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IN SEARCH OF IDENTITY: THE PLACE OF SPACE, (PROTO)RACE AND IDEOLOGY IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL HONDURAS A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish. By Jose Isaac Lara, M.S. Washington, DC May 16, 2012 Copyright 2012 by Jose Isaac Lara All Rights Reserved ii IN SEARCH OF IDENTITY: THE PLACE OF SPACE, (PROTO)RACE AND IDEOLOGY IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL HONDURAS Jose Isaac Lara, M.S. Thesis Advisor: Verónica Salles-Reese, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to identify and explain the different processes and discursive practices that constructed the national character and identity of the Honduran people. Through a diachronic analysis of Honduras from its colonial period to the early 20th century, I discuss the multiple types of fragmentations —territorial, political, economic, identitary — that were produced by the colonial powers as well as the post-Independence governing body who dismantled established colonial structures and replaced them with newly constituted ones. I argue that at the crux of this second period of configuration was the elaboration of an official history and national identity based on a common Indo-Hispanic past and rejection of an Afro-mestizo heritage. The project is composed of two major parts: one is a detailed and multidisciplinary reconstruction of the development of a multi-racial and pluri-cultural society in iii order to demonstrate that Honduras was and continues to be the site of a dynamic mestizaje of African, European and Indigenous populations and customs. This is accomplished through the analysis of parish records and censuses of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th century. The second part of my research is an exploration of the various processes and discursive practices by which this independent territory began construct its national identity. Essential to the formation of the Honduran nation was the recovery and transformation of two icons from its past into national symbols: Copán, the great Pre-Colombian Mayan city; and Lempira, a 16th century indigenous cacique who opposed Spanish Conquest. I explain how and why numerous manifestations or expressions of these two icons were created, their relation to the scientific racial discourses prevalent in Latin America during the 19th and early 20th century, and why the State supported them since the late 19th century. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation project would not be possible without the help, guidance and support of many individuals and institutions here in the United States and abroad. I would first like to acknowledge and thank my dissertation advisor, mentor and wonderful friend, Dr. Verónica Salles- Reese. She has not only assisted me in every step of this endeavor, but has always challenged me to think out of the box while never losing sight of who I am and who I should always be. Dr. Salles-Reese has impressed me with her intellectual rigor, humanity and unmatched dedication and love for her students; she is the type of academic and human being I aspire to be. I am also grateful to Dr. Gwen Kirkpatrick who has always believed in my academic abilities, as well as encouraged me to not give up from the first moment I met her in February of 2004. She has been a wonderful Graduate Studies Director, Professor and Dissertation Committee Member. To her I owe the reworking of various passages of this project. Lastly, I like to thank Dr. José Jouve-Martín who without really knowing me took a chance on this dissertation and graciously joined my committee late in the process. He has provided insightful v comments and has been very patient with me throughout this entire process. I gratefully acknowledge the following institutions for providing funding for various stages of this work: the Spanish & Portuguese Department at Georgetown University for their generous support throughout my career as a graduate student, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Latin American Studies Department, both of which provided me with dissertation travel awards to complete archival work in Honduras and Guatemala. I would also like to recognize the wonderful support of many members of the Georgetown community as well. To my professors at Georgetown, I am appreciative for their encouragement, particularly Dr. Alfonso Morales-Font and Dr. Emily Francomano with whom I share a fascination for manuscripts and material philology. I am also grateful to my close and wonderful friends, especially Michelle Farrell, Maria Moreno, Julio Torres and Mercedes López who were my biggest strengthening unit at Georgetown. They mean a lot to me and will always remain my friends. To Mercedes I am particularly thankful because she and I have spent many hours discussing the theoretical framework of this project. I could not have completed this work without many vi friends and loved ones who reside in the greater Washington DC area. They include: Tamara Webster, Matthew Longacher, Michael Hoffman, Maria Bianchi, Jeren Hope and family, and Mario Ortiz who has been my rock and my greatest source of support and reassurance during the last year. To my Honduran friends, I will always be indebted for opening their homes, archives and for teaching me the value of our nation and its history. First and foremost to my good friends Dr. Darío Euraque and Yesenia Martínez, both of who have touched and impressed me with their dedication and love for Honduras, as well as their continued support for young scholars such as myself. They introduced me to a wonderful community of researchers and people in Honduras who are dedicating their lives to bring to the forefront the value of studying the culture and history of this often ignored nation. In Tegucigalpa, I was introduced to Dr. Mario Felipe Martínez-Castillo, Marielos Chaverri, Mario Argueta, Omar Talavera, Patricia Cardona, Evelio Inestroza, Myriam Zapata and Father Tony Salinas. Father Salinas was instrumental in attaining access to parish records found in numerous cities within Honduras. Other members of the Honduran community should also be mentioned because they too opened their doors to me and trusted me with these vii invaluable primary sources: Mariusa Henríquez, María Elena Sánchez, Jorge Yañes, Jaime Rivera, Father Felipe López, Father Jesús Valladares, Bishop Mauro Muldoon and Bishop Raúl Corriveau. A special thank you to the Parks (Luis, Rosa and Ha Na) who were my second family during my stay in Honduras. Lastly, I am grateful to my amazing and supportive family, Noemi, Heidy and Ashley. My mother, Noemi, is the reason I have been able to complete this degree and to be where I am today. She is and will always be the most important person in my life. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................ 1 Chapter I: Contributions to the Conceptions of Race, Space and (National) Identity ................................ 10 Theories of Social Space and Spatiality ........... 14 The Formation of Colonial Spaces and Relations .... 17 The Ancient History of Race ....................... 22 The New World and The Elaboration of Complex (Pre)-racial Ideologies ........................... 35 Elaborating the Science of Race ................... 44 The Concept of Identity and Nation ................ 48 Conclusions ....................................... 56 Chapter II: Miscegenation, (Proto)racial Classifications and The Development of An Afromestizo Population in Colonial Honduras ...................................... 58 Demarcating Initial Territorial and Human Spaces .. 60 The Conquest of La Taguzgalpa Region .............. 69 Importation of Africans and Its Demographic Effects 80 The Nuances and Problematic Nature of Ladinaje .... 92 Demographical Richness in Parish Records ......... 101 Conclusions ...................................... 106 Chapter III: The Embryonic Stages of the Honduran Nation and the Rise of Racial Scientific Discourse (1821-1875) 109 Formative Periods of Nation and Race ............. 110 ix Honduran Constitutions, Nationhood and Racialized Citizenship ...................................... 124 Through the Traveler’s Eyes: Geographical and Racial Impediments to Civilization and Nationhood ....... 136 The Incorporation of Northeast Regions and the Neo-Colonial Policy .............................. 157 Conclusions ...................................... 165 Chapter IV: A Return To The Past, The Science of Race and The Elaboration of An Indo-Hispanic Identity (1876-1936) ........................................... 168 The Liberal Reform Period And the Surge of the Banana Industry .................................. 169 The Creole Response to Foreign Immigration & Race 179 The Return of the Maya ........................... 182 The Mythification of Lempira and its Relation to the Discourse of Mestizaje ........................... 195 Monumentalization and Corporeality of Lempira .... 208 Immigration and Mixed-blood Eugenics ............. 214 Conclusions ...................................... 222 Conclusion ............................................ 226 Bibliography ........................................... 232 x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Mappaemundi en dos partes (1502) ....................... 11 The Christ of Souls in Purgatory, unrestored ........... 58 The Christ of Souls in Purgatory, restored ............. 58 Descripción del Audiencia de Guatemala ................. 63 Smoke Jaguar (West) ..................................
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