Transliteration of Indian Ancient Script to Braille Script Using Pattern Recognition Technique: a Review
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UNIT 2 Braille
Mathematics Enhancement Programme Codes and UNIT 2 Braille Lesson Plan 1 Braille Ciphers Activity Notes T: Teacher P: Pupil Ex.B: Exercise Book 1 Introduction T: What code, designed more than 150 years ago, is still used Whole class interactive extensively today? discussion. T: The system of raised dots which enables blind people to read was Ps might also suggest Morse code designed in 1833 by a Frenchman, Louis Braille. or semaphore. Does anyone know how it works? Ps might have some ideas but are T: Braille uses a system of dots, either raised or not, arranged in unlikely to know that Braille uses 3 rows and 2 columns. a 32× configuration. on whiteboard Here are some possible codes: ape (WB). T puts these three Braille letters on WB. T: What do you notice? (They use different numbers of dots) T: We will find out how many possible patterns there are. 10 mins 2 Number of patterns T: How can we find out how many patterns there are? Response will vary according to (Find as many as possible) age and ability. T: OK – but let us be systematic in our search. What could we first find? (All patterns with one dot) T: Good; who would like to display these on the board? P(s) put possible solutions on the board; T stresses the logical search for these. Agreement. Praising. (or use OS 2.1) T: Working in your exercise books (with squared paper), now find all possible patterns with just 2 dots. T: How many have you found? Allow about 5 minutes for this before reviewing. -
Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes -
A New Research Resource for Optical Recognition of Embossed and Hand-Punched Hindi Devanagari Braille Characters: Bharati Braille Bank
I.J. Image, Graphics and Signal Processing, 2015, 6, 19-28 Published Online May 2015 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/) DOI: 10.5815/ijigsp.2015.06.03 A New Research Resource for Optical Recognition of Embossed and Hand-Punched Hindi Devanagari Braille Characters: Bharati Braille Bank Shreekanth.T Research Scholar, JSS Research Foundation, Mysore, India. Email: [email protected] V.Udayashankara Professor, Department of IT, SJCE, Mysore, India. Email: [email protected] Abstract—To develop a Braille recognition system, it is required to have the stored images of Braille sheets. This I. INTRODUCTION paper describes a method and also the challenges of Braille is a language for the blind to read and write building the corpora for Hindi Devanagari Braille. A few through the sense of touch. Braille is formatted to a Braille databases and commercial software's are standard size by Frenchman Louis Braille in 1825.Braille obtainable for English and Arabic Braille languages, but is a system of raised dots arranged in cells. Any none for Indian Braille which is popularly known as Bharathi Braille. However, the size and scope of the combination of one to six dots may be raised within each English and Arabic Braille language databases are cell and the number and position of the raised dots within a cell convey to the reader the letter, word, number, or limited. Researchers frequently develop and self-evaluate symbol the cell exemplifies. There are 64 possible their algorithm based on the same private data set and combinations of raised dots within a single cell. -
The Fontspec Package Font Selection for XƎLATEX and Lualatex
The fontspec package Font selection for XƎLATEX and LuaLATEX Will Robertson and Khaled Hosny [email protected] 2013/05/12 v2.3b Contents 7.5 Different features for dif- ferent font sizes . 14 1 History 3 8 Font independent options 15 2 Introduction 3 8.1 Colour . 15 2.1 About this manual . 3 8.2 Scale . 16 2.2 Acknowledgements . 3 8.3 Interword space . 17 8.4 Post-punctuation space . 17 3 Package loading and options 4 8.5 The hyphenation character 18 3.1 Maths fonts adjustments . 4 8.6 Optical font sizes . 18 3.2 Configuration . 5 3.3 Warnings .......... 5 II OpenType 19 I General font selection 5 9 Introduction 19 9.1 How to select font features 19 4 Font selection 5 4.1 By font name . 5 10 Complete listing of OpenType 4.2 By file name . 6 font features 20 10.1 Ligatures . 20 5 Default font families 7 10.2 Letters . 20 6 New commands to select font 10.3 Numbers . 21 families 7 10.4 Contextuals . 22 6.1 More control over font 10.5 Vertical Position . 22 shape selection . 8 10.6 Fractions . 24 6.2 Math(s) fonts . 10 10.7 Stylistic Set variations . 25 6.3 Miscellaneous font select- 10.8 Character Variants . 25 ing details . 11 10.9 Alternates . 25 10.10 Style . 27 7 Selecting font features 11 10.11 Diacritics . 29 7.1 Default settings . 11 10.12 Kerning . 29 7.2 Changing the currently se- 10.13 Font transformations . 30 lected features . -
Extending Tangible Interactive Interfaces for Education: a System for Learning Arabic Braille Using an Interactive Braille Keypad
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2020 Extending Tangible Interactive Interfaces for Education: A System for Learning Arabic Braille using an Interactive Braille Keypad Hind Taleb Bintaleb1, Duaa Al Saeed2 Information Technology Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA Abstract—Learning Braille for visual impairments means A basic Braille template (cell) is a tactile configuration of being able to read, write and communicate with others. There six raised\embossed dots. It is upright rectangular shapes exist several educational tools for learning Braille. Unfortunately, made of two vertical columns made of three dot positions. The for Arabic Braille, there is a lack of interactive educational tools cell is organized as a matrix of 2 × 3 dots. Those dots are and what is mostly used is the traditional learning tools, such as numerically identified by the numbers 1 to 6, see Fig. 2. There the Braille block. Replacing those tools with some more effective are different combinations of raised\embossed dots, each and interactive e-learning tools would help to improve the unique configuration represents an alphabetical letter or a learning process. This paper introduces a new educational number or a symbol. a consonant, a vowel, a number, a system with a tangible and interactive interface. This system aims diacritical mark or an abbreviated suffix [2][3]. Through the to help blind children to learn Arabic Braille letters and numbers combination of dot positions and their distribution on the two using an interactive tactile Braille keypad together with the educational website. -
Implementation of Gurmukhi to Braille 1Vandana, 2Rupinderdeep Kaur, 3Nidhi Bhalla 1Swami Vivekanand Engineering College, Punjab, India 2 Dept
IJCST VOL . 3, Iss UE 2, APR I L - JUNE 2012 ISSN : 0976-8491 (Online) | ISSN : 2229-4333 (Print) Implementation of Gurmukhi to Braille 1Vandana, 2Rupinderdeep Kaur, 3Nidhi Bhalla 1Swami Vivekanand Engineering College, Punjab, India 2 Dept. of CSE, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India 3Dept. of CSE, Swami Vivekanand Engineering College, Punjab, India Abstract II. Braille Sheet Braille is the language used by the blind people for studying. This Standard Braille is an approach to creating documents which could also helps them to stand with the other people in this technological be read through touch. This is accomplished through the concept of world. Basically, there are different grades of the Braille like a Braille cell consisting of raised dots on thick sheet of paper. On grade 1 grade 2 and grade 3. As per the concern of this paper, it a Braille sheet, the dots are created by embossing using a special only describes grade 1. Grade 1 is called the starting version of printer or even a manual machine that simultaneously embosses Braille in which we do letter by letter translation of words. In the dots as in fig. 3. Today, we also have Braille printers which may this paper, I am going to describe the implementation of a system be connected to computers on standard printed interfaces. These which mainly works on grade 1 for the conversion of Gurmukhi to are generally known as Braille Embossers. A visually Handicapped Braille. This paper also describes the methodology of the system. person is taught Braille by training him or her in discerning the The methodology tells flow of system. -
A Fuzzy Classification and Recognition System for Arabic Braille Segmented Characters
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 6 (2018) pp. 3662-3669 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com A fuzzy Classification and Recognition System for Arabic Braille Segmented Characters Amer Al Nassiri Shubair Abdulla IT College, Ajman University, Fujairah Campus, College of Education, Instructional and Learning Technology Fujairah, UAE. Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. Abstract A written form of information is undeniably crucial in human daily lives. For example, people perform exchange Braille documents play undeniable crucial role in the daily lives information, learn sciences, and deal with lows at their work of low vision and visually-impaired people in current using a written from of information. Braille system is the most information and Internet era. Braille documents and its widely adopted convention among visually-impaired people. characters need to be understandable by vision people as well Therefore, there have been massive Braille documents to motivate bridging the communication gap between visually- produced at different parts of the Arab world. Unless there is a impaired people and vision people in different professions and smooth system for information flow between sighted people work areas. Optical Braille recognition systems aim at and visually-impaired people, a wide generation gap would be automatically converting printed Braille characters into natural created between these two groups of people and the work of language characters. Arabic Braille character recognition visually-impaired people would have remained buried. systems have witnessed some development in recent years. Although it is easy to produce Braille documents, there are However, there is a demand for more research contributions in difficulties to convert Braille documents into computer- this research area specifically in the character feature extraction readable forms. -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis. -
An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models
An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models Ethan Le Dr. Mark Stamp Undergraduate Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science San Jose State University San Jose State University San Jose, CA, U.S.A. San Jose, CA, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models Le and Stamp Table of Contents Section Page 1. Introduction 5 of 54 1.1. James Hampton 5 of 54 2. Purpose 7 of 54 3. What is Hamptonese? 8 of 54 3.1. Description of Hamptonese Text 8 of 54 3.2. Transcription 9 of 54 3.3. Frequency Counts 14 of 54 4. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) 14 of 54 4.1. Hidden Markov Models Applications 15 of 54 4.1.1. HMM in Speech Recognition Algorithms 15 of 54 4.1.2. Music-Information Retrieval and HMMs 16 of 54 4.1.3. English Alphabet Analysis Using HMMs 17 of 54 5. English Text Analysis Using Hidden Markov Models 17 of 54 6. Modeling the Hamptonese HMM 19 of 54 7. Hamptonese Analysis 19 of 54 7.1. Reading Techniques 19 of 54 7.2. HMM Parameters 20 of 54 8. Hamptonese HMM Results 21 of 54 8.1. Non-Grouped 21 of 54 8.2. Grouped 22 of 54 9. English Phonemes 27 of 54 9.1. English Phonemes and Hamptonese 29 of 54 10. Entropy, Redundancy, and Word Representation 29 of 54 10.1. Entropy 30 of 54 10.2. Redundancy 31 of 54 10.3. -
World Braille Usage, Third Edition
World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress UNESCO Washington, D.C. 2013 Published by Perkins 175 North Beacon Street Watertown, MA, 02472, USA International Council on English Braille c/o CNIB 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario Canada M4G 3E8 and National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013. Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World braille usage. — Third edition. page cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. HV1669.W67 2013 411--dc23 2013013833 Contents Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... xi References ............................................................................................................................ -
Touch Exhibition 21St, 22Nd, and 23Rd, August, 2008
Louis Braille Touch Exhibition 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, August, 2008 International Conference Centre 17 rue de Varembé CH – 1211 Geneva 20 Noëlle ROY Curator of the Valentin Haüy Museum Exhibition Organiser © ASSOCIATION VALENTIN HAÜY 5 rue Duroc Fr-75007 PARIS T. 33 (0)1 44 49 27 27 www.avh.asso.fr Louis Braille Touch Exhibition Genève, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, August, 2008 2 Louis Braille 1809 - 1852 Touch Exhibition Presented by the Valentin Haüy Association 7th General Meeting of the Word Blind Union International Conference Centre 17 rue de Varembé CH – 1211 Geneva 20 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, August, 2008 3 Louis Braille Touch Exhibition Genève, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, August, 2008 Louis Braille Touch Exhibition Genève, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, August, 2008 4 Louis Braille’s life Louis Braille was born on 4th January 1809 in Coupvray, a small village in Seine-et- Marne about 30 kilometres from Paris. His family had been saddlemakers for generations. At the age of three, he wounded an eye while playing with some tools in his father’s workshop. He turned out to be a lively, inquisitive child, characteristics which his family nurtured even after his blindness became permanent and total. After attending his village school, he entered the ROYAL INSTITUTION FOR THE YOUNG BLIND in Paris at the age of ten. This was housed in the former St. Firmin seminary at N° 68 rue St. Victor. These buildings, no longer standing, were located where N°° 2, 4 & 4 b rue des Écoles are now to be found. It was a cold, damp, uncomfortable, unhealthy place, ridden with tuberculosis, which Louis Braille was to die of. -
The Application of the Braille Version of Nawawi's 40
JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 THE APPLICATION OF THE BRAILLE VERSION OF NAWAWI’S 40 HADITH AMONG PEOPLE WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Ahmad Yunus Mohd Noor1,2* Mohd Izhar Arif Mohd Kashim2,3 Ab Rahman, Z.1 Fadlan Mohd Othman4 Asmilyia Mohd Mokhtar5 1Research Center for Theology & Philosophy, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Sharia Research Center, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 4Al-Madinah International University, Pusat Perdagangan Salak II, No. 18, Jalan 2/125e, Taman Desa Petaling, 57100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 5Faculty of Major Language Studies, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 28 May 2020 Revised and Accepted: 06 July 2020 Abstract: The production of the Braille version of Imam Nawawi’s 40 Hadith is a current initiative and a new alternative of learning hadith for people with visual impairment in this country. The book, which contains Arabic/Jawi and Malay Language, consists of 42 Hadiths selected by Imam Nawawi and is hoped to become a teaching and learning medium for all educational institutions as well as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) involved. Through reading and mastering of the Braille Hadith book, a person with visual impairment can develop knowledge of Hadith and understand religious matters better. The Braille Version of Imam Nawawi’s 40 Hadith has not been presented to the Malaysian Educational Ministry (KPM) to be carried out in Primary or Secondary school level and has not yet been introduced to any Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) in Malaysia.