ETHIOPIA ASSESSMENT April 2002 Country Information and Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE Home Office, United Kingdom 1 INDEX I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 – 1.5 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 – 2.3 The Economy 2.4 III HISTORY 3.1 – 3.52 Early Ethiopia to the End of the Monarchy 3.1 The Dergue and the "Red Terror" 3.2 – 3.33 Ethnic Resistance 1974 to 1991 and the Overthrow of Mengistu 3.4 – 3.11 The Transition, Eritrea and Federalism 3.12 – 3.14 The Elections of 1992 and 1994 3.15 – 3.20 1995 CPR & National State Elections, Dergue Trials 3.21 – 3.27 Border Conflict With Eritrea 1998-2001 3.28 – 3.39 National Elections May 2000 3.40 – 3.44 Events of 2001 and Early 2002 3.45 – 3.51 IV STATE STRUCTURES 4.1 – 4.54 The Constitution 4.1 – 4.4 Political System 4.5 – 4.11 - Political Overview 4.5 – 4.7 - The Executive Branch 4.6 - The Legislative Branch 4.7 - Ethiopian Politics in General 4.8 – 4.10 - Ethnicity in Ethiopian Politics 4.11 – 4.16 The Judiciary 4.17 – 4.24 - Overview 4.17 – 4.22 - Recent Experience 4.23 – 4.24 The Military 4.25 – 4.27 - Military Service 4.25 - Child Soldiers 4.26 – 4.27 Internal Security 4.28 Legal Rights/Detention 4.29 – 4.33 - Overview 4.29 – 4.30 - Recent Experience 4.31 – 4.32 Prisons 4.33 – 4.37 - Overview 4.33 – 4.36 - Recent Experience 4.37 Medical Services 4.38 – 4.48 - General Situation 4.38 – 4.42 - HIV/AIDS 4.43 – 4.45 - The Disabled 4.46 – 4.48 Education 4.49 – 4.54 - General Situation 4.49 - Recent Experience 4.50 – 4.54 V HUMAN RIGHTS VA HUMAN RIGHTS: ISSUES 5.1 – 5.30 Introduction 5.1 – 5.4 Freedom of Speech & The Media 5.5 – 5.14 - Overview of the Ethiopian Media 5.5 – 5.6 - Newspapers and Journals 5.7 – 5.11 - Television & Radio 5.12 - Recent Experience 5.13 – 5.14 Freedom of Religion 5.15 – 5.20 - Overview 5.15 – 5.17 - Religious Groups 5.18 – 5.20 Freedom of Assembly & Association 5.21 2 Employment Rights 5.22 – 5.24 - Overview 5.22 – 5.23 - Recent Experience 5.24 People Trafficking 5.25 – 5.28 Freedom of Movement 5.29 – 5.30 VB HUMAN RIGHTS: SPECIFIC GROUPS 5.31 – 5.80 Women 5.31 – 5.36 Children 5.37 – 5.41 Ethnic Groups 5.42 – 5.43 - Oromos 5.44 – 5.54 - Amharas 5.55 – 5.59 - Somalis 5.60 – 5.63 - Eritreans in Ethiopia 5.64 – 5.68 Homosexuals 5.69 Political Activists 5.70 – 5.71 Repatriated Ethiopian Refugees 5.72 – 5.73 Former Members of the Dergue/Workers Party of Ethiopia 5.74 – 5.75 NGO’s in Ethiopia 5.76 – 5.79 Nationality Law 5.80 ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B: GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS MAY/AUGUST 2000 ANNEX C: MAIN POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX D: PROMINENT PEOPLE REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information & Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a sign-post to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5 The assessment will be placed on the Internet (http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk). An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: 3 Amnesty International UK Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees II. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has an area of 1,133,380 sq km and lies in north-eastern Africa. Ethiopia has been land-locked since the independence of its former province of Eritrea on the Red Sea coast in May 1993. It is bordered by Eritrea and Djibouti to the north, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south and Sudan to the west. The population at the 1984 census was nearly 40 million (excluding Eritrea) with an official estimate in mid-1995 of 56,677,100. The 1994 Constitution established a federal structure of nine autonomous ethnically-based `national states' and the federal capital territory. The largest city is the federal capital Addis Ababa (population 2,112,737 in 1994). Other important towns are Dire Dawa, Harar, Mekele, Jijiga, Nazret, Gondar Bahir Dahr and Dessie. An official estimate of the population in the middle of 1999 was 61,672,000. [1][2][9] 2.2 The official language is Amharic but many other languages are spoken. English is used widely in official and business circles. There are over 70 different ethnic groups in Ethiopia, referred to officially as `nationalities'. The Oromos are the largest single group, comprising over one third of the total population. The Amharas make up almost another third. Other important population groups are the Tigrayans (or Tigrayans), Somalis and Afars. The nine autonomous national states established under the 1994 Constitution, broadly reflecting regional ethnic boundaries, are those of the Afar, Amhara, Benishangul/Gumuz, Gambela, Harari, Oromo, Somali, Southern and Tigray (or Tigray) peoples. About 45% of the population are Muslims and 40% adherents of the Ethiopian Orthodox (Tewahido) Church. There are small Evangelical Protestant and Roman Catholic populations. Most of the Jewish Falasha population was evacuated to Israel between 1984 and 1991. Between 5 and 15% of the population are animists. [1][2][3c][9] 2.3 Ethiopia’s climate is mainly temperate owing to its high plateau terrain. The average annual temperature is 13°C, with abundant rainfall in some years and low humidity. The lower country is very hot and subject to drought conditions. Ethiopia is one of the world's least developed countries. In 1999 over 82% of the population was engaged in agriculture, and 1997/8 figures show agriculture accounted for over 47% of GDP. Coffee is the principal cash crop, although overall export earnings from coffee have reduced recently from 69% in 1998 to 41% in the 2000/2001 financial year. Major trading partners are Saudi Arabia, Germany, Italy, Japan and the USA. The economy, 4 blighted by years of war, State repression, drought, famine and forced resettlement, is heavily indebted and dependent on foreign aid. Ethiopia uses its own solar calendar, some seven years behind the Western calendar. [1][2][43] THE ECONOMY 2.4 The Ethiopian economy relies heavily on the agricultural sector. Agriculture accounts for around half of Ethiopia’s GDP, 90% of exports and 80% of total employment. Coffee was the ‘cash-crop’ of choice for Ethiopia but her reliance on this has lead to problems as the world price plummeted in 2001. However most of the Ethiopian agricultural community exist solely on a subsistence level and seem resistant to government efforts to expand or modernise their operations. The economy is held back by two geographical problems. Firstly since Eritrea’s independence no longer has access to a port. Secondly long trading relations with bordering countries have been hard to come by, and indeed maintain. Road links across the boarder are poor, and negotiations over conditions of access to the ports of Assab and Djibouti are difficult. As many as 4.6 million Ethiopians need food assistance annually. [22] III. HISTORY EARLY ETHIOPIA TO THE END OF THE MONARCHY 3.1 Ethiopia can trace its history back to around 100BC with the kingdom of Axum. It has existed as a political entity since the 1st century BC. In the 1930s Emperor Haile Selassie wrested power from the old nobility and established a modern autocracy, he continued to rule until 1974, apart from a period of Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941. He in turn was wrested from power in a military coup led by radical elements in the armed forces in September 1974, against a background of growing demands for democratisation, army mutinies, the revolt in Eritrea, serious economic difficulties and famine. Haile Selassie was detained by the military and died in their custody in August 1975. [1][2] THE DERGUE AND THE `RED TERROR' 3.2 The 1974 revolution, organised by an Armed Forces Co-ordinating Committee known popularly as the Dergue or Derg (Shadow), established a Provisional Military Government (PMG). This was replaced a few months later by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC). Ethiopia was declared a socialist state and a programme of rural development introduced. The early years of the regime were fraught with internal disagreements between Marxist-Leninist factions in support of military and civilian rule and in 1977 Lt-Col Mengistu Haile Mariam executed his predecessor and replaced him as Chairman of PMAC and Head of State. He then began a campaign against political and armed opponents during which tens of thousands of Ethiopians, particularly in urban areas were killed or tortured.