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Downloaded from the Internet FSS MONOGRAPH SERIES 3 DEMOCRATIC ASSISTANCE TO POST-CONFLICT ETHIOPIA Impact and Limitations Dessalegn Rahmato Forum for Social Studies and Meheret Ayenew Faculty of Business and Economics Addis Ababa University Forum for Social Studies Addis Ababa The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of FSS or its Board of Advisors. Financial support for the printing of this publication was provided by the ROYAL NORWEGIAN EMBASSY for which we are grateful. Copyright: © The Authors and Forum for Social Studies 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Acronyms ii Abstract v Preface viii I Country Introduction 1 1 Background 1 2 Conflict History 4 3 The Elusive Peace 7 4 Post Conflict Assistance 10 a Development Assistance 12 b Humanitarian/Relief Assistance 16 c Assistance to Democratization and Governance 18 5 Methodology 20 6 Outline of Study 22 II International Electoral Assistance 24 1 Introduction 24 2 Electoral Context 25 3 Post-Conflict Elections 27 a The 1992 Interim Elections 27 b The 1995 Constituent Assembly Elections 29 c The 1995 First National Assembly Elections 30 d The 2000 National Elections 31 4 International Electoral Assistance 36 a Technical and Financial Assistance for Constitutional and Legal Reforms 36 b Assistance to the National Electoral Board 38 c Political Party Assistance 42 d International Election Monitoring 44 e Civic and Voter Education 44 5 Impact of Electoral Assistance 45 6 Conclusions 47 III International Human Rights Assistance 49 1 Background: History of Human Rights Violations 49 2 Post-Conflict Human Rights Context 51 3 International Assistance to Human Rights 55 a Human Rights Observation 55 b Red Terror Tribunals…………………………………….. 57 4 Legal and Institutional Reforms…………………………… 57 a Structure of the Court System……………………………. 57 b Recruitment and Independence of the Judicial System..58 c Training…………………………………………………….. 60 d Court Administration Reform……………………………. 61 e Law Reform and Revision………………………………… 62 f Parliament Capacity Building…………………………… 63 5 Impact of International Assistance on the Justice Sector and Parliament…………………………………………… 63 6 Impact of Electoral Assistance on Civil Society………….. 65 Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO)……………… 66 7 Human Rights Institutions………………………………… 68 a Overview………………………………………………….. 68 b Human Rights Commission/Ombudsman……………. 68 c Human Rights Organizations…………………………… 69 8 Conclusions……………………………………………….. 74 IV The Media and International Assistance ………………….. 78 1 Introduction………………………………………………. 78 2 Context…………………………………………………… 79 a Regulatory Framework………………………………… 79 b Problems of the Media…………………………………. 81 c Relations between the Media and Government……… 85 3 International Assistance………………………………….. 88 a International Assistance to Media for Elections…….. 88 b International Assistance for Training of Journalists…. 89 c Other Support to the Private Press……………………… 90 d Assistance to Regulatory Reforms……………………… 91 e Support to Media Organizations……………………….. 92 4 Impact of International Assistance………………………… 94 V Conclusions……………………………………………………. 99 Limitations of Democratic Assistance……………………… 99 REFERENCES…………………………………………………… 104 PERSONS INTERVIEWED……………………………………… 111 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all government officials, staff of human rights groups and officials of donor agencies who provided us information and who were kind enough to sit for interviews and to answer our questions. Without their cooperation this study would not have been completed. We would also like to thank all participants of the brainstorming workshop held on 28 October 2003 to discuss the preliminary findings of the study; their critical comments were very valuable to us. Finally, our sincere appreciation to our research assistant, Fassil Yenealem, who was diligent and hardworking, who spared no effort in tracking down sources of information and documents, and who played a very important supporting role in the preparation of the study. i Acronyms AACC = Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce AAPO = All-Amhara People's Organization AAI = African-American Institute ACP = African, Caribbean and Pacific [Countries] ADLI = Agricultural Development Led Industrialization AI = Amnesty International AIDA = Accessible Information on Development Activities ALF = Afar Liberation Front ANDM = Amhara National Democratic Movement APAP = Action Professionals Association for the People AW = Africa Watch CEC = Commission of the European Communities CETU = Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions CIDA = Canadian International Development Agency CLCBS = Center for Local Capacity Building and Studies CRDA = Christian Relief and Development Association CSA = Central Statistical Authority DBS = Direct Budget Support DEU = Donor Election Unit DFID = Department for International Development DAG = Donor Assistant Group DPPC = Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission EC(D) = European Commission (Delegation) ECSEC = Eneweyay Civic and Social Education Center EDP = Ethiopian Democratic Party EEA = Ethiopian Economic Association EEPRI = Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute EFJA = Ethiopian Free Press Journalists Association EH = Ethiopian Herald EHRCO = Ethiopian Human Rights Council EMA = Educational Media Agency ii EMWA = Ethiopian Media Women Association ENCONEL = Ethiopian Non-Governmental Organizations Consortium for Elections EPRDF = Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front ESP = Ye-Ethiopia Serategnoch Party EU = European Union EWLA = Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization FDRE = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FEAC = Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission FES = Friedrich Ebert Stiftung FSS = Forum for Social Studies GDP = Gross Domestic Product HIPC = Highly Indebted Poor Countries HoF = House of Federation HPR = House of Peoples Representatives HRW = Human Rights Watch IFEX = International Freedom of Expression and Exchange IFHR = International Federation of Human Rights IMF = International Monetary Fund IPI = International Press Institute IPU = Inter-Parliamentary Union JTU = Justice Training Unit MMTI = Mass Media Training Institute MoE = Ministry of Education MoI = Ministry of Information MoJ = Ministry of Justice NDI = National Democratic Institute NEB = National Electoral Board NGO = Non-Government Organization NORAD = Norwegian Aid ODA = Official Development Assistance OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development iii OLF = Oromo Liberation Front ONC = Oromo National Congress OPDO = Oromo People's Democratic Organization PDRE = People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia PMAC = Provisional Military Administrative Council SAHRE = Society for the Advancement of Human Rights SAP = Structural Adjustment Program SDPRP = Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program SEPDC = South Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition TGE = Transitional Government of Ethiopia TPLF = Tigrai People’s Liberation Front UK = United Kingdom UNDP = United Nations Development Programme UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization UNICEF = United Nations Children’s Fund UNMEE = United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea US = United States USAID = United States Agency for International Development WB = World Bank WFP = World Food Programme WHO = World Health Organization WPE = Worker’s Party of Ethiopia iv DEMOCRATIC ASSISTANCE TO POST-CONFLICT ETHIOPIA Impact and Limitations Dessalegn Rahmato and Meheret Ayenew Abstract There is a long history of donor relationship with Ethiopia going back at least to the early 1940s. Since then, the number of bi- and multi-lateral donors providing assistance to the country has grown substantially. At present, the U.S., Japan and the Scandinavian countries are the major bilateral donors, while the World Bank, the EU and agencies in the UN system provide the bulk of the multilateral assistance. The international assistance that was offered to the country with the change of regime may be grouped into three categories: a) development assistance; b) humanitarian assistance; and c) assistance for democratization and good governance. Ethiopia has conducted a number of elections in the post-conflict period, the last one being in 2000. At present, the country is bracing itself for a third round of national elections in 2005. A comparison of election costs for selected African countries with Ethiopia shows that the cost of elections in Ethiopia has been quite low given the country's enormous size and its lack of experience in running democratic elections. Ethiopia has received considerable international electoral assistance since 1991 and such assistance has strengthened the capacity of the National Electoral Board and civil society and human rights organizations in monitoring and supervising elections. Donor assistance has also been provided to political parties to make the electoral process more competitive. However, the impact of such assistance in democratizing the election process has v been limited because the ruling party has failed to broaden its political power base and provide a level playing field for all contestants. Human rights and advocacy organizations began to be established for the first time in the country following the fall of the Derg and the change of government. This has meant that the human rights record of the present government has been more systematically monitored and rights violations more extensively compiled than at any time in the past. Donor assistance to human rights has primarily
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