffer General, Legwaila Joseph Legwaila said release all war prisoners “without delay,” zone between the two countries. UNMEE that despite recent internal problems in Annan said. says that both Ethiopia and Eritrea have both countries, forces at the border were Border and Compensation Commission : not fully adhered to requirements stated “thinning out”. He said the Ethiopian army in the cessation of hostilities agreement Ethiopia recently presented its claims on was “in full swing” with demobilization, the border issue with supporting evidence signed by both countries when their and that the government was restructur- border conflict ended last year. The to the Ethiopia and Eritrea Border Com- ing the army. He said on the northern mission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs UNMEE deputy spokeswoman made the boundary of the buffer zone (Temporary following demands to the two sides: said. Ethiopia has also presented a Security Zone – TSZ), the Eritrean forces separate document consisting of proce- Ø Eritrea should allow UNMEE unlim- were “preparing for their demobilization at dural matters to the Compensation ited monitoring of the 15-km area the end of the year”. He commended both Commission. The Legal Affairs Director adjacent to the northern boundary sides (IRIN, Aug. 13). with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ato of the Temporary Security Zone Routes to Sabalita and Harsile in Eritrea Seife Selassie Lemma said that the (TSZ). were cited as areas where UNMEE details of the compensation claims would Ø Eritrea should provide UNMEE with peacekeepers had been encountering be presented to the commission on information on the local militia and movement difficulties. UNMEE’s Nkolo December 12, 2001 (State media, July 6). police inside the TSZ, including told journalists that solving the issue of The UN says that only six months remain weapons necessary for the mission access throughout the operational area for the deadline before Ethiopia and to verify their functions and the con- was essential to UNMEE’s ability to fulfill Eritrea must submit their claims to the figuration of the militia and police. its mandate. The road to Harsile, in spite Ethiopia and Eritrea Claims Commission, Ø Ethiopia should provide UNMEE of its critical importance as an evacuation one of the several UN agencies created with information and maps concern- route in and out of the TSZ, is largely out to find a final solution to the conflict ing all minefields to facilitate the of bounds to UNMEE (IRIN, July 23). between the two countries.. Official work of the mine action co- At the 7th UNMEE Military Coordination reports indicate that Ethiopia lost more ordination center with a view to al- Commission meeting, which was held in than 120mio USD worth of goods at the lowing internally displaced people to Nairobi, Kenya, on June 27, the Eritrean Eritrean port of Assab alone, when Eri- return home safely. delegation announced to the meeting that trea detained import and export goods Ø The two parties should uncondition- Eritrea does not generally accept the belonging to Ethiopia when hostilities ally and without further delay restart southern boundary of the TSZ indicated broke out between the two countries. The the exchange of the remaining pris- on the map prepared by UNMEE. The worst hit were private businessmen, who oners of war and detainees under delegation said the Eritrean government have so far received no compensation for the auspices of the Red Cross. would make its position clear on the issue the goods they had lost at the port. The The Security Council extended the man- soon (Radio Ethiopia, June 27). claims commission had met in March and date of UNMEE until March 15, 2002. Ethiopia has rejected the UN map that May at The Hague. The current vacancy The number of troops and military ob- marks the buffer zone between Ethiopia on the commission caused by the resig- servers remains unchanged. By unani- and Eritrea. Ethiopia says the boundaries nation of one of the Commissioners mously adopting resolution 1369 (2001), demarcated on the map are inconsistent originally appointed by Ethiopia is ex- the Council also called on the parties to with what was agreed with the UN. Ethio- pected to be filled in soon (Entrepreneur, cooperate fully and expeditiously with pia’s Foreign Affairs spokesman Yemane June 28). UNMEE in the implementation of its Kidane said there were two main points Ethiopians there, Eritreans here: mandate and to abide scrupulously by the on the map that concerned the Ethiopian Residents of Axum and Adwa have letter and spirit of the agreements signed authorities. - Firstly, the eastern sector, disclosed that Eritreans deported as by Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Council also known as the Bure Front, includes eight security risks during the Ethio-Eritrean emphasized that the Algiers Agreements km of Ethiopian territory, which should war are coming back. These include linked the termination of UNMEE with the not be in the buffer zone, as these are Eritreans married to Ethiopians. Ethiopi- implementation of the work of the inde- positions Ethiopia occupied prior to the ans who returned from Eritrea via Rama pendent Boundary Commission, which is war.- Secondly, Mr. Kidane said that in have complained that local officials in charged with delimitation and demarca- the northern area of Irob, the zone is only Rama failed to act when advised about tion of the border between the two coun- 12 kms. deep, when it should be the the return of the Eritreans (Satenaw, Sep. tries and that in the interim, the Tempo- artillery range distance of 25 kms (BBC, 24). rary Security Zone (TSZ) must be com- June 27). Eritrea had complained to het UN Secu- pletely demilitarized (Daily Monitor, Sep. As of mid-June, 5,631 peacekeepers had rity Council that Ethiopia had deported a 17). been deployed in Ethiopia or Eritrea as group of 722 people, in violation of inter-

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national humanitarian laws and human 350,000. The increase in the size of the secured from import duties while the rights conventions. In a letter dated 28 army increased the defense expenditure balance came from export duties and June, the permanent representative of from $95m in 1997/8 to $777m in taxes from different businesses. The Eritrea said most of the deportees were 1999/2000. Thus, the military expenditure amount exceeded that of last year by “women, children and old people… some became 49.8% of the country’s total 741.4mio birr. Over 315.1mio birr worth of suffer from serious disability.” The letter recurrent expenditure,” says the report’s duty free goods were also imported into complained that most of the deportees author, economist Abebe Teferi (BBC, the country during the reported period. were “rounded up from their homes and Aug. 6). Over 3.6mio birr worth of contraband work places in Tigrai and were impris- The border war with Eritrea, combined goods were also intercepted during the oned in various places of detention for with a global decline in Official Develop- same period (State media, July 21). days before being deported”. It said some ment Assistance (ODA), had resulted in a The Ministry of Economic Cooperation had been detained for as long as three $26mio fall in development assistance to and Development (MEDaC) had dis- years “including in places which were Ethiopia from bilateral and multilateral closed that the Gross Domestic Product never visited by the International Commit- sources. Figures show that annual exter- (GDP) of the country would grow by over tee of the Red Cross”. The group arrived nal development assistance from these 9 % during the current year. The GDP at the Mereb River, on the disputed sources fell from US $756mio to US growth of the country, which was 5 % border, on June 25, the letter said (IRIN, $730mio in the three years to 1999 while during the conflict with Eritrea, is ex- July 10). relief aid rose from US $150mio to US pected to reach between 7.5 % and 9 % Demobilisation, Displaced Persons, $230mio during the same period. Hu- this year. It attributed the increase to the POWs: manitarian assistance now makes up 25 bumper harvest last year accompanied The Eritrean government has repatriated % of all external assistance (IRIN, July by the resurgence in the industrial, trade 24 Ethiopian prisoners of war (POWs) to 18). and transport sectors. The GDP will Ethiopia. In a statement, the Asmara 2. Economics, Finance, Commerce continue to rise by 7 % over the coming government said it took the decision to State Revenues, Budgets, Economic three years and increase the per capita return the POWs because of health Growth: income by 4 %. he reconstruction, reha- bilitation as well as the demobilization reasons. The statement also called on The Ministry of Economic Development the international community to put pres- process is in progress as part of the post and Cooperation (MEDaC) has forecast war recovery program with USD 400mio sure on Ethiopia to release the POWs it is that Ethiopia’s economy would grow by 7 holding (State media, Oct. 8). obtained from the World Bank in conces- % in the current fiscal year. This, it said, sional loan (Radio Ethiopia, July 18). The European Community Humanitarian is based on the expected growth in Office (ECHO) has donated US $4.2mio agriculture as a result of good weather The Federal Ministry of Finance has to provide emergency food aid to over during the current crop season. The announced that 500mio birr out of the 300,000 internally displaced people performance of the economy will also budget allocated this year for defense will (IDPs) and returnees affected by the benefit from improvements in the private go for subsidy to the regional states. Ato border conflict between Ethiopia and sector and increased foreign assistance Hailemelekot Teklegiorgis, Vice Minister Eritrea. The money will be used by the to Ethiopia as a result of better relations of Finance, said that since this year’s WFP to purchase locally more than with development partners (State media, defense budget was 46 % less than last 11,000 tons of sorghum for IDPs and Oct. 1). year’s, economic and social services returnees living in the northern region of were targeted to perform better. The Ethiopia’s manufacturing sector has education funds were higher by 28 %, Tigrai (Daily Monitor, Aug. 16). shown a remarkable growth since the In line with the Algiers peace agreement while the health funds grew by 24 %. free market economic policy. It has been (Radio Ethiopia, June 27). between Ethiopia and Eritrea, Ethiopia is growing at an annual average of 5% reportedly demobilizing 68% of its total between 1991/1992 and 1998/1999. As a On June 19, the Council of Ministers army, including recalled members of the result, the share of the sector to the referred the bill on the national budget for former army, recalled TPLF fighters, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which the next fiscal year to the House of Peo- militias and regular soldiers (Tomar, Aug. was about 4.8%, reached 6.7% in 1999. ples' Representatives for approval. The 15). The relative expansion is largely ac- bill proposed an over 15.12 billion birr Costs of the War: counted for by the growth of the share of capital and recurrent budget for the 1994 Ethiopian fiscal year. It was based on the Ethiopia’s war with neighboring Eritrea private manufacturing enterprises, it said. The growth rate of medium and large- new budgetary reform system of the has had a devastating effect on the country. Over 7.2 billion birr of the pro- economy. A study, by the Ethiopian scale private manufacturing reached 62.7% in 1999. This development is posed budget is recurrent and over 3.9 Economic Policy Research Institute, says billion birr capital. The council also pro- the 2 1/2 year border war cost Ethiopia corresponded by an equal growth in het proportion of the share of workers now posed over 4.6 billion birr subsidiary more than 2.9 bn birr ($350m). It states budget to states including the Dire Dawa the economic and social infrastructures employed privately, as compared to the total workforce in the sector (ETV, Oct. Administrative Council (Radio Ethiopia, were destroyed, properties were looted June 19). and normal human settlement and eco- 2). nomic activities were disrupted with a The general manager of the Federal Debts, Grants, Loans and Credits: significant loss of life. The report, which is Internal Revenue Authority has said that, The German Minister of Economic Co- due to be published in the autumn, gives so far, it had not been able to collect a operation and Development, Heidemarie a comprehensive analysis of how the total of over 2.6bio birr in direct taxes and Wieczorek-Zeul, will pay a working visit to conflict diverted scarce resources from penalties from state development enter- Ethiopia from October 7-9, 2001. The development to fund a war which cost prises. The taxes amount to 804.6mio birr Minister is expected to hold high-level tens of thousands of lives. - It disclosed and penalties total 1,259.7mio birr (Re- talks and visit a number of projects run that when the war broke out on May 6, porter, Sep. 10). under the auspices of the German Agro 1998, the Ethiopian Government was The Addis Ababa Lagahar customs office Action near Bahr Dar and the Agro- forced to mobilize manpower, material has collected over 3.45 billion birr from Technical Training College (ATTC) run by and financial resources to help with the import and export duties and taxes from Menschen fur Menschen in Harar. The war effort. “To defend the nation, the size various businesses during the last Ethio- visit will be followed by government of the army was increased from 60,000 to pian budget year. Over 2.8 billion birr was negotiations on the forthcoming German-

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Ethiopian development cooperation About 150,000 veterans of the conflict exported products, in the previous Ethio- meeting scheduled to take place in Bonn with Eritrea will benefit from activities of pian fiscal year 265,187 tons of different October 29-30. According to MEDaC, the project, which are aimed at reintegrat- items were exported, while last year it Germany has made a grant of 925.6 ing them back into their communities and was 298,031 tons. According to the million DM to Ethiopia over the last 37 providing them with employment oppor- Agency’s erport, the main reason behind years (Radio Ethiopia, Oct. 5). tunities (Daily Monitor, Aug. 8). the decline is the considerable fall in the The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) The DPPC and the United States Agency price of coffee in the international market. has given a loan of over 641mio birr to for International Development (USAID) In the past years, coffee’s share in the farmers to be used for the purchase of have signed an over 2.4mio US-$ aid country’s export earning had a 60% agricultural inputs during the coming agreement. The grant will be used to average, but has taken a down scaling fiscal year. The National Fertilizer Agency reinforce the development projects being trend reaching the current level of 41% said it has distributed over three million undertaken by local and international only. Contrary to this, the performance in quintals of fertilizers to farmers in the NGOs in nine regions -- Addis Ababa, the export earnings from leather and various regional states for the coming Tigrai, Amhara, Oromiya, Gambella, leather products, flower, sugar, cotton, fiscal year. The loans were given to the Benishangul-Gumuz, Harari, Somali and marble, teff, oil seeds, and textile prod- farmers under the guarantee of the Southern Peoples’ State. The projects ucts was accompanied by an incredible regional states (Radio Ethiopia, Sep. 1). focus mainly on agriculture, environment growth. Hides and skin, taking the lead in The vice-minister of Economic Develop- protection, natural resources conserva- the highest performance of the export ment and Cooperation, Dr. Mulatu Te- tion, micro-credit services, HIV/AIDS commodities, have shown a dramatic shome, has said that in the past decade, prevention and family planning. About improvement enabling the country to earn Ethiopia obtained over seven billion USD 736,000 people will become beneficiaries 617mio birr, a figure said to be the high- in foreign assistance through bilateral and of the projects (Radio Ethiopia, July 27). est in the past three years. Comparing multi-lateral agreements. 4.669 billion Ethiopia and the European Commission this budget year’s export performance of USD have been pledged through multi- (EC) signed a memorandum of under- hides with last year’s, it was reported that lateral agreements but only 3.223 billion $ standing for a grant amounting to 292mio there was a 426% improvement while the was obtained for aid and loan intended to birr. Out of the total grant, 201mio birr will revenue has grown from 24.4mio to be used for manpower training, supply of be used for the prov ision of 110,000 128.4mio birr, and as for skins, it rose materials and medicines as well as for metric tons of food aid for emergency from 232.6mio to 460.9mio birr. The technical services. The remaining 2.216 distribution and the employment genera- growth is attributed to the increase in the billion $ was obtained through bilateral tion schemes (EGS) that creates job world trade market of hides and skin. In agreements (Abiotawi Democracy, Aug. opportunities for vulnerable groups in the addition, t’chat, oil seeds, and gold have 29-Sep. 4). drought-prone areas. 80.4mio birr was climbed 3 to 5 ranks with a share of allotted for the implementation of inte- 14.4%, 7.2%, and 5% respectively (Capi- UNDP is carrying out various develop- tal, Oct. 7). ment activities in Ethiopia this year with grated food security programs (IFSP) in nearly 20mio USD (about 170mio birr). Tigrai and Amhara States under the EU The investment bureau of the Benishan- UNDP’s development interventions in the 2000 food security program. The remain- gul-Gumuz State has announced that an country focus on public sector capacity ing 11mio birr was assigned for capacity investor in Metekel Zone has exported building and management, agriculture, building and support studies and mid- over 3,000 quintals of sesame to Ger- health, education and potable water term review and evaluation activities many. Similarly, two other investors in the supply. UNDP has provided financial and (ETV, July 26). state will soon export more than 1,450 technical support in the formulation of the The government of Ethiopia and China quintals of incense to the U.S. and Euro- country’s civil service reform program as signed a protocol of partial debt cancella- pe (ENA, Sep. 29). well as in the training of managers and tion of 122.56mio US-$. The Government Ethiopia’s coffee revenue fell by almost a planners. UNDP recently launched 60mio of China has exempted Ethiopia from fifth to $204.4mio in the 2000/01 crop USD (nearly 510mio birr) worth of anti- paying four batches of interest-free loans, year, hurt by low world prices due to HIV/AIDS programs to support the coun- which had matured in December 1999. over-production and high stocks in con- try’s efforts to control the pandemic This includes about 105mio USD interest- sumer countries. Exports fell only slightly (Radio Ethiopia, Sep. 3). free loan provided in 1971, and a from 115,739 tons to 113,031 tons, but Agreements amounting to 155mio USD 16.86mio USD interest-free loan provided export revenues were down 19 % from (1.2 billion birr) were signed last week in 1988, 1989 and 1990. A grant agree- $252.9 million the previous year. The between the governments of Ethiopia and ment of about 1.8mio USD to finance general manager of the Coffee and Tea the USA. The agreements provide devel- economic and technical cooperation Development Authority (CTDA), predicted opment support in the areas of basic projects was also signed (State media, a recovery by 2003, when he expects education, democracy and governance, June 20). nearly all Ethiopian coffee to be certified health, food and agriculture, and a spe- The Government of Italy announces a as organic, thus generating premium cial project targeting pastoralists. (ETV, debt cancellation amounting to 375mio prices. Tesegaye said 93,283 tons of Aug. 13). USD to Ethiopia. The debt cancellation is coffee worth $168.4mio had already been exported this year. Of the amount already The Executive Board of the IMF on Aug. part of the Italian government’s decision to relieve highly indebted poor countries exported, 22,813 tons was washed 2 completed the first review of Ethiopia’s coffee, which generated $51.mio, and economic program provided for in its of about 4.1 billion USD (Radio Ethiopia, June 22). 70,470 tons was unwashed worth arrangement under the Poverty Reduc- $117.mio, he said (Daily Monitor, July tion and Growth Facility (PRGF). As a Foreign Trade: 27). result of this review, Ethiopia was to Ethiopia’s export earnings during the last The Ethiopian Petroleum Corporation has receive a US $22mio credit immediately, budget year has shown a sharp decline of an IMF statement said. (IRIN, Aug. 4). announced that Ethiopia would soon 6.5%, compared to the previous fiscal import all the butane gas that it needs According to a press release, of the total year. According to reports from the Ethio- from Sudan. The Sudanese government $666 million that Ethiopia obtained from pian Export Promotion Agency, the is ready to supply 120 metric tons of the World Bank, $170.6 million will be country earned 3.8 billion birr from the butane a day to Ethiopia at a favorable used to cover the costs of the Emergency export business a year ago but last year it price. Ethiopia annually consumes Demobilization and Reintegration Project. made only 3.5 billion birr. In terms of

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550,000 metric tons of white diesel, Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation business companies and 67.5mio birr to 135,000 metric tons of petrol, 260,000 (EEPCO) said. The project has a capacity Oromiya companies. Out of 44 compa- tons of aircraft petrol and kerosene, and to generate 73 MW of electric power, and nies, 32 are controlled by Tigrai Rehabili- 130,000 metric tons of black diesel for will raise the country’s power supply to tation, five each by Amhara and Oromo factories. Ethiopia and Sudan signed an 450 MW from the current 377 MW (Radio development groups and only two by the agreement on June 14, 2001, allowing Ethiopia, June 30). Southern Ethiopia Development Associa- Ethiopia to import fuel from Sudan start- An Italian company, ENERCO, that has tion. Wegagen Bank is a joint venture ing next year (State media, July 1). been long waiting for more than a year incorporating capital contributions by all Investment and Investment Policy: now, has at last signed a memorandum groups. The business companies are Prime Minister Meles Zenawi has said of understanding with the Ethiopian directly controlled by senior political that the country’s agriculture-led devel- Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) to chiefs of the parties who serve as board opment plan would remain in place until build three power-generating plants members and directors, the report added favorable conditions that could generate across the country. The plants will be (Tobia (July 12). sustainable macro economic growth were built at Bilbi Moya, some 50 km south Transport and Communication: created. Briefing local journalists, Ato west of Jimma town, Awash IV and British Airways, operated by British Meles, however, said that “over the next Genale, on the border between Oromiya Mediterranean Airways, launched a five years, the government will attach and Southern Nations regional states twice-weekly service to Ethiopia on Oct. more importance to industrial and urban (Fortune, June 17). 5, 2001, introducing an Airbus A320 development than it did in the past few Technical Asistance, Development Pro- aircraft to the country. In a joint press years.” He said his ruling party would jects: conference, officials of Airbus and British work hard to empower the district and The Ethiopian Social Rehabilitation Mediterranean Airways said the new kebele administrations at the grass-roots Development Fund (ESRDF) has under- service operates between Addis Ababa level to ensure public participation in the taken 487 projects in the country with an Bole International Airport and London development process (ETV, Sep. 27). outlay of 270mio birr during the just Heathrow’s Terminal 4 on Tuesdays and The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation ended Ethiopian fiscal year. The projects Fridays. The A320 Family Airbus carries (EEPCO) intends to complete most of its include basic education, health, rural 124 passengers and is the only single- major projects in the new Ethiopian water supply and sanitation, small scale aisle Aircraft able to accommodate stan- calendar year, 1994. The corporation irrigation schemes, training and capacity dard containerized cargo, it was learned plans to work on 56 projects, of which 37 building, small income generating activi- (state media, Oct. 10). include those that have been carried ties and environmental protection. The Internet services will be made available to forward from the previous years. The number of projects implemented to date five towns in Tigrai State, the northern remaining 19 are new projects. The are 3,213, out of which 2,555 were com- office of the Ethiopian Telecommunica- projects include the Sebeta-Mekanisa pleted in July 2001. Close to 16 million tions Corporation announced. The work Transmission Project, Fincha 4th Unit rural and urban residents have become on the installation of equipment was Project, which has a capacity to produce beneficiaries of the projects (ETV, Oct. completed in June to expand the services 34 Megawatts of electricity, and the Bahr 5). to Adigrat, Axum, Endaselassie and Dar– Gonder transmission and substation Privatisation: Maichew. The towns will share the line projects. Ato Sendeku said the last two from the main hub in Mekele which has should be completed by June 2002 while The Confederation of Ethiopian Trade the capacity to cater for 768 users (Radio the diesel station planned for Galafi and Unions (CETU) has ex pressed its Ethiopia, Sep. 25). Semera towns in the Afar region should opposition to a bid under which 111 The Ethio-Djibouti Railway Administration be finalized by around November 2002. public enterprises will be privatized. is planning to replace the old rails stretch- According to Ato Sendeku, EEPCO has According to Ato Aregawi Kebede, head ing from Dire Dawa to Adigala with new invested a capital of 2 bio birr to cover the of the industrial relations branch of ones at a cost of 280mio birr. The 125- cost of these projects (Capital, Sep. 8). CETU, the bids and the post-privatization km. stretch from Dire Dawa to Adigala will A 15-mio birr food processing company be totally changed, and all bridges along policy of the Ethiopian Privatization has been established in accordance with the rail line will also be rebuilt with the the commercial code of Ethiopia, the Agency lack openness. He said the over 280mio birr aid secured from the EU. The weekly reported. The company, whose 210 public enterprises privatized by the building project will be completed in two major share holder is Sheikh Mohammed Agency were currently experiencing years while construction work will begin in Al-Amoudi will produce edible oil, butter, serious economic crises. CETU opposes the next six months (Abiotawi Democ- flour, pastry, pasta, macaroni, chocolate, the privatization of the Construction and racy, Sep. 5-11). candy and other sweet food and drinks. It Business Bank, AMCE S.C., the Addis Ethiopian Airlines will fly to Amsterdam is called Horra Food Complex Plc (Busi- Tyre Factory, the Ethiopian Tourist Trade effective Dec. 5, 2001. Effective Oct.30, ness Review, Aug. 30). 2001, it will also reinstate the service to The Ministry of Mines and Energy has Organization, the Wabi Shebelle Hotels Brazzaville that was suspended five disclosed that 75 licensed investors have Administrative Organization and the Dire years ago because of security concerns started mining exploration in different Dawa Cement Factory, among others following the civil war in the Congo,. The parts of the country in line with the coun- (The Reporter, Sep. 25). twice weekly service to Amsterdam will try’s investment law. In an interview the A study titled "Ethiopian Non- make Ethiopia and the whole of Africa Ministry said that it had issued licenses to Governmental Business companies more conveniently accessible to tourists 17 local companies and 11 foreign com- controlled by or associated with EPRDF and business people alike from the panies in the last seven years. Over 75 member organizations" revealed that Netherlands and other neighboring coun- types of licenses have been issued to companies controlled by EPRDF member tries in Europe. The weekly service to these companies to engage in various parties have built a business empire Brazzaville is expected to give the people kinds of mining activities (Abiotawi De- worth 3.5 billion birr despite a law that of the Republic of Congo convenient mocracy). interdicts political parties from engaging service in their movement from Congo to The Tis Abay II Hydroelectric Power in profit business. The document detailed Europe, the Middle East and Far East project, constructed at a cost of over that 3.3 billion birr belongs to Tigrai (Capital, Sep. 2). 500mio birr, has been inaugurated, the Rehabilitation, 94.5mio birr to Amhara

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Ethiopia has signed an agreement with Ethiopia conducts via Djibouti (ENA, July and Rib rivers caused the floods (State the Sudanese government to use port 4). media, Aug. 22). and customs facilities for its import and Ethiopian Airlines will start a bi-weekly Over 670 families have been displaced export transit of goods which will allow flight to Hong Kong in August and in- from their homes following the flooding of Ethiopia to move import-export goods to crease its weekly flights to Lagos, Nige- their homes as a result of the overflowing and from Port Sudan and also use cus- ria, from five to seven starting in July. The of the Finchitu River in Oromiya zone of toms facilities. Ethiopia is planning to move is part of the airline’s network Amhara State. Similarly, floods that start using Port Sudan and import fuel expansion scheme since EAL laid out followed torrential rains in eastern from Sudan once the construction of the plans to increase revenues by 12 to 15 % Harerge have killed six people and de- cross-border road that links the two next year by implementing a series of stroyed 228 houses (Radio Ethiopia, Aug. countries is completed (Fortune, July 29). network expansions and enhanced 13). The Addis Ababa Ring Road Project marketing projects (Capital, June 24). Heavy rains and thunder have made over Office with the Chinese Bridge and Other Issues: 6,000 people homeless in Gambella Roadwork announced that 65 % of the The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) has region. The overflowing Gilo River burst ring road construction, launched with an disclosed that the birr has over the year its banks and isolated residents of Jol outlay of over 0.5 billion birr, has been depreciated by 18 cents on the average Awraja who have been forced to survive finalized. The general manager of the against the USD. The Bank said that on roots and leaves. Crocodiles attacked project said that so far, 320mio birr had during the just ending fiscal year, the people killing four. The chairman of Jihu been spent on the construction. He average exchange rate of one USD was district said three weeks after the floods, disclosed that the 11-km. road, which 8.327 birr against 8.299 birr last year. displaced victims are not yet supplied extends from Jimma road to the Kaliti The Bank attributed the depreciation of with relief items. Meanwhile, the overflow- area. would be open to traffic soon. The the birr to the fall in prices for coffee and ing Omo River has drowned five people manager also said the ring road project other agricultural products in the world and a large number of cattle. A local would be finalized in tw o years time. The market since three years ago. NBE also official has warned that the life of about Addis Ababa Ring Road Project, laun- said that the difference between the legal 3,000 people is at risk unless people are ched in March 1998 at a cost of 535.5mio exchange rate and the exchange rate in airlifted by helicopter (Addis Admas, Aug. birr, will cover a 32.2-km-long and 40- the black market for USD was narrowing 11; VOA, Aug. 13). meter-wide road (ENA, July 15). (Walta Information Center, July 31). The office of the U.S. Foreign Disaster It was disclosed that the Port of Djibouti 3. Agriculture, Food Aid, Drought Assistance (OFDA) has said the U.S. would no longer have an environment Drought, Flood, Famine and Food Aid: Department of Agriculture was planning where companies can survive on their to contribute 130,000 mt of emergency merit. The much applauded free market Somalis migrating from the drought- food commodities to Ethiopia in 2001, environment has now been shattered by affected Gedo and Bakol regions in valued at more than US $54mio. It said a new decree signed into law by Presi- southern Somalia are congregating in all the commodities would be provided to dent Ismael Omar Guelleh on July 8. The areas of the Somali Regional State. The the UN World Food Program to be chan- law gives right of the port business, regions most affected in the Somali neled through target supplementary stevedoring, exclusively to Djiboutian region were those which enjoyed reason- feeding, food-for-work, food-for-training nationals while it requires other countries able rains this year, and could offer and general distributions. Drought condi- to introduce reciprocal laws should their pasture and water, the source said. In tions in Ethiopia have generally shifted companies want to engage in agency and Afder zone, a main watering point was from “crisis to recovery for millions of transit operations at the port. This daring described as “overwhelmed by people Ethiopians”, an OFDA information bulletin directive is the first of its kind in the from Bakool and Gedo coming to find said. Despite the late start of the current country’s history that will kick out foreign water and grazing”. Other areas affected rainy season, rainfall in late April and May companies such as Ethiopia’s Maritime include Gode and Liban (IRIN, Aug. 29). has regenerated pasture and water Transit Services Enterprise (MTSE) and The flood disaster assessment committee resources across most of Somali region, others which have been operating for of Afar State council said the number of which had been the epicenter of last more than half a century at the Djibouti people displaced by the flooded Awash year’s regional drought crisis, OFDA said. port. Only COMAD can presently operate River has exceeded 41,000. However, However, despite positive recovery under the new law until more Djiboutian the Federal Disaster Prevention and trends among drought-affected people, companies emerge on the market. (For- Preparedness Commission said the pockets of the population in Somali tune, July 15). number of the displaced stands at only region has experienced an increase in The bridge on the Mereb River has been 8,000. The committee said over 41,000 malnutrition rates (Daily Monitor, June repaired and opened for use by the people in Assaita, Afambo and Dubti 27). United Nations Mission on Ethiopia and district have been displaced as the floods WFP has issued a donor alert earlier this Eritrea (UNMEE). The bridge crosses the inundated 21 kebeles. It is now over one month drawing attention to a major short- Mereb River between the Ethiopian town month since the displaced have been fall in the response to the government’s of Rama and the Eritrean town of Adi liing in deplorable conditions (Radio 2001 relief appeal released in January. Quala, and is 42 m long and 3.85 m wide Ethiopia, Aug. 25). According to the latest WFP estimates, a (State media, July 7). Emergency relief assistance is being further 106,000 mt of cereals and 70,000 The Ethio-Djibouti Railway Enterprise distributed to more than 15,000 people mt of supplementary foods are required plans to undertake emergency construc- displaced by the overflooded rivers in the to meet the needs of 6.2 million people tion and study projects to improve its country. Over two thousand quintals of suffering from the effects of drought and capacity and overall services. 35mio $ food grain as well as medicines and non- poor harvests. WFP said that the have been set aside for the projects. The food relief items have reached the af- drought-relief operation in Ethiopia for the projects include the replacement of the fected people. According to a statement year currently faces a shortfall of 38 % of 120-km old rails that stretch from Dire from the DPPC, the relief items are being its total requirements. The DPPC has Dawa to Djibouti and the revamping of distributed to displaced flood victims in already been forced to cut rations form 15 the 2,000 m bridges along the rails. The Amhara, Tigrai, Gambella and the South- kg per person per month to 12.5 kg in Ethio-Djibouti Railway Enterprise handles ern Peoples’ State. The overflooded order to assist a larger number of people only 10 % of the import and export trade Tekezie, Gilo, Omo, as well as Gumera than originally planned (IRIN, July 18).

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Environment: and business enterprises in these coun- two men were central committee mem- The Ministry of Agriculture has disclosed tries could face attacks. Ethiopian secu- bers of the OPDO (VOA, Aug. 29). that about 2,240 quintals of expired rity forces have been instructed by their 201 Oromo militiamen thought to be pesticides were being collected from superiors to ward off possible attacks sympathetic to the deposed head of Addis Ababa, Bedelle and Arjo for con- against expatriates in the country. In- Oromo militias, Diriba Hariko, have been signment to Finland. The project expects deed, Ethiopians who have rented disarmed and jailed in various prisons on to collect a total of 15,000 quintals of houses and vehicles to expatriates have charges of membership in the OLF. pesticides from various sites in the coun- been advised to report on the daily activi- There is also concern about what hap- try. More expired pesticides will be col- ties of their guests. Some Sudanese and pened to about 5,000 weapons, which lected from 900 sites in various parts of Arab residents of Addis Ababa were Ato Diriba was supposed to have distrib- the country. Ato Teshome added that under surveillance, and 23 persons of uted to the militias during the Ethio- 1,500 quintals of expired pesticides would Arab origin might have been detained on Eritrean war. The army is reportedly be collected from Dire Dawa Administra- suspicion. The identities of these Arabs disarming Oromo militias following suspi- tion this week for shipment to Finland. as well as an Arab who evaded arrest cions of OLF infiltration (Genanaw, Aug. Currently, there are over 30,000 quintals from a hotel in Addis Ababa have not 29). of expired pesticides in the country (ENA, been revealed (Tomar, Sep. 26). The 4th organizational conference of the Sep. 17). According to FBI reports, there are about TPLF wound up successfully after adopt- In a moving petition to Prime Minister 7,000 Mujaheedin (Soldiers of Allah) in ing a resolution that praised the confer- Meles Zenawi, elders of the Shekacho Sudan, on the borders with Eritrea. These ence proceedings which reviewed past people in southwest Ethiopia gave a are Afghans trained as fighters, pilots and achievements and weaknesses and drew graphic and grim description of the sys- airborne soldiers in Afghanistan. The a new vision for the future. Conference tematic and barbaric destruction of their Taliban soldiers are allegedly instrumen- participants unanimously endorsed the forests and the degradation of their tal in facilitating the movements of fight- actions taken against the TPLF splinter ecology in the name of investment. They ers from Afghanistan to Sudan and North group (State media, Aug. 11). - The described their land as having been America via Europe (Netsanet, Sep. 18). participants also confirmed the suprem- extremely fertile, getting rains for nine A US-Congressional report listed Ethiopia acy of the TPLF central committee group months a year (Tomar, July 25). as one of the 34 “identified or suspected led by Ato Meles Zenawi, and declared 4. Tourism countries where terrorist organizations that there had not been a notable corrup- Eight American tourists have made the headed by Saudi exile Osama bin Laden tion problem within the party. They also first successful boat trip along the Blue had cells, representing a global threat”. gave full approval to EFFORT, the big Nile River, according to the Amhara State The Congressional Research Service business conglomerate run by the TPLF culture, tourism and information bureau. report, was dated Monday, the day before (Addis Admas, Aug. 11). The tourists sailed the 2,500 miles of the the terrorist attacks on the World Trade The Speaker of the House of Federation, river that stretches from the Amhara Center and the Pentagon (Daily Monitor, Wzro. Almaz Meko, who had held the State to Sudan. The team of five men and Sep. 18). position for the last six years, had de- three women departed from Mota in East TPLF Central Committee Split: fected to the U.S. She went to the U.S. Gojjam Zone and arrived at a town on the Ato Meles is reported to have told the after a meeting in the Caribbean, later Sudanese border after 21 days. Many TPLF plenary meeting in Mekele that he asked for political asylum and joined the Europeans have attempted to sail by boat suspects the dismissed TPLF central OLF. (VOA, Aug. 12). on the Blue Nile River since the reign of committee faction of being behind the Three generals of the previous regime Emperor Menelik II, but all efforts were murder of the former security chief, Kinfe who had joined the army (the Ground and frustrated by the overflowing of the river, Gebre Medhin (Poletica, Sep. 10). Air Force) Brig-General Tesfaye Habte robbers and dangerous aquatic animals The President of the Federal Republic of Mariam, Brig-General Behailu Kinde and (ENA, Sep. 26). Ethiopia, Dr. Negaso Gidada, has said Brig-General Asaminew Bedane, have 5. Social, Cultural and Political that he has, on is own free will, dissoci- reportedly been retired (Tikussat, Aug. 8). Aspects ated himself from membership of the The OPDO has reportedly been divided International Terrorism: OPDO. According to Dr. Negaso, an between those who support its chairman, The Main Department for Immigration unlawful act has been committed against Ato Kuma Demekssa, and those that and Nationality Affairs has finalized the OPDO which, he said, was el gally back Ato Girma Birru, seen as a staunch preparations to register foreign nationals instituted in accordance with proclama- ally of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. tion no. 46 of the Electoral Commission. However, neither one had the upper hand residing in Ethiopia. All foreign nationals living in Addis Ababa, permanently or Dr. Negaso also complained about a throughout the 27 days the OPDO spent temporarily, will be required to register at defamatory campaign waged against him in performance evaluation (‘gemgema’) the head office of the Main Department personally by the state media. He stated meetings. It is said that the differences that the letters he wrote for publication in have reached cadres and others at the within ten days -- from Oct. 8 to 17, 2001. the press for public information had all lower levels (Reporter, July 16). The Department said that the schedule for the registration of foreign nationals been suppressed. Dr. Negaso had also About 400 soldiers and officers of the living outside Addis Ababa would be earlier withdrawn his membership in the 102nd corps, who were viewed with EPRDF (VOA, Aug. 31). announced in the near future. Foreigners suspicion for posing questions and refus- failing to register within the specified Two senior officials of the Oromo Peo- ing to participate in political meetings, period of time will be punished by the ple’s Democratic Organization (OPDO) reportedly have been detained. The corps relevant immigration laws of the country, had joined the Oromo Liberation Front is based in the Wello area and most of according to the release (State media, (OLF) after fleeing the country. Ato Len- the detained officers are said to be Tigre- Oct. 5). cho Bati told VOA that OPDO’s head of ans. Of these, one is reported to be Major American officials suspect the existence the militia, Ato Diriba Hariko, and former Wolde Selassie Abraha, Ato Siye in Ethiopia of bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda cell. administrator of Bale, Ato Yassin Hus- Abraha’s brother who is now being held sein, had three days ago handed them- at Tatek military camp (Ethop, July 11). There are fears that, when America launches attacks on countries where selves over to the OLF at an unidentified A mediation committee to resolve dis- these terrorist cells are based, embassies place along the Ethio-Kenyan border. The putes within the EPRDF has reportedly been set up and is expected to start work

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on Monday, July 2. Members of the guard. Ato Mekonnen Abraha said that Oromiffa, Amharic, Tigrigna, Italian, committee have been drawn from per- 272 civilian guards are attending a two- English and French (State media, Oct. 8). sons not belonging to EPRDF affiliate month training, and that the trainees Opposition-Related Issues: parties, people from various ethnic back- would graduate and be deployed at their Government troops have reportedly grounds and diplomats from embassies. respective duty stations after 10 days. clashed with local armed militiamen in Bui The EPRDF is deeply concerned about (ENA, Sep. 5). town, Western Wellega zone, during moves by some OPDO members to AAU has announced that university which five soldiers were killed and sev- break away as an independent party (The students who recently boycotted classes eral were wounded. The clash broke out Press, June 27). could resume classes in the second when the soldiers sought to force local Ethiopia’s President Negaso Gidada semester of the coming academic year. people to reveal what they knew about walked out of the ongoing regular confer- This was decided during a special meet- the activities of OLF fighters in the area. ence of the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolu- ing of the AAU Senate. According to this In the ensuing shootout, three residents tionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), the decision, there will be no discrimination were killed and 15 were hurt (Nigat, Sep. EPRDF Council disclosed. President during the registration for admission 10). Negaso is Central Committee member of between students who withdrew after A a military committee had reportedly met both the Oromo People’s Democratic fulfilling all formalities and those who did at the office of the Prime Minister to Organization (OPDO) and the Executive not (ENA, Aug. 31). discuss the situation in Oromiya which it Committee of the EPRDF. The statement Over 40 Ethiopian students who fled to judged to be worrisome. The struggle said the President left the conference Kenya recently following the riots at Addis with the OLF, it noted, had reached a after verbally renouncing his membership Ababa University (AAU) have staged a critical stage in view of the support of the of the Council because of what he said hunger strike in front of the UNHCR office Oromo people to Oromo intellectuals was pressure imposed on him at the in Nairobi. The hunger strike was staged hostile to the EPRDF. This was believed conference (Radio Ethiopia, June 22). - in protest against the decision of the to have weakened the military onslaught The statement indicated that Dr. Negaso UNHCR and the Kenyan government to against the OLF. The officers at the had been showing partisanship towards send the students to the Kakuma refugee meeting also reportedly agreed that there the expelled TPLF central committee camp. Once taken to the camp, the could be no military solution to the Oromo members (VOA, June 22). - Meanwhile, students would be dumped there and problem and that a political solution must the OPDO expelled Dr. Negaso from the would get no chance to pursue their be found to resolve the conflict once and organization’s central committee and education. Moreover, staying in the for all (Seife Nebelbal, Sep. 14). stripped him of all representation and Kakuma camp would expose them to the responsibilities in OPDO activities. Reports that three prominent leaders of attacks of Woyane mercenaries who are the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) had Ato Tewelde Wolde Mariam, a former widely deployed in Kenya to avenge been dismissed were denied by an OLF advisor to the prime minister with the rank Ethiopian refugees. The students are now spokesman on August 30. The Washing- of minister and TPLF politburo member, demanding to be sent to a third country ton-based spokesman, Lencho Bati, told Ato Alemseged Gebre Amlak and W/t where they could get educational oppor- that Gelassa Dilbo, Abiyu Geleta and Aregash Adane had received letters from tunities, which they were denied at home Chala Leta continued to be members of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi advising (VOA, June 27). the OLF national council, but were being them that they had been dismissed and Thirty -eight students of AAU have report- “reassigned” to new duties. Veteran their salaries withheld as of June 8. Ato edly applied for political asylum in Kenya leader Gelasa Dilbo had for the past year Bitew Belay suffered a similar fate as of after fleeing Ethiopia via Moyale. The represented the OLF in the recently May 29 (Satenaw, June 18). UNHCR is looking into the matter after formed the United Force of Oromo Or- Prime Minister Meles Zenawi reportedly is the students moved into refugee camps. ganizations and the Oromo Union, but about to dismiss certain senior officers The total number of students, soldiers had now been “recalled”, he added. On accusing them of plotting against him with and civil servants who had arrived in the issue of an independent Oromiya, the suspended members of the TPLF Kenya and Djibouti since the student Bati said the OLF had a common goal in central committee (Asqual, June 19). unrest is said to be around 106 (Dagim “fighting for the rights of the Oromos”. He Four diplomats have defected, including Wenchif, June 19). said “we want our people to decide on the ambassador to Belgium, Peter Ga- It has been reported that 17 students of whether they want an independent Oro- briel, the ambassador to India, Sherifo Jimma University, including the president miya or a voluntary union.” IRIN,( Aug. Desta, the ambassador to Uganda, Dawit of the students’ union, Osman Yeshanew, 31) Kebede, and the consul at the UN, Ber- have gone into exile in Kenya. (Goh, The OLF is reported to have issued a hane Meskel Nega ("Tigrai Net") June 16). statement on the current situation in Students' Unrest: Elections: Ethiopia. The front claimed that, following Oromo students at AAU have signed and The Houses of Peoples’ Representatives an attack on government soldiers, its issued a statement denouncing the and Federation have elected at their fighters had captured the town of Boke, decision by the University Senate to second joint session Lt. Girma Wolde near Fedis, Harerge, and later released return students during the second semes- Giorgis as the second president of the eight policemen it had captured. The OLF ter of the next academic year as a venge- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia also denied reports about talks between ful measure by a few persons who were (FDRE). Lt. Girma W/Giorgis is 77 and a the EPRDF government and OLF (Seife opposed by students. The decision did member of the House of Peoples’ Repre- Nebelbal, July 6). not involve students and did not meet sentatives representing West Shoa Zone Ethiopian Commentator.com has re- their interests, they said, and called on in Oromiya State. Married with ivef chil- ported that the EPRDF government had the government to reconsider this deci- dren, the new president served as Direc- secret negotiations with the OLF following sion which delays by a year the whole tor General of the Ethiopian Civil Aviation pressure from the U.S., UK and Germany education process (Seife Nebelbal, Sep. Authority and what was the Trade, Indus- (Netsebrak, July 2). 7). try and Plan Ministry during the Em- Crime, Corruption and Legal Affairs: The head of the manpower and general peror’s regime. He also was Member of An Ethiopian court has acquitted, on het services department of Addis Ababa Parliament and council president during grounds of insufficient evidence, 23 University (AAU) has said that a civilian the same period. Lt. Girma speaks three people charged with genocide and crimes force would soon replace AAU’s police local and three foreign languages --

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against humanity. The supreme court of Somali refugees who had been living in half-marathon title at his very first attempt Amhara State ruled that there was insuf- two refugee camps in eastern Ethiopia on Oct. 7 with a personal best of 1 hour ficient evidence to convict the defen- have all been voluntarily repatriated to and three seconds. Teammate Tesfaye dants, whose alleged crimes were com- their country, UNHCR disclosed. An Jifar, edged by one second by Haile, mitted during the rule of the former mili- estimated half-a-million Somali refugees came in second, setting a personal best tary dictator, Mengistu Hailemariam. The entered Ethiopia ten years ago fleeing the of 1 hour four seconds (Ethiopian Herald, court handed down two guilty verdicts on war there. During their stay in the refugee Oct. 11). the same charges, and sentenced the camps, the Somalia refugees were pro- Gezahegn Aberra outsprinted Simon defendants to 16 years in prison without vided with relief food and other supplies Biwott of Kenya in the final meters to win parole. Ethiopian courts have so far by UNHCR, WFP and the Ethiopian the men’s Marathon and the first gold handed down 1,181 verdicts, including Commission for Refugees (VOA, July 3). medal at the World Athletics Champion- 375 acquittals out of 6,180 cases, with Churches and Religion: ships on Aug. 4. Gezahegn finished in 2 some 2,200 suspects still held in prison, Six archbishops of the Ethiopian Ortho- hours 12 minutes 42 second, a second and the rest being tried in absentia. dox Church whose names have been ahead of Biwott in one of the closest Special Prosecutor Girma Wakjira told withheld, have issued a joint statement marathon finishes in a major champion- the agency that the trials were expected calling for the setting up of an independ- ship (Daily Monitor, August 6). to end in 2004 (AFP). ent committee to investigate allegations Olympic champion Derartu Tulu led an The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption of corruption against church leaders, Ethiopian clean sweep in the women’s Commission has called on the public to particularly Patriarch Paulos. This, they world 10,000 m final on Aug. 7 after actively participate in support of the argued, is necessary to save the church emphatically quashing a breakaway efforts to combat corruption and malprac- from disintegration (Netsanet, Aug. 21). attempt from Britain’s Paula Radcliffe. tice. Unilateral action to address corrup- Christians and Muslims clashed in Addis Derartu, the Olympic gold medallist in tion cannot bring about the desired re- Ababa (Asco Giorgis church area) on 1992 and again last year in Sydney, just sults, the Commission said, unless there Aug. 5 when Muslims attempted to erect edged Berhane Adere at the line to win in is a holistic mechanism to root out the a mosque on an area near the church 31 minutes 48.81 seconds. Gete Wami, social vice (ETV, July 22). which had not been fenced. An unspeci- the 1999 champion, finished third ahead Kuma Demeksa, the president of the fied number of people on both sides were of world cross-country champion Rad- Oromiya Regional State and secretary- reportedly hurt. Muslims started the cliffe (Reuters, Aug. 8). general of the Oromo People’s Democ- construction in the early hours of Sunday, The Ethiopian government has said it is ratic Organization (OPDO), has been but were ordered to stop by police. Next “surprised and saddened” by reports suspended from the organization’s cen- day, church bells summoned the faithful suggesting Italy may not be willing to tral committee after being accused of who were told by an official to dismantle return the Axum obelisk, removed from its corruption, nepotism, antidemocratic the incomplete mosque structure. Mus- original site in northern Ethiopia and practices and abuse of power. In a lims angrily protested and a clash ensued taken to Rome on orders from Italian statement the organization said central (Ruh, Aug. 10). dictator Benito Mussolini in 1937. Vittorio committee members Chala Hordofa, The Special Representative of the UN Sgarbi, deputy minister in the Italian Diriba Arkona and Yassin Hussein had Secretary General to the UNMEE, Leg- ministry of culture responsible for antiqui- also been suspended from the leadership waila Joseph Legwaila met last week with ties, was quoted by news agencies as (State media, July 21). the Eritrean Patriarch and other Eritrean telling the Milan daily newspaper Corriere The 3rd regular conference of the Council religious leaders, and called on them to della Sera that the stone obelisk had of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and persevere with their work towards bring- been in Italy so long that it had become a Peoples’ State (SNNPS) has decided to ing about reconciliation. Last month, “naturalized citizen” (State media, July lift the legal immunity enjoyed by Ato Ethiopia refused to grant visas at the last 21). Abate Kisho and nine other executive minute for a planned joint peace mission Italy’s Under Secretary of State said on committee members who had earlier to the disputed border by Ethiopian and July 24 that the statement of Italy’s Vice been expelled from council membership. Eritrean religious leaders, diplomatic Minister of Culture that Italy would not The decision is intended to clear the way sources said (The Reporter, July 4). return the Axum obelisk was his personal for legal actions against those suspected News about Culture and History: view. Alfredo Mantica said that no of various crimes while in office. Those changes have been made regarding the affected by the council’s decision include A museum and research center for the natural and cultural heritages of South return of the obelisk. He also held talks senior administrative officials of the with Prime Minister Meles Zenawi on the Gurage, Kembata, Alaba Tembaro and Omo Zone has been built at a cost of over 1.1 million birr in Jinka town, South- return of the obelisk (ETV, July 24). Sidama zones in the State (state media, A cluster of bones and teeth discovered July 18). ern Peoples’ State. Briefing journalists, Professor Ivo Strecker of Mainz Univer- in Ethiopia are the remains of the earliest Refugees: sity in Germany, said the center was built known member of mankind’s family tree, According to the Administration of Refu- with financial support from the Ministry of an international team of scientists an- gees and Returnees Affairs (ARRA), a Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of nounced. The fossils, of a creature na- total of 304 Eritrean Kunamas entered Germany. The Institute of Ethiopian med Ardipithecus ramidus kaddaba, have Ethiopia through Tigrai last May. This Studies (IES) of Addis Ababa University been dated to between 5.2 and 5.8 brings to 4,121 the total number of Eri- initiated and solicited the construction of million years ago, giving the species a trean Kunamas in Ethiopia (Abiotawi the South Omo Research Center. The good claim to the title of the first human Democracy, June 27–July 3). German Embassy was a partner and ancestor or relative. Researchers who The International Committee of the Red facilitator in the project, Ivo Strecker said. found, identified and dated the proto- Cross (ICRC) has repatriated 502 Ethio- Two weeks after Ethiopian athletics-crazy humans, which lived in thick forests in a pians from Eritrea. The returnees were fans saw off their National Athletics hero volcanic rift valley, said they came from primarily from Asmara and the surround- to Bristol’s IAAF World Half-Marathon one of the original species of hominids - ing areas and traveled between the towns Championship, the whole city was await- the branch of the primate family tree that of Adi Quala and Rama crossing the ing the surprising win of Haile G/Selassie leads to modern humans after the split Mereb River (Radio Ethiopia, June 30). in his first marathon debut. Haile, Olympic from chimpanzees. Until now, the earliest 10,000 meters champion, won the world confirmed hominid has been Ardipithecus

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ramidus ramidus, a later cousin of the president of the Ethiopian Teachers' The Ministry of Agriculture has said it is new species, which lived about 4.4 million Association, Dr. Taye Wolde Semayat, prepared to train over 11,000 students in years ago (Daily Monitor, July 13). allow the right of workers to go on strike different vocations during this academic The Ethiopian Authority for Research and and the right of teachers and civil ser- year as part of its agricultural training Conservation has said it has finalized the vants to organize. This decision by ILO program. The program will will cover first draft nomination file to have the would mean that Ethiopia will lose techni- livestock breeding, fodder development, Konso culture and topography listed as cal assistance and will be suspended crop production, national resources world heritages. The document prepared from ILO membership. CETU used to preservation and home economics (Radio for presentation to UNESCO's World receive technical assistance worth Ethiopia, Oct. 7). Heritage Center consists of information $500,000 from the ILO annually (Tobia, The National Examinations Organization on Konso creative works, archaeological June 21). (NEO) has released the 2001 Grade 10 and cultural items, terraces, stelae, public Foreign Relations: national examination results. The exami- squares, walled villages and palaces. The The Somali Transitional National Gov- nation certifies the completion of secon- registration of the Konso heritages with ernment (TNG) spokesman said Ethiopia dary school education and enrolls stu- UNESCO brings to eight the number of was interfering in Somalia’s internal dents in academic or vocational streams. Ethiopian heritages put on the world's affairs and had backed a recent attempt 6,453 of the 106,412 examinees that sat heritage archives. The others are the by opposition forces to seize control of for the examination last year scored a Axum obelisks, the churches of Lalibela, the southern port of He said Ethiopian grade point average (G.P.A) of 3.00 and the Semien and Bale Mountains, the military forces had entered Somali terri- above. 626 examinees scored a G.P.A. of Omo and Mago national parks, and the tory and “penetrated a considerable 4.00. 70,137 students scored 1.5 and Tiena Haddar archaeological sites (Abio- distance in the direction of Kismayu above (ETV, Oct. 12). tawi Democracy, July 4-10). through the Bidwa region”. He added The All Amhara People’s Organization, Poverty: there were “about 10,000 Ethiopian the Council of Alternative Forces For Half of the 64 million Ethiopian people are troops in three (Somali) provinces” (IRIN, Peace and Democracy in Ethiopia and believed to live with a monthly income of Aug. 13). the Oromo National Congress have less than 90 birr and live below the pov- Ethiopia has announced that it is to issued a joint statement denouncing the erty line, a publication of the National formally mediate between the transitional new education policy. The three parties Office of Population disclosed. It said administration in Somalia and the rival said that the policy was imposed without Ethiopia has a high rate of population coalition of factions. The initiative is preparation and had created serious growth of 2.92 percent annually. Less aimed at finding broad-based government difficulties on young students and par- than 3 percent of the country’s total area in Somalia. Relations between the two ents. They called on the government to is currently covered with forest, and that, countries have been tense following take into account the despair of the on average, the trans-boundary rivers of meetings by rival warlords - calling them- people and review the policy with the the country carry 1.5 million tons of fertile selves the Somali Reconciliation and participation of the people (Tobia, Oct. soil annually (ENA, July 10). Reconstruction Council-in Addis Ababa. 11). Other Social and Political Issues: Last week a high level delegation from Ethiopian Investment Group, the major The House adopted Proclamation 256/94 Somalia was in the capital, Addis Ababa, private investor in the country, has an- and 257/94. Proclamation 256/94 con- for talks. Somalia’s interim government nounced plans to conduct research and cerns government restructuring, and announced afterwards that it had been education, and has applied for a license provides for the establishment of the wrong to accuse Ethiopia of meddling in to launch projects in the sector. The Ministries of Capacity Building Coordina- Somali’s internal affairs. The announce- owners, Sheik Mohammed Hussein Al- tion, Rural Development, Infrastructure, ment followed months of accusations that Amoudi and three other inventors, have Federal Affairs as well as Youth, Sports neighboring Ethiopia had been launching contributed a total of 20mio birr as an and Culture that will coordinate the activi- cross border attacks into the south-west initial capital for the METI-MIDROC ties of existing ministries and institutions of the country, and actively supporting Education and Training Institute PLC. working in similar areas. Proclamation Somali warlords with the intent of under- The Institute will provide quality education 257/94 provides for the establishment of mining the government (Monitor, June at all levels from preprimary up to univer- an Ethiopian National Security Council 20). sity level. It will also conduct education whose main task will be to advise the Nile Waters: research activities with local and foreign educational research institutes, and Prime Minister on matters of national The three-day meeting of the Interna- produce, export and distribute educa- security (State media, Oct. 8). tional Consortium for Cooperation on the tional material and equipment (Reporter, Unnamed officials of the Ethiopian Minis- Nile (ICCON) held in Geneva, Switzer- land, has concluded with development Sep. 2). try of Defense had reportedly visited arms 57,138 students passed with scores of partners announcing an initial financial factories in the Russian Federation during 2.0 point and above out of the 96,906 support of at least 140mio USD to finance which a protocol agreement was report- regular students who sat for the Ethiopian edly signed. Ethiopia would allegedly like the full program of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). The program includes the imple- School Leaving Certificate Examination Russian assistance to produce its own (ESLCE) in 2001. This result was much mentation of a basin-wide program of advanced weapons (Mebrek, Sep. 6). better than that of the previous year. A research, capacity building and technical The International Labor Organization total of 255,595 students, including assistance, as well as the detailed prepa- (ILO) is reported to have decided by a regular, continuing and private exami- majority vote to suspend Ethiopia's ration of cooperative, socially and env i- nees, were registered to sit for the ESL- ronmentally sustainable sub-basin in- membership by including it in a "special CE (State media, Sep. 14). vestment programs, in the eastern Nile paragraph". It blamed the Ethiopian Thousands of students graduated from government for ignoring, in the last ten and the Equatorial Lakes Region. The first phase of the investment program will three institutions of higher education in years, various ILO recommendations Addis Ababa -- Addis Ababa University, designed to improve the treatment of require about 3 billion USD. A Trust Fund will be established by the World Bank Civil Service College and Admas College. workers. The ILO cited in particular the Over 3,000 students graduated from AAU government’s refusal to end its harass- (State media, June 28). 6. Education this year, about 550 of whom are female. ment of trade unions, respect the right of Similarly, over 900 students graduated workers to organize, set free from jail the

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with diplomas and degrees from the Civil ties Regional were still reporting newly Ayalew, and hreet other senior members Service College. The private Admas affected districts (IRIN, June 18). were taken from their homes by police in College graduated over 80 students for 8. Human Rights, Religion the early hours of June 24. The govern- the first time (State media, Aug. 25). Freedom of Press: ment had later on said they were in Shoa The Vice Minister of Education said, Robit prison camp, north of Addis. Ato Editors of six private papers were sum- Lidetu and the other top leaders of the higher education and the technical and moned by the Central Criminal Investiga- vocational training coverage is still at less party had previously been accused of tion Coordination bureau on July 3 and inciting riots in April, which led to the than 1%. There are at present only 40 interrogated. These included the editors vocational training institutes. Higher deaths of more than 30 people. The of Wegahta (Tigrigna-language paper), courts, however, found them not guilty, education enrolment has risen from 6,500 Netsebrak, Dagim Wenchif, Netsanet, in 1993 to 12,000 in 2000 (ETV, July 5). and they were freed amidst much contro- Moged and Satenaw. The editor of Sate- versy. (Daily Monitor, June 28). 7. Health naw, Merid Estifanos, and the editor of The Ministry of Health has disclosed that Moged, Mengistu W. Selassie, have been According to reports, 519 Oromo prison- about 250,000 children under the age of detained. The two detained editors have ers, five of them women, had been re- five in Ethiopia live with the AIDS virus. been denied bail, the report said (The leased this week from Zeway prison The ministry said that next to unsafe sex, Press, July 4). where they had been held without the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission from charges for several years. The victims Other Issues: were arrested on suspicions of belonging mother to child was very high (Radio The U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa today Ethiopia, Oct.1). of OLF and included farmers, merchants, gave a grant of 70,000 US-$ to three students, youth and even elderly persons The United Nations Children’s Fund state development organizations. The of 90. prisoners had already died in (UNICEF) has allocated 48.8mio US-$ to Gudina Tumsa Foundation received a custody the reports claimed (Seife Ne- support the country’s Health Sector grant of 23,000 $ to carry out a program belbal June 22). Development Programs (HSDP) over the of civic education and women’s rights coming five years. The money will be among the Karayu peoples in East Ha- utilized to fund vaccination programs, rerge Zone. The Center for Local Capaci- malaria prevention initiatives, integrated ty Building and Studies received 24,000 $ childcare and reproductive health ser- to conduct a grassroots human rights „Kinder in der Einen vices. The fund will be distributed in all education program. The Ethiopian Mus- states, with Oromiya, Amhara and South- lims Relief Development Association was Welt- Das Beispiel Ä- ern Ethiopia Peoples’ states taking the granted 23,000 $ to organize an institu- thiopien“ : lion’s share (Radio Ethiopia, Sep. 15). tional capacity building workshop on civic Over 50% of hospital beds in many towns education, conflict resolution and Gymnasium St. Michael Ah- in Ethiopia are occupied by AIDS pa- leadership in Afar State (Radio Ethiopia, len tients. The spread of AIDS has assumed Sep. 27). alarming proportions. The town of Harar Seventeen young Ethiopians who had http://www.dialogin.de/projekte/ne is also facing a critical situation with traveled to Germany to present circus tdays2001/ AIDS. More than half of the people that shows reportedly have applied for politi- Ein E-Mail-Kontakt zwischen come for tests to the hospital are HIV cal asylum. The youth, aged between 14 Kindern des westfälischen Müns- positive (VOA, Aug. 28). and 22, cited as a reason for their deci- terlands und des äthiopischen Dr. Tesfanesh Belay, head of the Family sion the alleged human rights violations Hochlands. Partner sind Schüle- Health department, indicated that Ethio- of which they claimed they were victims. rinnen und Schüler der Klasse pia should continue to procure and make They presented their grievances in writing des 6b am Ahlener Gymnasium available Norplant contraceptive implants to the German government and appealed St. Michael und der German to all women who want to apply family for assistance to human rights groups Church School in Addis Abeba. planning. So far, she said, MOH has and individuals. The Ethiopian community Das Projekt beginnt mit den Net- expanded Norplant implant services in in Frankfurt has offered some assistance days NRW 2001 "Lernen mit den more than 24 health facilities in the (Tobia, Sep. 27). Neuen Medien". Dazu starteten country. 4,000 women are reported have The Southern Ethiopia Peoples’ Democ- wir am 21. September unseren benefited from the program, she said ratic Coalition has complained that 14 of Projekttag Äthiopien: „Rudolf (Daily Monitor, Aug. 25-26). its members had been arrested and Schoppmann von deutsch- Ethiopian health authorities said they imprisoned when they returned to their äthiopischen Verein erzählte über have reached an agreement with interna- homes following a decision by the Na- seine Zeit als Entwicklungshelfer tional companies to import into Ethiopia tional Electoral Board to guarantee such in Dire Dawa (450 km östlich von life-prolonging medicines for AIDS pa- returns from flight. The number of ar- Addis). Wir lernten die amhari- tients. The list of medicines that would be rested persons has increased in Badawa- sche Schrift kennen, erfuhren viel imported has been distributed to local cho district (Hadiya Zone) and Damot über Land und Leute und schrie- pharmaceuticals. An estimated 1.7 million Galle district (Welaita zone). Meanwhile, ben schließlich E-Mails.“ people are expected to die of AIDS by the Ato Zenebe Balcha Wolde Giorgis, a Internet und E-Mail als Mittel end of the year, according to the spo- teacher and a member of the Coalition, globaler Kommunikation zu nut- kesman (VOA, Aug. 7). was thrown out of work after being impri- zen, sind zweifellos faszinierende According to the World Health Organiza- soned for three months by local cadres Möglichkeiten eines Gesprächs tion (WHO) there have been a total of who accused him of tearing a poster (Ze- zwischen den Kulturen rund um 6266 cases of meningococcal including Press, Sep. 19). den Erdball – interkulturelles 311 deaths, as of 31 May, in ten out of The opposition Ethiopian Democratic Lernen aus erster Hand. Der the eleven regions of Ethiopia. The Party (EDP) has said that four of its „Rohstoff Information“ ist zwar figures show a case-fatality rate of 5 %, members, who had been detained for 50 über die Welt „global“ verteilt, WHO said. Three regions, Amhara, days and then released, have been jedoch keineswegs überall in Oromiya and Southern Nations Nationali- rearrested by police. According to the gleicher Weise zugänglich. EDP, its Secretary General, Lidetu

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Das E-Mail-Projekt der 6b: ein ohne Netzzugänge. Der Ort ist äthiopische Herrschaft im Jemen/ Befund zum „Rohstoff Informati- allerdings eine der touristischen Der Islam faßt Fuß in Äthiopien/ on“ Attraktionen Äthiopiens, und so Die Aera der Zagwe – Dynastie/ Von den 30 Schülerinnen und ergibt sich die paradoxe Situation, Lalibela und die Felsenkirchen / Schülern der 6b, die z.Zt. im dass diese äthiopische Online- Die Anfänge der Salomoniden/ Rahmen ihres Poltikunterrichts Wüste zu den am besten online Äthiopien und der Westen/ Zara mit der German Church School dokumentierten Orten Äthiopiens Yacob u. das Konzil von Florenz/ (GCS) in Addis Abeba ein E-Mail- gehört. Auch die Lalibela-Seite Die Portugiesen in Äth./ Ahmed Projekt aufbauen, haben 19 einen der Internet-AG ist dafür ein Bei- Granje u. d. Rettung Äth. durch privaten Internet-Zugang, von den spiel: Portugal/ usw. usw. mit Zeittafeln, Schülern der GCS keiner. Der www.dialogin.de/schuelerprojekte/ Personenregister, Bibliographie. Pfarrer der Kreuzkirche - Hans- lalibela Das sehr gut recherchierte Werk Joachim Krause - vermittelt die Sie entstand als Beitrag einer des Doz. Dr.Dr. Walter Baum Mails der SchülerInnen an die Dokumentation des UNESCO- beschreibt nicht allein nur alle Gesprächspartner der GCS. Im Kulturerbes „Lalibela“, allerdings Fakten sondern präzise ausführli- Laufe des kommenden halben bereits im Austausch mit Desale che Geschichten und Erkenntnise Jahres wird die GCS 3 kosten- Mitiku und zunächst in der Ab- aus allen – teilweise auch bisher pflichtige Internet-Zugänge be- sicht, auf die im Spätsommer unbekannten Quellen aus dem kommen, was allerdings noch mit 2000 drohende Dürrekatastrophe Orient, usw. großen Schwierigkeiten seitens in dieser Region hinzuweisen. Spannend vom Anfang bis zum der äthiopischen Bürokratie ver- Hier ist am äthiopischen Beispiel Ende – SEHR EMPFEHLENS- bunden ist. U.a. mit der Ahlener eines Weltkulturerbes die trügeri- WERT ! Projektleitung werden z.Zt. Wege sche Vision eines globalen Onli- Paperback 280 S. mit u.a. 16 gefunden, den Online-Ausbau ne-Dialogs der Kulturen mit Hän- Farbtafeln, 49,-DM plus Versand der GCS finanziell zu unterstüt- den zu greifen. Bunte, exotische Kann über ISBN 3-902005-06-8 zen. Bilder im Internet angucken, ist beim Hrsg. In Klagenfurt/Austria Interkulturelles Lernen mit den kein Dialog, erweckt aber die Verlag Kitab Neuen Medien: eine kritische Illusion weltweiter Verbundenheit Oder bei unserem Mitglied Rein- Zwischenbilanz und globaler Offenheit. Die Inter- hold May, Reifenstuelstr. 26, Unser Regelfall ist anderswo net-AG wird deshalb auf ihrer 83435 Bad Reichenhall Ausnahme: Soll interkulturelles Lalibela-Website eine Möglichkeit bezogen werden. Lernen mehr sein, als Bilder von einrichten, durch die jeder mit fremden Ländern am Computer Desale Mitiku über seine Heimat anzuklicken und dazu ein paar Lalibela ins Gespräch kommen aktuelle Textinformationen zu kann. Ferner wird sie versuchen, finden, die hoffnungslos veraltete in diesem Zusammenhang Inter- Politikbücher nicht bieten können, net-Ressourcen zu Problemen Termine bedarf es eines langen Atems. von „Globalisierung und Rohstoff Solche Projekte lassen sich nicht Information“ zu erschließen. eben einfach mal so nebenbei Archeology and History arrangieren. Das ist eine erste of the Horn of Africa wichtige Lernerfahrung: Was uns “First International Litt- technologisch selbstverständlich mann Conference” zu werden beginnt, ist anderswo noch immer die Ausnahme. 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 Im Verteilungskampf um den Buchempfehlungen in München „Rohstoff Information“ verliert die Infos, Anfragen, Programme, „Dritte Welt“: Unser Online-Projekt Anmeldungen mit Äthiopien als einem Land der sogenannten „Dritten Welt“ lehrt Von Reinhold May Staatl. Museum f. Völkerkunde uns, das Internet als eine Struktur Maximilianstr. 42 zu durchschauen, die Ressourcen „Äthiopien- und der Westen D-80538 München, c/o Littmann verteilt. Nur geht es dabei nicht im Mittelalter“ Conference um traditionelle Rohstoffe wie Erz, Kohle oder Erdöl, sondern um den Rohstoff „Information“. Und in von Wilhelm Baum diesem Verteilungskampf ziehen Die Selbstbehauptung der christli- DÄV - MV 2002 Länder wie Äthiopien weiterhin chen Kultur am oberen Nil zwi- den Kürzeren. schen dem islamischen Orient Unsere nächste MV findet Das Lalibela-Projekt der Inter- und dem europäischen Kolonia- lismus. statt vom 15. - 17. 03. 2002 net-AG: Eine Reflexion zum „Rohstoff Information“ Themenbereiche: Die Anfänge von Kusch/ Saba/ Habash/ der Jugendherberge Kassel Bereits seit einem Jahr hat die Schenkendorfstraße 18 Beginn des axumitischen Rei- Internet-AG Online-Kontakt mit 34119 Kassel ches. Desale Mitiku aus Lalibela im Hochland von Äthiopien, der z.Zt. Ezanas und Frumentius: Äthio- pien wird christlich/ Kebra Negast: Thema: in Addis studiert. Befinden wir uns mit der Universität und der GCS Die Kanonisierung des kultur. Äthiopien: Schöne Natur– immerhin noch in Äthiopiens Gedächtnis/ Der Ursprung der Hauptstadt, ist mit Lalibela eine Falaschas, u.d. Mythos der Köni- bedrohte Umwelt ländliche Bergregion erreicht - gin Judith/ König Kaleb u. die

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Wir werden uns mit der ländlichen und städtischen Umweltpolitik in Äthiopien beschäftigen. Einladung und Programm werden im Januar 2002 verschickt.

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