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Élites Y Crimen Organizado En Honduras

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Élites Y Crimen Organizado En Honduras Élites y Crimen Organizado Élites y crimen organizado en Honduras es.InSightCrime.org Élites y Crimen Organizado Tabla de contenido Introducción ....................................................................................................... 3 Las Élites de Honduras ............................................................................................................. 6 Crimen Organizado en Honduras .......................................................................................... 12 Juan Ramón Matta Ballesteros ....................................................................... 22 Antecedentes - Surgimiento de los militares hondureños como una élite burocrática .. 24 Matta Ballesteros: una vida de crimen .................................................................................. 28 Matta Ballesteros, el ejército y la CIA.................................................................................... 32 El asesinato de un agente, el final de una relación ............................................................. 35 Conclusiones - Una relación mutuamente beneficiosa....................................................... 40 Epílogo: La nueva élite burocrática y el crimen organizado .............................................. 45 Los Cachiros .................................................................................................... 60 Antecedentes - El noreste de Honduras y el desarrollo en el aislamiento ....................... 62 Los Cachiros ............................................................................................................................ 65 Los Cachiros y las élites transnacionales ............................................................................ 70 Los Cachiros y las élites tradicionales y burocráticas ....................................................... 76 Los Cachiros y las élites sociales ......................................................................................... 79 Conclusiones - Un juego peligroso ....................................................................................... 82 Descripción del proyecto ................................................................................ 94 Descargo de responsabilidad ................................................................................................ 94 Equipo de trabajo .................................................................................................................... 94 Fundación InSight Crime ................................................................................. 95 Derechos de Autor ........................................................................................... 96 2 es.InSightCrime.org Élites y Crimen Organizado Introducción Por Steven Dudley ctualmente Honduras es uno de los países que no está en guerra más violentos del planeta. La violencia en el país es perpetrada por A organizaciones criminales transnacionales, grupos locales de tráfico de drogas, pandillas y miembros corruptos de las fuerzas de seguridad, entre otros actores. Esta violencia constituye un foco de atención de los organismos de cooperación internacional, los gobiernos y las organizaciones multilaterales que suministran asistencia a Honduras, y es un tema central de los medios de comunicación dentro y fuera del país. Varias razones explican este hecho. La violencia afecta desproporcionadamente a las personas de las zonas pobres y marginales, y tiende a permanecer concentrada en ellas —un círculo vicioso difícil de romper en las naciones pobres—. Además, la violencia impide el desarrollo económico y altera la vida de todos en el espectro socioeconómico. Puede dar lugar a significativos cambios demográficos y a crisis, cuando grandes sectores de la población se trasladan a zonas urbanas o intentan migrar a otros países. Puede socavar la gobernabilidad y la democracia y servir 3 es.InSightCrime.org Élites y Crimen Organizado como justificación para la represión y la implementación de políticas de seguridad de línea dura, lo cual desvía los recursos de programas económicos y sociales necesarios. Si bien el crimen organizado desempeña un papel importante en esta violencia, actúa más como la gasolina que como el motor: le proporciona a un sistema ya corrupto el combustible necesario para funcionar. Este estudio sobre Honduras se centra en este corrupto sistema. Su manifestación más visible es una policía inepta e involucrada en el crimen, a la cual un exministro de Seguridad se refirió una vez como “controladora aérea” para el aterrizaje de narcoavionetas en el país.1 Algunos sectores de esta fuerza policial también se desempeñan como sicarios y como escoltas de los grupos criminales; roban drogas y las revenden al hampa; y, por un precio, incluso atacan clientes rivales e interfieren en las investigaciones criminales. Sin embargo, tras esta forma de conexiones entre criminales y funcionarios estatales, que es la más evidente, existe otro tipo de corrupción aún más perversa. Ésta no acapara tantos titulares y es mucho más difícil de abordar, pues está integrada a los sistemas políticos, económicos y sociales del país. Opera en una zona gris, mezcla entidades legales e ilegales, empresas de papel y contribuciones de campañas políticas, y oculta sus actos ilícitos cooptando miembros del sistema de justicia y de las fuerzas de seguridad. Por supuesto, nos referimos a las conexiones entre las élites y el crimen organizado, tema de la presente investigación. Las élites de Honduras no son como las del resto de la región. Las tradicionales élites agroexportadoras e industriales que gobiernan en lugares como Guatemala, El Salvador y Nicaragua son menos prominentes en Honduras, en gran parte debido a la larga historia del país como una economía de enclave dominada por empresas multinacionales: la original República Bananera. Por el contrario, las élites económicas más poderosas de Honduras surgieron de los sectores de las finanzas y los servicios, las telecomunicaciones y los medios de comunicación. Son llamadas élites transnacionales debido a que muchos de sus miembros son inmigrantes de primera o segunda generación del Medio Oriente y Europa del Este, y dependen de las relaciones comerciales internacionales para acumular su capital. Las élites tradicionales basadas en la tierra también están presentes en Honduras, pero siempre han ocupado un segundo plano, y se han visto obligadas a buscar el poder a través del control de los puestos gubernamentales, en lugar de hacerlo mediante el uso de influencia financiera. Si bien las élites gobernantes de Honduras no comparten un mismo origen o una base económica con sus contrapartes de otros lugares de la región, sí comparten la misma inclinación que tienen sus vecinos de emplear al Estado para sus propios 4 es.InSightCrime.org Élites y Crimen Organizado fines, y de empobrecerlo sistemáticamente. Durante años, tanto las élites tradicionales como las transnacionales han utilizado al ejército y a la policía para proteger sus tierras y compañías; se han beneficiado de la venta de terrenos y empresas públicas; y sus múltiples negocios han sido exonerados del pago de impuestos. Además, han saqueado los recursos del Estado y, a medida que el gobierno le ha dado mayor importancia a la economía, se han aprovechado de ello para generar más capital. Su dependencia del Estado ha abierto el camino para el surgimiento de un tercer tipo, que llamaremos élites burocráticas, las cuales han desarrollado sus propias bases de poder debido a las posiciones que ocupan en el gobierno. Por otro lado, Honduras se ha convertido en uno de los países más pobres, desiguales y endeudados del mundo. Todos los intentos de cambiar este sistema han tropezado con una firme y con frecuencia unificada oposición por parte de todo tipo de élites. Los intentos de ejercer un mayor control sobre las actividades de las élites son aplastados antes de comenzar. No es de extrañar entonces que el país les ofrezca a los criminales, grandes y pequeños, uno de los entornos más propicios para desempeñarse. Por un lado, un sistema de justicia ineficaz y unas fuerzas de seguridad corruptas —explotadas durante mucho tiempo por estas élites— les permiten a los grandes grupos criminales operar con impunidad; y por otro lado, una población empobrecida (que observa y entiende perfectamente la forma en que las élites se aprovechan de un sistema corrupto) busca obtener su parte, trabajando directamente con los criminales en las empresas legales e ilegales que éstos operan. En este contexto, la delincuencia es una de las pocas formas de movilidad social en el país. Es en esta zona gris donde las élites también interactúan con el crimen organizado. Lejos de distanciarse de este tipo de actividades ilegales, las élites han operado en este ámbito desde hace mucho tiempo. Desde la negociación de bienes y servicios de contrabando hasta la adquisición de permisos para sus negocios ilegales y “pases” para salir temporalmente de la cárcel, quienes interactúan en el mundo de la política y los negocios en Honduras han entendido que las leyes que rigen esta nación de ocho millones de habitantes no son más que medios para conseguir dinero. Por lo tanto, sus vínculos con el hampa consisten en interacciones sociales, comerciales y políticas en los múltiples espacios donde la política y los negocios toman lugar en Honduras. El resultado es una relación orgánica con el crimen organizado, que ayuda a algunos miembros de las élites a llegar a la cima, y a otros a mantenerse en ella.
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