Aspects of Multilingualism in European Border Regions

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Aspects of Multilingualism in European Border Regions Aspects of Multilingualism in European Border Regions: Insights and Views from Alsace, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Lublin Voivodeship and South Tyrol Editors: Andrea Abel, Mathias Stuflesser, Leonhard Voltmer Bestellungen bei: Per ordinazioni: Europäische Akademie Bozen Accademia Europea Bolzano Drususallee 1 Viale Druso, 1 39100 Bozen – Italien 39100 Bolzano – Italia Tel. +39 0471 055 036 Tel. +39 0471 055 036 Fax +39 0471 055 099 Fax +39 0471 055 099 E - Mail: [email protected] E - mail: [email protected] Nachdruck und fotomechanische Wiedergabe – auch Riproduzione parziale o totale del conte - nuto auszugsweise – nur unter Angabe der Quelle autorizzata soltanto con la citazione della fonte (Herausgeber und Titel) gestattet. (titolo ed edizione). Verantwortlicher Direktor: Stephan Ortner Direttore responsabile: Stephan Ortner Redaktion: Andrea Abel, Mathias Stuflesser, Redazione: Andrea Abel, Mathias Stuflesser, Leonhard Voltmer Leonhard Voltmer Koordination: Andrea Abel Coordinazione: Andrea Abel Übersetzung DE - EN: Traduzione DE - EN: Beitrag IV – Kapitel Nr. 2+3: Rosita Lagravinese sezione IV – capitolo n. 2+3: Rosita Lagravinese Beitrag IV – Kapitel Nr. 4: Anita Wilson - Kofler sezione IV – capitolo n. 4: Anita Wilson - Kofler Proof reading EN: Proof reading EN: Beitrag IV – Kapitel Nr. 1: Rosita Lagravinese sezione IV - Capitolo n. 1 Rosita Lagravinese Beitrag III: Candice Blond sezione III: Candice Blond Grafik: Maägorzata A. Rudnik Grafica: Maägorzata A. Rudnik Layout: Paulina M. Borowska & Maägorzata A. Rudnik Layout: Paulina M Borowska & Maägorzata A. Rudnik Druck: Druckstudio LEO Stampa: Druckstudio LEO Project part - financed by the European Union ISBN 978 - 88 - 88906 - 34 - 8 Contents Aspects of Multilingualism in European Border Regions: Insights and Views from Alsace, 2.2.2.1. Les variétés de français / les variations en français 47 Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Lublin Voivodeship and South Tyrol 3 2.2.2.1.1. La représentation de la norme légitime 48 L’Alsace et ses langues. Eléments de description d’une situation sociolinguistique en zone frontalière 13 2.2.2.1.2. La variété et les formes régionales 49 1. Dispositions legales, aspects historiques et sociaux(Dominique Huck) 18 2.2.2.2. Les représentations des variétés et des variations dialectales 50 1.1. Situation géographique et démographique de l’Alsace 18 2.2.2.3. Les représentations de l’alternance de codes ou du mode d’expression bilingue 52 1.2. Cadre géopolitique: les appartenances étatiques successives 18 2.2.2.4. Les représentations de l’allemand 52 1.3. Cadre linguistique dialectal 19 2.2.2.4.1. Les représentations de la pratique et de la connaissance de l’allemand 52 1.4. Le lien entre les parlers dialectaux en Alsace et l’allemand standard 21 2.2.2.4.2. Les représentations d’un allemand endogène 53 1.5. Statuts des langues et pratiques linguistiques 22 2.2.2.4.3. Les représentations de l’allemand exogène 54 1.5.1. XIXe siècle 22 2.2.2.4.4. L’allemand, objet de représentations fluctuantes 54 1.5.2. 1870 – 1918 23 3. Les langues dans l’éducation et la formation(Anemone Geiger - Jaillet) 57 1.5.3. 1918 – 1940 24 3.1. Conditions - cadre 57 1.5.3.1. Langues en présence après 1918 24 3.2. Plan de rénovation des langues 57 1.5.3.2. Bilan linguistique 25 3.3. Les spécificités alsaciennes dans le système scolaire français 60 1.5.4. 1940 – 1945 26 3.4. L’offre généralisée des langues en Alsace et les problèmes de mise en place 62 1.5.5. Usage et pratiques des langues depuis 1945 26 3.5. Quelques modèles pour une minorité d’élèves déjà bilingues 65 1.5.5.1. Usage des langues et transmission du dialecte (1945 – 2000) 26 3.5.1. L.C.O. / E.L.C.O. 65 1.5.5.1.1. 1945 – 1970 26 3.5.2. Classes internationales 66 1.5.5.1.2. 1970 – 2000 29 3.5.3. Le modèle de l’école Eurodistrict 68 1.5.5.2. Médias et littérature 34 3.6. Des filières bilingues (sites paritaires 13/13) accessibles à tous? 71 1.5.5.2.1. Médias 34 3.6.1. Evolution et effectifs 71 1.5.5.2.1.1. Presse 34 3.6.2. Principes sous - jacents 72 1.5.5.2.1.2. Radio 35 3.6.3. Quelle(s) langue(s) pour les classes bilingues en Alsace 76 1.5.5.2.1.3. Télévision 36 3.6.4. Evaluations 79 1.5.5.2.2. Littérature 36 3.6.5. Formations bilingues à l’I.U.F.M. d’Alsace 80 2. Variétés en contact et représentations sociolinguistique(Arlette Bothorel - Witz) 39 3.6.5.1. Enseignants bilingues pour le premier degré 80 2.1. Le répertoire de variétés des locuteurs dialectophones 39 3.6.5.2. Enseignants bilingues pour le second degré et sections européen nes 82 2.1.1. Cadre théorique 39 3.6.5.3. Le concours spécial des professeurs des écoles 84 2.1.2. Les variétés du répertoire verbal des locuteurs dialectophones 40 3.6.5.4. Influences du contexte européen 84 2.1.2.1. Les variétés ou les lectes du français 40 4. Pour ne pas conclure: Langues et coopération dans l’espace frontalier (Alsace / Pays de Bade / Suisse)(Dominique Huck) 86 2.1.2.2. Les variétés dialectales 41 4.1. Niveau institutionnel 86 2.1.2.3. Le parler bilingue 42 4.2. Niveau para-institutionnel 87 2.1.2.4. L’allemand ? 44 4.3. Réception de la thématique «transfrontalier» chez les Alsaciens 88 2.2. Les représentations sociolinguistiques (RS) des locuteurs dialectophones 44 4.3.1. Le dernier point évoqué semble serrer d’assez près les points de vue exprimés par les Alsa- 2.2.1. Cadre épistémologique et méthodologique 45 ciens au travers d’enquêtes d’opinion 88 2.2.2. Les représentations des variétés et des variations 47 4.3.2. L’espace transfrontalier dans les représentations 89 4 Contents Contents 4.4. Le phénomène transfrontalier dans l’empirie du quotidien 89 1.4. Status of Languages 121 1. Dispositions legales, aspects historiques et sociaux 91 1.5. Language, Religion and Social Integration 122 1.1. Histoire, contexte social, culturel et politique, questions identitaires 91 1.5.1. Theoretical Approach 122 1.2. Description de la situation linguistique 91 1.5.2. Social Integration under the Local Conditions 124 1.3. Dialectes 93 1.6. SWOT Analyses per Language: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats 127 1.3.1. Atlas linguistiques (éléments phonétiques et lexicaux dans l’espace) 93 2. Language Use and Language Awarness 129 1.3.2. Dictionnaire 93 2.1. Language as a Component of Identity. Language Attitudes, Representations and Prestige 129 1.3.3. Aperçus généraux sur les dialectes 93 2.1.1. Theoretical Aspects 129 1.3.4. Aspects particuliers et monographies 93 2.1.2. European Identity for European Citizens 130 1.4. Littérature 93 2.1.3. Language Attitudes, Representations and Prestige at Local Level 131 1.4.1. Aperçu général de la littérature en Alsace 94 2.2. Sociolinguistic Differences between (and within) Languages: Language Use in Oral and Writ- ten, Public and Private Domains 132 1.4.2. Anthologies 94 2.3. Transmission of Language from Parents to Children 133 2. Variétés en contact et représentations sociolinguistiques 94 2.4. Cases of Best Practice 133 3. Les langues dans l’éducation et la formation 97 3. Media, Literature and other Forms of Cultural Expression 134 4. Pour ne pas conclure 100 4. Languages in Education and Training 135 4.1. The Structure of the Education System in Greece 135 Insights into the Linguistic Situation of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 103 4.2. Cross - Cultural Education 136 1. Legal Framework, Historical and Social Aspects 108 4.3. Minority Education 137 1.1. General Description of Population and Linguistic Groups 108 4.3.1. Primary Education 137 1.1.1. Territorial Distribution of the Languages 108 4.3.2. Secondary Education (from 13 to 18 Years) 138 2.2.2. General Comments on the Multilingualism of the Region 111 4.3.3. Higher Education 138 1.2. Historical Facts of Linguistic Importance 112 4.4. Vocational Training 139 1.2.1. Concept 112 4.5. Adult Education 139 1.2.2. Historical Background: The Formation of the Linguistic Mosaic 113 4.6. The Education of Russian Speaking Migrants 140 1.2.2.1. After the World War I 113 4.7. Foreign Languages 140 1.2.2.2. The Interwar Period 114 4.8. Teaching in and of the Language, Teacher Training 141 1.2.2.3. The Second World War – Bulgarian Occupation 114 4.8.1. Teaching in Turkish 141 1.2.2.4. The Post - War Period 115 4.8.2. Teacher Training 141 1.2.2.5. The Case of Pomaks 116 4.9. Language Resources Available for the Minor Languages 141 1.2.2.6. The Decades 1950 –1960: Socio-Economic Developments 117 4.10. Cases of Best Practice 141 1.3. Legal Framework: Recent Developments and Outlook 119 5. Languages and Cross border Co-operation 142 1.3.1. General Framework 119 5.1. The Role of the Languages in Cross Border Cooperation and Economic Development 142 1.3.1.1. The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 119 5.2. Cases of Best Practice 143 1.3.1.2. The Greek Constitution Article 13 119 6. Outlook and Desiderata. Perspectives of Linguistic Development 144 1.3.2. Legislation Protecting Religious and Educational Freedom 120 1.3.3. Legislation on Cross-Cultural Education 121 Insights into the Linguistic Situation of the Lublin Region 155 6 7 Contents 1.
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